Nominal, Structural and Real Convergence of the EU Candidate Countries’ Economies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Bobeva
Keyword(s):  
Real Convergence ◽  
Eu Candidate Countries ◽  
The Eu

scholarly journals Nominal, Structural and Real Convergence of the EU Candidate Countries’ Economies

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 59-78
Author(s):  
Daniela Bobeva
Keyword(s):  
Euro Area ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Economic Convergence ◽  
Economic Cycle ◽  
The Real ◽  
Sectoral Structure ◽  
Current State ◽  
Real Convergence ◽  
Eu Candidate Countries ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Despite the significant academic interest in the economic cohesion, the various aspects of convergence and the ways they can be measured still remain theoretically unclear. These are issues of extreme political significance, especially for countries aspiring for EU and euro area membership. The goal of this paper is to consolidate a variety of theoretical views on the convergence and its measurement and use it as the basis to assess the progress and the current state of economic convergence to the EU of the four candidate countries. The interrelation between the three forms of convergence in the different phases of the economic cycle is studied and the slobs in the ways the convergence is measured are outlined. The study reveals large differences between the candidate countries in achieving convergence with the EU. Their experiences do not confirm the positive relationship between nominal and real convergence. The structural convergence considered as convergence of sectoral structure has but little impact on the real convergence.

Social dialogue in candidate countries: what for?

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lado ◽  
Daniel Vaughan-Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
The Real ◽  
Social Dialogue ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Partners ◽  
Dialogue Process ◽  
Eu Candidate Countries ◽  
The Eu

In their negotiations for accession to the EU, candidate countries have made important social policy commitments. These include the promotion of social dialogue up to EU standards and the application of the principles and values that prevail in this area. Accordingly, governments of candidate countries are trying to promote appropriate conditions for such social dialogue to take place, while social partners are reinforcing their structures to play their full role in the social dialogue process. Nevertheless, there has been little debate about the real objectives of social dialogue in the candidate countries. What is social dialogue for, what has it achieved so far, and why is it so important to develop it further? Who are expected to be the ultimate beneficiaries of social dialogue mechanisms and practices? What implications might current features of social dialogue in candidate countries have in the enlarged European Union? This article provides a first tentative assessment of the coverage of social dialogue - and thus of the effectiveness of social dialogue mechanisms - in the candidate countries.

scholarly journals Differences between Croatia and EU Candidate Countries: the CAGE Distance Framework

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Miloloža
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Foreign Market ◽  
International Exchange ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Economic Dimension ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
Eu Candidate Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

AbstractBackground:Nowadays, international cooperation is unevenly divided among countries. The decisive criteria imply cultural, administrative, geographical, and economical closeness among countries. Therefore, understanding such factors can significantly facilitate the performance of the company on foreign market.Objectives: The goal of this paper is to identify the fundamental differences between Croatia and the EU candidate countries through a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the determinants within the CAGE Distance Framework. This systematic analysis can significantly intensify Croatia’s international exchange and improve Croatia’s performance at important foreign markets.Methods/Approach:Research comprises original datasets on distance factors within CAGE distance framework. With cultural, administrative, geographic and economic data of Croatia and EU candidate countries, empirical support about the impact of distinctions on international exchange has been given.Results:Cultural and geographical similarities are particularly noticeable among Croatia and EU candidate countries, although there are also no significant differences in the administrative and the economic dimension. However, Turkey is the only country that somewhat differs in each segment.Conclusions:Similarities have significant influence on cross-border trade. With all present similarities and differences, cooperation among Croatia and the EU candidate countries has a perspective for development, especially at a time when all candidate countries join the EU.

scholarly journals Determinants of Income Inequality in EU Candidate Countries: A Panel Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-413
Author(s):  
Vesna Bucevska
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Eu Candidate Countries ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

AbstractDespite increasing income per capita, the EU candidate and potential candidate countries remain confronted with high levels of income inequality. The purpose of our paper is to identify the main determinants of income inequality among the EU candidate countries. In addition to macroeconomic factors, we also analyze the impact of demographic variables to provide more reliable estimates. Using panel data analysis with fixed effects in the period 2005-2017 for three EU candidate countries (North Macedonia, Serbia and Turkey) we find that the unemployment rate, the level of economic development and the investment rate are the main determinants whose increase leads to a bigger income differentiation in the analyzed countries. The government indebtedness has also a statistically significant, but a negative impact on income inequality. The other two macroeconomic variables in the model – the terms of trade and inflation are statistically insignificant. Among the demographic factors, population growth and education significantly affect income inequality among the EU candidate countries. The obtained results suggest that a sustainable economic growth combined with active measures in the labor market and the improvement of education level of the population could lead to more equal income distribution.

scholarly journals Differences in efficiency of innovation performance among EU candidate countries and EU 28 countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Sc. Slagjana Stojanovska ◽  
Dr. Sc. Violeta Madzova
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Performance Index ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Innovation Performance ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Candidate Country ◽  
Efficiency Performance ◽  
Innovation Output ◽  
Eu Candidate Countries ◽  
The Eu

The aim of this paper is to identify if there are differences in the efficiency of innovation performance between the two groups of countries: EU candidate countries such as Macedonia, Serbia and Turkey and the average level of innovation performance in EU-28 countries from 2010 - 2017. The further paper’s analysis aims to identify the most crucial factors and indicator that contribute to the efficiency of innovation performance in both groups of countries.In that sense, the comparative analyses of the two observed groups of countries has been done, using   the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) data as well as 12 EIS indicators for the period 2010 - 2017. For benchmarking of the countries three indicators are created: sub-index Input Innovation (II), sub-index Output Innovation (OI) and the Innovation Efficiency Performance Index (IEPI).The findings show that there is a difference in efficiency of innovation performance indicators between the observed two groups of countries, but as well as among each the EU candidate country. In fact, Macedonia (IEPI=2.33) has twice higher efficiency of transforming innovation inputs into innovation output unlike the EU28 countries (IEPI=1.17), Serbia (IEPI=1.06) and Turkey (IEPI=.24).It can be noted as well that Macedonia managed to use its limited resources to input (sub-index II= 0.13) in much more efficient/productive way (IEPI= 2.33) and to obtain most output innovation (sub-index OI= 0.29). This paper’s findings can be used for designing better innovation policy in the observed EU candidate countries.

scholarly journals BULGARIA'S REAL CONVERGENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF POTENTIAL EMU MEMBERSHIP

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Valentin Bilyanski ◽  
Silviya Kirova
Keyword(s):  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Banking Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Convergence Criteria ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Real Convergence ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu

Since the entry of Bulgaria into the European Union, the country's full membership in the Economic and Monetary Union has become one of the national economic policy goals. In the recent period Bulgaria fulfils all the nominal convergence criteria, except for the criterion on exchange rate stability as long as the country does not participate in the ERM II mechanism (although Bulgaria has a currency board arrangement in place since 1997 and the Bulgarian currency is pegged to the euro). Despite that, Bulgaria remains the EU member with the lowest level of GDP per capita and lowest productivity and income levels. In June 2018 the Bulgarian authorities submitted a letter of intent to the EU policy makers to join the ERM II mechanism and the banking union. In July 2020 the mutual agreement to include the Bulgarian lev in the ERM II mechanism and Bulgaria to join the banking union was achieved. In the context of the future full EMU membership it is important to assess the evolution and the state of Bulgaria's real convergence. This paper looks at the Bulgaria's real convergence, understood as the convergence of GDP per capita, labour productivity and convergence of price levels. We use the Beta and Sigma convergence methods and explore the convergence in the 1999-2018 period. We also compare Bulgaria's real convergence to the real convergence of other CEE countries that are EU members (Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia), part of which have already accepted the euro and the other part are still outside of the euroarea. We also try to explain the economic reasoning behind the EMU accession path of Bulgaria. The results of the survey show that Bulgaria lags behind in its convergence process from other CEE countries, but at the same time we believe that the benefits of the euroarea membership outweigh the possible negative consequences.

ECVAM'S Activities in the EU Candidate Countries

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 203-205
Author(s):  
Dariusz Sladowski ◽  
Marlies Halder
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
Eu Candidate Countries ◽  
The Three Rs ◽  
The Eu

ECVAM has been given a special grant for collaborative projects on alternative/advanced testing methods involving eleven Candidate Countries for membership of the European Union (Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia). The project involves the promotion of the Three Rs (reduction, refinement, replacement) concept of Russell & Burch, in cooperation with appropriate individuals and national and international organisations in the Candidate Countries themselves, and elsewhere. The scope of the programme's activities covers: conferences in some of the Candidate Countries, workshops, training courses, training visits, and technology development/transfer initiatives. A database of contacts in the Candidate Countries and in relevant institutions in other countries, is being compiled.

Innovation Propensity in the EU Candidate Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Božić ◽  
Valerija Botrić
Keyword(s):  
Eu Candidate Countries ◽  
The Eu
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