scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORKING TIME AND RETIREMENT TIME IN THE NUTS 2 REGIONS OF HUNGARY IN THE LIGHT OF GENDER AND REGIONAL DISPARITIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 309-320
Author(s):  
Felix A. Dorstelmann ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender

This paper examined the effects of raising the statutory retirement age at NUTS 2 levels, differentiated by gender in Hungary. The evaluation criterion was the ratio of working time to retirement time concerning adults average life expectancy. This criterion was used to examine whether and to what extent regional and gender disparities exist at NUTS 2 levels and whether these disparities should be considered in policy measures. The empirical results indicated differences between the genders and regions regarding the burden of raising the retirement age. Women spend more time in retirement than men in terms of average adult life expectancy. This finding illustrates the difference in life expectancy between the sexes in Hungary. Besides, regional disparities in participation in the pension system have been observed for both women and men. These disparities can cause unintended distributional effects when the retirement age is increased. In this context, it is recommended that further policy measures are taken to address gender and regional disparities.

scholarly journals NON-STATE PENSION INSURANCE AS A SUPPLEMENT TO SOLIDAR PENSION SUPPLY

2019 ◽  
pp. 102-109
Author(s):  
O. Boiko
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Pension Fund ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Pension Insurance ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
State Pension

The main prerequisites for the emergence of problems of the pension system functioning in Ukraine, namely the solidarity system, are considered in the article. The budget, expenditures and deficit of the Pension Fund of Ukraine in the period 2010-2018 are analyzed. The amount of pensions was calculated taking into account the change in the dollar exchange rate and the inflation rate for the analyzed period and it was proved that the increase in the size of the pension does not lead to its actual growth. Emphasis is placed on the principle of calculation of pensions and attention is paid to the concept of a single social contribution, which has the minimum and maximum possible sum of payment. Based on the data, the author compared the size of the minimum (state) pensions in different countries of the world and in Ukraine and showed that the size of the pension is the lowest among the compared countries. An important aspect of the study was the comparison of average life expectancy. This suggests that the increase in life expectancy is causing the states of the world to raise the retirement age in order to delay the payment of state pensions. Alongside this the alternative to state pensions are private pensions. During the working period, every citizen has the right to make savings in different financial institutions as they have the right to invest. Funds that have been saved and multiplied are the main source of retirement income. Voluntary pension institutions are also envisaged in Ukraine. However, despite the legislative support and the general need to have their own retirement savings, citizens do not actively take the opportunity to create additional pensions. The reasons for this are lack of awareness of the population by the state about the essence of the pension reform, the general economic situation in the country, as well as the lack of financial literacy of the population itself, the unwillingness to take responsibility for their future and the low level of income. On the basis of these data, the need for active involvement of both public administration and citizens in the cumulative system is substantiated. Keywords: retirement age, pension fund, cumulative insurance, life insurance companies.

scholarly journals Problematic aspects of the regulatory and legislative framework for calculating pensions in Ukraine

2019 ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Lina Diakovych
Keyword(s):  
Pension System ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Defined Contribution ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
State Pension ◽  
Pension Payments

Introduction. In order to further move towards the European Economic Area, Ukraine needs to take pension reform measures. Pension provision in Ukraine has to be profoundly reformed in terms of regulatory and legislative framework for calculating pensions in Ukraine. What is of particular importance is improving Ukraine’s laws and methods for calculation and pension payments to citizens. Another important focus of the reform agenda is to define categories of people eligible for old-age pensions, disability pensions, and long- service pensions. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to interpret the regulatory and legislative framework for calculating pensions in Ukraine; to describe changes in pension payments before and after the reform was implemented; to highlight ways of improving pension payments in terms of regulations and legislation. Methods. The research methods used in the article include: analysis; comparison; historical method to consider the legislative framework for calculating pensions at different periods of time. Results. The regulatory and legal framework for calculating pensions in Ukraine is a complex system comprising the Constitution of Ukraine, the Laws of Ukraine, the Labour Code of Ukraine, decrees, Presidential decrees, International agreements and laws of the USSR. Some of these regulations and legislation need to be revised and amended in order to bring them in line with contemporary practices and modern standards. It is claimed that since 2017, Ukraine’s government has been implementing the pension reform aimed at relieving the pressure on the working-age population and improving living standards for retired people. In particular, the retirement age has been raised, eligibility criteria for preferential pensions have been revised, and methods for calculating pensions have been changed. The Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine argues that the new pension reform is expected to enhance social, labour and post-retirement relations, to increase tax revenues through reporting real salaries, to develop a framework of social justice when calculating pensions. The author points out that the regulatory and legislative framework for calculating pensions is outdated at this stage and it requires changes. The considered changes are as follows: the establishment of a working group for entitlement of preferential pensions; the introduction of wage differentials by industries and occupations; the increase of pensions in line with inflation and age; the implementation of notional defined contribution pension system; the introduction of the new Labour Code and Pension Code, which are expected to regulate labour and post-retirement relations and meet modern standards. It is also indicated that continued employment should be enforced by legislation and a system of granting advantages and social security benefits to those who retire later needs to be developed. In terms of legislation, sufficient regard should be given to non-state pension schemes, defined contribution pension systems, and the principle of fairness when it comes to pension entitlements. It is also crucial to adjust pension amounts and retirement age to align with the sustainability ratio and the average life expectancy. Discussion. Further research of regulatory and legal framework for calculating pensions in Ukraine should be focused on the development of the Pension Code and improvement of the existing laws relative to pension calculation and payment. The author also suggests differentiating minimum wages by industries and regions and countering the illicit labour market and campaigning against payments ‘in envelope’, because official wages are the basis for calculating pensions.

scholarly journals Inequalities in time from stopping paid work to death: findings from the ONS Longitudinal Study, 2001–2011

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 1101-1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily T Murray ◽  
Ewan Carr ◽  
Paola Zaninotto ◽  
Jenny Head ◽  
Baowen Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Occupational Social Class ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
State Pension

BackgroundUK state pension eligibility ages are linked to average life expectancy, which ignores wide socioeconomic disparities in both healthy and overall life expectancy.ObjectivesInvestigate whether there are occupational social class differences in the amount of time older adults live after they stop work, and how much of these differences are due to health.MethodsParticipants were 76 485 members of the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study (LS), who were 50–75 years at the 2001 census and had stopped work by the 2011 census. Over 10 years of follow-up, we used censored linear regression to estimate mean differences in years between stopping work and death by occupational social class.ResultsAfter adjustment for age, both social class and health were independent predictors of postwork duration (mean difference (95% CI): unskilled class vs professional: 2.7 years (2.4 to 3.1); not good vs good health: 2.4 years (1.9 to 2.9)), with LS members in the three manual classes experiencing ~1 additional year of postwork duration than professional workers (interaction p values all <0.001). Further adjustment for gender and educational qualifications was reduced but did not eliminate social class and postwork duration associations. We estimate the difference in postwork years between professional classes in good health and unskilled workers not in good health as 5.1 years for women (21.0 vs 26.1) and 5.5 years for men (19.5 vs 25.0).ConclusionsLower social class groups are negatively affected by uniform state pension ages, because they are more likely to stop work at younger ages due to health reasons.

scholarly journals REDUCING HEALTH INEQUALITIES AS A COMPONENT OF THE HEALTH TRAINING PROGRAMS

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 937-942
Author(s):  
Tetiana S. Gruzieva ◽  
Nataliia V. Hrechyshkina ◽  
Mykhаilo D. Diachuk ◽  
Vasyl A. Dufynets
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Medical Needs ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Difference

The aim: identifying the characteristics and trends of inequalities in the health of the population to substantiate the educational content of the curriculum for the training of Master in Public Health. Materials and methods: Bibliographic, sociological, medical-statistical and information-analytical methods were used in the study. Ukraine’s healthcare institutions were the scientific base of the study. The data on the average life expectancy, morbidity, mortality, satisfaction of medical needs of different groups of the population for revealing the social gradient are analyzed. Documents on strategies to reduce health inequalities have been examined. Results: Health inequalities between WHO countries have been identified, including a difference in the average life expectancy at birth of 17.1 years in premature mortality due to differences in the levels of economic development of countries. The inequality in the prevalence of diseases and the difference in the satisfaction of specific medical needs among the first and tenth decile population of Ukraine were determined. The prevalence of diseases of the genitourinary system in the population older than 60 years with low rates by 27.3% was higher than the figure among financially insured persons. The incidence of ocular pathology among adults with different income levels varied 1.8 times. The provisions of the WHO strategic documents on reducing health inequalities and its protection and on developing the public health system are analyzed. We justify the necessity of expanding the coverage of the problems of reducing disparities in health and health care in the course of training of the Master in Public Health. A modern curriculum “Social Medicine, Public Health” has been developed with the inclusion of inequalities in public health and appropriate educational and methodological support. Conclusion: The strategic goal of reducing inequalities in public health and its care requires integrating these issues into a modern master’s in public health program. The curriculum developed covers various aspects of health inequalities and health care, including the identification and assessment of disparities, the clarification of causes, the identification of counter-measures. Created educational and methodological support allows acquiring theoretical knowledge and practical skills that form the necessary competencies of professionals in the context of overcoming inequalities in health.

scholarly journals Life expectancy, mortality risks and cause of death in patients with serious mental illness in South East London: a comparison between 2008–2012 and 2013–2017

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Chi-Kang Chang ◽  
Edward Chesney ◽  
Wei-Nung Teng ◽  
Sam Hollandt ◽  
Megan Pritchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
General Population ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Serious Mental Illness ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background People with serious mental illness (SMI) have a significantly shorter life expectancy than the general population. This study investigates whether the mortality rate in this group has changed over the last decade. Methods Using Clinical Record Interactive Search software, we extracted data from a large electronic database of patients in South East London. All patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or bipolar disorder from 2008 to 2012 and/or 2013 to 2017 were included. Estimates of life expectancy at birth, standardised mortality ratios and causes of death were obtained for each cohort according to diagnosis and gender. Comparisons were made between cohorts and with the general population using data obtained from the UK Office of National Statistics. Results In total, 26 005 patients were included. In men, life expectancy was greater in 2013–2017 (64.9 years; 95% CI 63.6–66.3) than in 2008–2012 (63.2 years; 95% CI 61.5–64.9). Similarly, in women, life expectancy was greater in 2013–2017 (69.1 years; 95% CI 67.5–70.7) than in 2008–2012 (68.1 years; 95% CI 66.2–69.9). The difference with general population life expectancy fell by 0.9 years between cohorts in men, and 0.5 years in women. In the 2013–2017 cohorts, cancer accounted for a similar proportion of deaths as cardiovascular disease. Conclusions Relative to the general population, life expectancy for people with SMI is still much worse, though it appears to be improving. The increased cancer-related mortality suggests that physical health monitoring should consider including cancer as well.

Life expectancy inequalities and their evolution in Italy. How these impact on the equity of the pension system?

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Ardito ◽  
A D'Errico ◽  
R Leombruni ◽  
F Ricceri ◽  
G Costa
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Occupational Class ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Administrative Record

Abstract The article aims to present the most recent evidence on the life-expectancy differentials across socio-economic groups in Italy and discuss their implications in terms of equity and fairness of the pension systems. In fact, Italian pension rules are set according to average life expectancy, ignoring the shorter life expectancy at retirement observed in more disadvantaged socioeconomic groups, as well as in many occupations and economic sectors. This produces unintended consequences in terms of redistribution, which reinforce and exacerbate inequalities present in the labour market. This article will present updated evidence on the evolution of life expectancy inequalities across job titles, sectors and occupational class in Italy to assess whether the social gap, already highlighted by previous scholars, has been widening or narrowing. Only a few studies are available in the literature on this subject, almost exclusively from the US, which suggest that the gap in terms of life expectancy at ages approaching retirement is increasing, mainly driven by a faster improvement in longevity across most advantaged groups. It is crucial to examine the trend in a country like Italy where retirement age has been strongly tightened and linked automatically to average life expectancy in the population. These results may be important in order to inform the public debate about future reforms on retirement rules and in particular for the definition of the so called “arduous and hazardous jobs” (in Italian: lavori gravosi), that could be exempted from the postponement of pension age. In order to estimate life expectancy differentials among different occupations, three of the largest Italian longitudinal studies will be used: the Turin Longitudinal Study (SLT), the Italian Longitudinal Study (SLI) and WHIP-Health Study, all studies where it is possible to conduct mortality follow-up through administrative record linkage with archives of mortality of large cohorts until recent years.

scholarly journals Life Expectancy in Rural Areas of Kurdistan Province, Iran in 2013

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-182
Author(s):  
Rahmatoolah Bahrami ◽  
◽  
Kamran Noori ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender

Life expectancy at birth is one of the most important indicators of the social, economic, cultural, and health development in any society. This descriptive epidemiological study aims to measure life expectancy by age and gender in rural areas of Kurdistan Province, Iran. Data were collected directly using mortality information obtained from the health center of Kurdistan Province and the registered population in 2013. The findings showed that life expectancy is different in rural areas of Kurdistan Province. Life expectancy at birth in rural areas of the Province was estimated at 70.6 years on average, where it was 72 years for women and 69.3 years for men. The highest life expectancy of men is in Saqez city with 70.6 and the lowest in Kamyaran and Devandarah city with 68.6 years. The highest life expectancy is estimated in rural women with 74 years in Baneh city and the lowest in Dehgolan city with 69.9 years, respectively. The results showed different years of life expectancy in terms of gender in rural areas of Kurdistan Province. The national average life expectancy is about 2 years higher than that in rural areas of Kurdistan Province. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the life expectancy in these Province via fair distribution of facilities and services and prioritizing its rural areas in health planning.

scholarly journals Pension policies in a model with endogenous fertility

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
GIAM PIETRO CIPRIANI ◽  
FRANCESCO PASCUCCI
Keyword(s):  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Endogenous Fertility ◽  
Contribution Rate ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Overlapping Generations Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Set Up

AbstractWe set up an overlapping-generations model with endogenous fertility to study pensions policies in an ageing economy. We show that an increasing life expectancy may not be detrimental for the economy or the pension system itself. On the other hand, conventional policy measures, such as increasing the retirement age or changing the social security contribution rate could have undesired general equilibrium effects. In particular, both policies decrease capital per worker and might have negative effects on the fertility rate, thus exacerbating population ageing.

scholarly journals Examination of Correlation between Medical Expenses with Average Life Expectancy according to Municipality and Gender

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-198
Author(s):  
Hisato NAKAJIMA ◽  
Kouya YANO ◽  
Kaoko NAGASAWA ◽  
Eiji KOBAYASHI ◽  
Shinichirou UETAKE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Medical Expenses ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals An Indexation Mechanism for Retirement Age: Analysis of the Gender Gap

Risks ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Mariarosaria Coppola ◽  
Maria Russolillo ◽  
Rosaria Simone
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Residual Life ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Longevity Risk ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Averaged Model

The management of National Social Security Systems is being challenged more and more by the rapid ageing of the population, especially in the industrialized countries. In order to chase the Pension System sustainability, several countries in Europe are setting up pension reforms linking the retirement age and/or benefits to life expectancy. In this context, the accurate modelling and projection of mortality rates and life expectancy play a central role and represent issues of great interest in recent literature. Our study refers to the Italian mortality experience and considers an indexing mechanism based on the expected residual life to adjust the retirement age and keep costs at an expected budgeted level, in the spirit of sharing the longevity risk between Social Security Systems and retirees. In order to combine fitting and projections performances of selected stochastic mortality models, a model assembling technique is applied to face uncertainty in model selection, while accounting for uncertainty of estimation as well. The resulting proposal is an averaged model that is suitable to discuss about the gender gap in longevity risk and its alleged narrowing over time.

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