scholarly journals Tissue-Autonomous Phenylpropanoid Production is Essential for Establishment of Root Barriers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonni grube Andersen ◽  
David Molina ◽  
Joachim Kilian ◽  
Rochus Franke ◽  
Laura Ragni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Barriers

scholarly journals Towards Eradication of Phytophthora cinnamomi Using a Fallow Approach in a Mediterranean Climate

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1101
Author(s):  
William A. Dunstan ◽  
Kay Howard ◽  
Andrew Grigg ◽  
Christopher Shaw ◽  
Treena I. Burgess ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Recent Success ◽  
Root Barriers ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Over Time

While eradication from haul roads was achieved, more work is required to eradicate P. cinnamomi from stockpiles and bunds. We can now implement different management strategies to the construction of bunds and stockpiles to facilitate eradication. Infestation by Phytophthora cinnamomi results in large financial and management constraints to environmental managers. This pathogen was considered impossible to eradicate until recent success with treatments including host removal, herbicide and fungicide application, soil fumigation and physical root barriers. We investigated the most benign of these treatments; keeping the area devoid of living host material. In a Western Australian mine site within a Mediterranean climate, haul roads, stockpiles and roadside bunds had P. cinnamomi colonised Pinus stem plugs buried at multiple depths. Over time, we examined the effects of soil moisture and temperature in different soil conditions and types to compare the recovery of the pathogen. Results: Within 12 months, the pathogen could not be recovered from the haul roads. In the stockpiles, depth produced significantly different results. In 3 of the 4 sites, the pathogen was not recovered at 10 cm after 20 months. By 12 months, at 50 cm, there was an 80% reduction in recovery, but only one stockpile had no recovery from 50 cm, which occurred by 36 months. Bunds were up to 1.75 m high and had variable results for plugs buried at 30 cm, influenced by height, the types of soils and shading. One of the smallest bunds was the only bund where the pathogen was not recoverable (by 22 months). This study provides strong support for using a fallow period to reduce or eliminate P. cinnamomi inoculum.

scholarly journals Trench Inserts as Long-term Barriers to Root Transmission for Control of Oak Wilt

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (10) ◽  
pp. 1067-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Wilson ◽  
D. G. Lester
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Systemic Fungicide ◽  
Oak Wilt ◽  
Root Barriers ◽  
Root Grafts ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Landscape Trees ◽  
Root Contact

Physical and chemical barriers to root penetration and root grafting across trenches were evaluated for their effectiveness in improving trenches as barriers to root transmission of the oak wilt fungus in live oaks. Four trench insert materials were tested, including water-permeable Typar and Biobarrier, and water-impermeable Geomembrane of two thicknesses. Systemic fungicide treatments of trees immediately outside of trenches also were tested. In the first several years following trench installation, an abundance of small adventitious roots commonly formed from roots severed by trenching. These roots provided opportunities for initiation of root grafts across trenches in subsequent years. Although trench inserts did not significantly improve trenches during the first 3 years following trench installation, water-permeable inserts did effectively improve the performance of trenches beyond the third posttrenching year, when trenches are normally effective, and extended trench longevity indefinitely. The water-permeable inserts were more effective root barriers because they did not direct root growth from the point of root contact. The water-impermeable materials, however, did tend to direct root growth around these barriers, leading to the development of new root graft connections and associated oak wilt root transmission across the trench. The additional cost of trench inserts above trenching costs was justified in urban and rural homestead sites, where high-value landscape trees required more protection and additional retrenching costs were avoided.

scholarly journals Visualizing polymeric components that define distinct root barriers across plant lineages

Development ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 148 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Sexauer ◽  
Defeng Shen ◽  
Maria Schön ◽  
Tonni Grube Andersen ◽  
Katharina Markmann
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Root Interactions ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Root Barriers ◽  
Root Barrier ◽  
Dynamics And Function ◽  
Phylogenetic Lineages ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT Hydrophobic cell wall depositions in roots play a key role in plant development and interaction with the soil environment, as they generate barriers that regulate bidirectional nutrient flux. Techniques to label the respective polymers are emerging, but are efficient only in thin roots or sections. Moreover, simultaneous imaging of the barrier constituents lignin and suberin remains problematic owing to their similar chemical compositions. Here, we describe a staining method compatible with single- and multiphoton confocal microscopy that allows for concurrent visualization of primary cell walls and distinct secondary depositions in one workflow. This protocol permits efficient separation of suberin- and lignin-specific signals with high resolution, enabling precise dissection of barrier constituents. Our approach is compatible with imaging of fluorescent proteins, and can thus complement genetic markers or aid the dissection of barriers in biotic root interactions. We further demonstrate applicability in deep root tissues of plant models and crops across phylogenetic lineages. Our optimized toolset will significantly advance our understanding of root barrier dynamics and function, and of their role in plant interactions with the rhizospheric environment.

scholarly journals When Green Infrastructure Turns Grey: Implications of Overdesign for Plant Water Stress

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-cheng Tu ◽  
Joshua Caplan ◽  
Sasha Eisenman ◽  
Bridget Wadzuk
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Performance Loss ◽  
Root Barriers ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
London Plane

Overdesign is a common strategy used by green infrastructure (GI) designers to account for unexpected performance loss, but such a strategy can create undesirable plant responses if it decreases water availability. The seasonal and event-based stomatal conductance data of two woody plant species in a green infrastructure (GI) was analyzed. The GI is a tree trench composed of five tree pits (each one was planted with a tree) in an infiltration bed. Runoff collected from the street was supplied to the bottom of the infiltration bed, although the system never filled completely indicating there was capacity for more runoff than what was observed over 3 years and the infiltration bed was overdesigned. Between the two tree species, evidence suggested that the root system of London plane spread beyond the boundary of the GI system and reached a subsurface water source, while that of hybrid maple did not. London plane showed a slower response to water added in the tree pit soil, which can indicate the reduced dependence on GI soil water after plants have reached an alternative water source. Such reduction is not favored because it defeats the purpose of having plants in GI systems. Designs using root barriers, appropriate plant species selection, etc. are recommended to avoid unwanted root spread. This study also found that GI design relying on upward water movements should be avoided because such design creates a narrow capillary zone on top of a saturated zone, which does not encourage transpiration.

scholarly journals Tissue-autonomous phenylpropanoid production is essential for establishment of root barriers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonni Grube Andersen ◽  
David Molina ◽  
Joachim Kilian ◽  
Rochus Franke ◽  
Laura Ragni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Production ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Root Barriers ◽  
Pathway Models ◽  
Apoplastic Barriers ◽  
Source Tissue ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Root Tissues

ABSTRACTPlants deposit polymeric barriers in their root cell walls to protect against external stress and facilitate selective nutrient uptake. The compounds that make up these barriers originate from the fatty acid- and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways. Although the machinery responsible for production of the barrier constituents is well-char-acterized, our pathway models lack spatiotemporal resolution – especially in roots - and the source tissue is often not clear due to the apoplastic nature of barriers. Insights into how the individual root tissues or cells contribute to forming apoplastic barriers is important for elucidation of their ultrastructure, function and development. Manipulation of the associated biosynthesis is delicate, as mutants often display pleiotropic phenotypes due to the broad role of the underlying metabolites. Here, we address these issues by creating a genetic tool that allows in vivo repression of the phenylpropanoid pathway with both spatial and temporal control. We provide strong evidence that tissue-auton-omous production of phenylpropanoids is essential for establishment of the endodermal Casparian strip. Moreover, we find that in order to maintain deposition and attachment of a coherent suberin matrix to the cell wall, cells require continuous production of aromatic constituents. This process is especially crucial in the suberized endodermis where we find that repression of phenylpropanoid production leads to active removal of suberin.

scholarly journals Root Growth Near Vertical Root Barriers after Seven Years

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
E. Thomas Smiley ◽  
Liza Wilkinson ◽  
Bruce Fraedrich
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Root Barriers ◽  
Quercus Phellos ◽  
Two Sides

Vertical root barriers are used to redirect root growth to greater depths in the soil, thus reducing damage to the sidewalks. This study was conducted to examine root growth patterns near a variety of vertical root barriers. Thirty willow oaks (Quercus phellos) were planted in November 2000 and one of the following treatments was installed on two sides of each tree: Biobarrier, DeepRoot Universal Barrier, DeepRoot Universal Barrier with Spin Out, Tex-R, Typar Geotextile 3801, or a no-barrier control. In March 2007, the second 15-tree block was excavated to reveal the root system outside the barrier. All five root barriers significantly reduced the amount of root growth compared with the control trees. There were no differences among the products tested.

scholarly journals Six-Year Evaluation of Circular Root Barriers on Two Tree Species

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Dennis Pittenger ◽  
Donald Hodel
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
Root Barriers ◽  
Small Roots ◽  
Root Barrier ◽  
Ficus Microcarpa ◽  
Height Increase

The influence of four circular root barriers on surface root development and tree growth was evaluated on Liquidambar styraciflua (American sweetgum) and Ficus microcarpa (Indian laurel fig) in southern California, U.S. Six years after installation, root barriers had reduced the total number of roots growing in the surface 15 cm (6 in) of soil and nearly eliminated large (diameter 5 cm [2 in] or greater) surface tree roots within a 120 cm (48 in) radius of the trunk. Various sizes and types of low-cost noncommercial barriers, including a container-grown tree’s nursery container with the bottom removed, were equally effective in reducing the number of large-diameter surface roots. However, roots grew below barriers and returned to the surface soil when soil texture, bulk density, and water content were near optimum for root growth at the bottom of the barrier. Many small roots 1.25 cm (0.5 in) £ diameter less than 2.5 cm (0.5 in £ diameter to less than 1 in) were found growing in the upper 15 cm (6 in) of soil just beyond barriers within 18 to 60 cm (7 to 24 in) of the trunk. No barrier treatment reduced the number of small roots of either species beyond 60 cm (24 in) radius from the trunk. Keeping pavement at least 120 cm (48 in) away from trees would be as effective as a root barrier in reducing the possibility of damage from large surface roots. A #15 nursery container serving as a root barrier reduced caliper increase of both species, whereas this treatment and the DeepRoot® barrier treatment reduced height increase of Liquidambar.

scholarly journals A Review of Root Barrier Research

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
Justin Morgenroth
Keyword(s):  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Underground Utilities ◽  
Root Barriers ◽  
Root Barrier ◽  
History Of ◽  
Successes And Failures

A review of root barrier research from the past 40 years is presented. Research has resulted from the need to minimize conflicts between the expanding roots of trees and urban infrastructure such as roads, curbs, sidewalks, foundations, and underground utilities. The history of root barriers, naming conventions, and different classes are described. The results of experiments and surveys are examined, the successes and failures of different barriers are noted, and directions for future research are suggested.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Green Roof Guidelines and Standards In Europe and North America

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Dvorak
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Root Barriers ◽  
Root Barrier ◽  
New Guidelines ◽  
Guidelines And Standards

The German FLL Guidelines for green roofs are designed to inform about state-of-the-art performance expectations for green roofs. North America is experiencing steady growth in the green roof market and has no single-source set of standards or guidelines; therefore there is a need to identify what type of guidance may be lacking. Seven domains of knowledge from the FLL Guidelines are compared to similar areas of content in North American documents. It was found that although there are several North American green roof guidelines in use, compared to the FLL Guidelines there are areas where knowledge is lacking: guidance for compatibility of system components, slope application, filter fabrics, root barriers, surface and subsurface drainage, growth media, and erosion control, as well as standards or postconstruction testing requirements for fabrics, bulk density of growth media, root barrier performance, drainage media, and growth media. A case study of the Chicago City Hall green roof examines its content compliance with FLL performance standards. Recommendations for further advancement of North American guidelines include the need for more collaborative research and development in efforts to advance existing and new guidelines across ecoregions.

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