A New Wave of Urban Sprawl: Influence of Autonomous Vehicles in the Policy Toolkit of U.S. Local Governments

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Ignacio Gutierrez
Keyword(s):  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
New Wave

scholarly journals Modeling the Impacts of Autonomous Vehicles on Land Use Using a LUTI Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1608
Author(s):  
Rubén Cordera ◽  
Soledad Nogués ◽  
Esther González-González ◽  
José Luis Moura
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Unwanted Effect ◽  
Urban Center ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Current Paradigm ◽  
Shed Light

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) can generate major changes in urban systems due to their ability to use road infrastructures more efficiently and shorten trip times. However, there is great uncertainty about these effects and about whether the use of these vehicles will continue to be private, in continuity with the current paradigm, or whether they will become shared (carsharing/ridesharing). In order to try to shed light on these matters, the use of a scenario-based methodology and the evaluation of the scenarios using a land use–transport interaction model (LUTI model TRANSPACE) is proposed. This model allows simulating the impacts that changes in the transport system can generate on the location of households and companies oriented to local demand and accessibility conditions. The obtained results allow us to state that, if AVs would generate a significant increase in the capacity of urban and interurban road infrastructures, the impacts on mobility and on the location of activities could be positive, with a decrease in the distances traveled, trip times, and no evidence of significant urban sprawl processes. However, if these increases in capacity are accompanied by a large augment in the demand for shared journeys by new users (young, elderly) or empty journeys, the positive effects could disappear. Thus, this scenario would imply an increase in trip times, reduced accessibilities, and longer average distances traveled, all of which could cause the unwanted effect of expelling activities from the consolidated urban center.

scholarly journals Housing Resources and Needs in Light of Modern Urban Transformations: the Case of Poznan

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Sławomir Palicki
Keyword(s):  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Urban Transformations

Abstract Polish cities have been at the stage of a dynamic suburban development for over a decade (which has led to the phenomenon of urban sprawl beyond any control). The population of big urban areas, together with their agglomerations is continuously increasing; however, migration tendencies towards suburban areas are strong as well. In such a situation, the question arises regarding the possibilities and the methods of suppressing the outflow of people to the neighboring communities, and once again, making the city an attractive place to live. The attempt to explain such an issue requires research into both the housing infrastructure and its inhabitants. Poznan has been severely affected by suburbanization. The diagnosis and assessment of Poznan housing resources and the preferences of its inhabitants are the starting point for taking further steps in making the housing conditions more attractive. The article shows the initial results of widespread research regarding housing in the capital city of the Wielkopolska Province (comprising over 2,500 households). A similar study for the entire agglomeration (Poznan County) is due to be completed soon. It will allow for a comparative analysis and formulating recommendations regarding the conditions and the direction of changes on the real estate market which would increase the attractiveness of central cities suffering from suburbanization. In a wider context, the publication might be seen as an analysis of one of the elements of modern urban changes, such as either market driven, or free and spontaneous processes of urban sprawl, and conscious actions taken by local governments (together with developers) regarding the integrated urban revitalization policy.

Housing policies and the roles of local governments in Latin America: recent experiences

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-350
Author(s):  
João Sette Whitaker Ferreira ◽  
Eduardo Rojas ◽  
Higor Rafael De Souza Carvalho ◽  
Carolina Rago Frignani ◽  
Ligia Santi Lupo
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Informal Settlement ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
City Governments ◽  
Municipal Governments ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
Latin American Countries

In the last few decades, most Latin American countries have made good progress in improving the living conditions of urban populations, but still face enormous challenges. This paper describes the roles of city and other local governments in designing housing policies and integrating them into governance, planning and finance. This includes many innovations in local governments’ housing policies, especially those implemented in the first decade of this century by progressive city governments. It also includes decentralization that supported municipal governments to develop their housing and urban development plans. Relevant as well are policies to address the quantitative deficit (insufficient supply of housing) and the qualitative deficit (inadequate quality of housing), such as informal settlement upgrading. The paper includes examples of where housing policy decentralization created spaces for democratic, participatory and inclusive city governance. It also highlights the importance for social housing of finance and the measures that may be taken to address this, including land management instruments and capture of real estate surplus value. But much of this innovation has been lost over the last decade, after the economic crisis and the rise of a new wave of conservative regimes in the region.

scholarly journals The Steps to be Taken in Higher Education for Successful Adaptation to Industry 4.0

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-577
Author(s):  
Nazlı Yüceol
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
International Standards ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Computing Systems ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Knowledge Competencies ◽  
Future Of Education

The progress of societies, their development, and their ability to compete economically depend on education. Education is both affected by changes in all these areas and affects them. The desired results from the new wave of industrial revolution called industry 4.0 can only be achieved through education as well. Industry 4.0 is the new industrial revolution that first appeared in Germany and includes applications such as autonomous vehicles, wearable technologies, artificial intelligence applications, block chain, and cloud computing systems. With the innovations brought by the revolution, it has been changing the ways of doing business and the competencies required from employees. Industry 4.0 requires university students to have new knowledge, competencies and skills before graduation, the workforce to acquire new skills, and the restructuring and transformation of higher education to achieve all of these. Thus, industry 4.0 is reshaping the future of education. This review study focuses on the connection of higher education and industry 4.0 by examining the national and international literature. It aims to present a general assessment of the steps to be taken in higher education in parallel with the requirements of industry 4.0 and the new competencies that should be acquired by graduates. It is concluded with some suggestions about what should be done regarding the international standards in order for the higher education curricula to adapt to the existing processes and changes, to train human resources in accordance with the conditions and demands of the age, what new competencies the workforce should have, and the steps to be followed regarding industry 4.0.

scholarly journals A Fractal Approach to Urban Boundary Delineation Based on Raster Land Use Maps: A Case of Shanghai, China

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 941
Author(s):  
Chong Zhao ◽  
Yu Li ◽  
Min Weng
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Agglomerative Clustering ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Fractal Approach ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
Optimum Threshold ◽  
Land Use Maps

Given the diverse socioecological consequences of rapid urban sprawl worldwide, the delineation and monitoring of urban boundaries have been widely used by local governments as a planning instrument for promoting sustainable development. This study demonstrates a fractal method to delineate urban boundaries based on raster land use maps. The basic logic is that the number of built-up land clusters and their size at each dilation step follows a power-law function. It is assumed that two spatial subsets with distinct fractal characteristics would be obtained when the deviation between the dilation curve and a straight line reaches the top point. The top point is regarded to be the optimum threshold for classifying the built-up land patches, because the fractality of built-up land would no longer exist beyond the threshold. After that, all the built-up land patches are buffered with the optimum threshold and the rank-size distribution of new clusters can be re-plotted. Instead of artificial judgement, hierarchical agglomerative clustering is utilized to automatically classify the urban and rural clusters. The approach was applied to the case of Shanghai, the most rapidly urbanizing megacity in China, and the dynamic changes of the urban boundaries from 1994 to 2016 were analyzed. On this basis, urban–rural differences were further explored through several fractal or nonfractal indices. The results show that the proposed fractal approach can accurately distinguish the urban boundary without subjective choice of thresholds. Extraordinarily different fractal dimensions, aggregation and density and similar average compactness were further identified between built-up land in urban and rural areas. The dynamic changes in the urban boundary indicated rapid urban sprawl within Shanghai during the study period. In view of the popularization and global availability of raster land use maps, this paper adds fuels to the cutting-edge topic of distinguishing the morphological criteria to universally describe urban boundaries.

scholarly journals Urban Sprawl and the Cost of Public Services: An Evaluation of Spanish Local Governments

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardino Benito ◽  
Francisco Bastida ◽  
María-Dolores Guillamón
Keyword(s):  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Smart Growth ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Capita Spending ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This paper evaluates the impact of urban sprawl on municipal expenditures, considering all the 3,179 Spanish municipalities with more than 1,000 inhabitants in 2005. We have ascertained that there is an influence of urban sprawl on per capita spending: the higher the population density, the lower the total investment and current expenditures per capita. This result supports the claims in favour of smart growth in municipalities. Furthermore, the economic level exerts a positive influence on expenditures per capita. Concerning social factors, our data show that population yields economies of scale to a limit (the function presents a U-shape): from the point of the minimum per-capita spending, if the population keeps on growing, per-capita spending rises. KEYWORDS: • urban sprawl • municipal spending • public services • smart growth • Spain

Urban Sprawl and the Control of Land Use

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Anas
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Economic Modeling ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Urban Spatial Structure

Urban sprawl in popular sources is vaguely defined and largely misunderstood, having acquired a pejorative meaning. Economists should ask whether particular patterns of urban land use are an outcome of an efficient allocation of resources. Theoretical economic modeling has been used to show that more not less, sprawl often improves economic efficiency. More sprawl can cause a reduction in traffic congestion. Job suburbanization can generally increase sprawl but improves economic efficiency. Limiting sprawl in some cities by direct control of the land use can increase sprawl in other cities, and aggregate sprawl in all cities combined can increase. That urban population growth causes more urban sprawl is verified by empirically implemented general equilibrium models, but—contrary to common belief—the increase in travel times that accompanies such sprawl are very modest. Urban growth boundaries to limit urban sprawl cause large deadweight losses by raising land prices and should be seen to be socially intolerable but often are not. It is good policy to use corrective taxation for negative externalities such as traffic congestion and to implement property tax reforms to reduce or eliminate distortive taxation. Under various circumstances such fiscal measures improve welfare by increasing urban sprawl. The flight of the rich from American central cities, large lot zoning in the suburbs, and the financing of schools by property tax revenues are seen as causes of sprawl. There is also evidence that more heterogeneity among consumers and more unequal income distributions cause more urban sprawl. The connections between agglomeration economies and urban sprawl are less clear. The emerging technology of autonomous vehicles can have major implications for the future of urban spatial structure and is likely to add to sprawl.

scholarly journals Policies for Autonomy: How American Cities Envision Regulating Automated Vehicles

Urban Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Yonah Freemark ◽  
Anne Hudson ◽  
Jinhua Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Local Power ◽  
Personal Support ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
Pedestrian Space

Local governments play an important role in structuring urban transportation through street design, zoning, and shared jurisdiction over ride-hailing, transit, and road pricing. While cities can harness these powers to steer planning outcomes, there is little research about what local officials think about regulatory changes related to autonomous vehicles (AV). We compile key AV-related policies recommended by scholars but rarely implemented, and conduct a survey of municipal officials throughout the United States, exploring their personal support and perceptions of bureaucratic capacity, legal limits, and political backing for each policy. This paper finds broad personal support for regulations related to right-of-way, equity, and land use, such as for increasing pedestrian space, expanding access for low-income people, and reducing sprawl. However, officials emphasized uncertain bureaucratic and legal capacity for city intervention outside of these areas, reaffirming limited local power in the federal system. Only a minority expected political support for any policy. Greater population size and more liberal resident political ideologies are strongly associated with personal and political support for many policies. Local population growth is correlated with greater capacity to undertake policies. This work contributes to the growing literature on transportation governance in the context of technological uncertainty.

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