scholarly journals Cropping system to produce lettuce in autumn season at different elevations

2020 ◽  
pp. 1555-1562
Author(s):  
Luiz Fernando Favarato ◽  
Maurício José Fornazier ◽  
Frederico Jacob Eutrópio ◽  
Rogério Carvalho Guarçoni ◽  
Lidiane Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Autumn Season

Lettuce is an annual herbaceous plant, native to the mild climate regions of the northern Mediterranean. Lettuce varieties can likely be developed well in mild temperatures, but the cold and frosty winds of the autumn/winter season may damage the leaves. Their cultivation under low tunnels is an alternative to reduce this problem. This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the influence of different cropping systems on the productive performance of lettuce in the autumn/winter cropping season. The experiments were installed following a split plot scheme with three cropping systems: (i) Open field with black polyethylene mulching (BPM); (ii) low tunnel (LT); (iii) Open field cropping (OFC) system without BPM. Three lettuce varieties of different groups were used in the subplots, with a total of nine treatments. The experimental design was of randomized blocks with four replications, at two altitudes (700 and 950 m). The number of leaves per plant, stem length, head diameter, fresh and dry matter mass per plant, leaf area index, and specific leaf area were evaluated. LT should be used for lettuce cultivation at an altitude of 950 m, as it provided higher productive performance in the autumn season. The use of the low tunnel provided for the production of lettuce plants with thinner leaves and better visual appearance, at an altitude of 700 m.

scholarly journals Impact of Different Barley-Based Cropping Systems on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Barley Growth under Conventional and Conservation Tillage Systems

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Muhammad Naeem ◽  
Noman Mehboob ◽  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
Shahid Farooq ◽  
Shahid Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Area Index

This two-year study observed the influence of various barley-based cropping systems on soil physicochemical properties, allometric traits and biomass production of barley sown under different tillage systems. Barley was cultivated in different cropping systems (CS), i.e., fallow-barley (fallow-B), maize-barley (maize-B), cotton-barley (cotton-B), mungbean-barley (mungbean-B) and sorghum-barley (sorghum-B) under zero tillage (ZT), minimum tillage (MT), strip tillage (ST), conventional tillage (CT) and bed-sowing (BS). Interaction between different CS and tillage systems (TS) positively influenced soil bulk density (BD), total porosity, available phosphorus (P), ammonical and nitrate nitrogen (NH4-N and NO3-N), available potassium (K), allometric traits and biomass production of barley. The highest soil BD along with lower total porosity were noted in ZT leading to lesser leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), specific leaf area (SLA), crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) of barley. Nonetheless, bed-sown barley produced the highest biomass due to better crop allometry and soil physical conditions. The highest postharvest soil available P, NH4-N, NO3-N, and K were recorded for zero-tilled barley, while BS followed by CT recorded the lowest nutrient contents. Barley in mungbean-B CS with BS produced the highest biomass, while the lowest biomass production was recorded for barely sown in fallow-B cropping system with ZT. In conclusion, barley sown after mungbean (mungbean-B cropping system) with BS seems a pragmatic choice for improving soil fertility and subsequently soil health.

Transplanting improves the allometry and fiber quality of Bt cotton in cotton–wheat cropping system

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-36
Author(s):  
Muhammad Asghar Shah ◽  
Mubshar Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Shahzad ◽  
Khawar Jabran ◽  
Sami Ul-Allah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Length ◽  
Fiber Strength ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Fiber Quality ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Fiber Fineness

AbstractIn cotton–wheat cropping system of Pakistan, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is harvested in late April; however, the optimum sowing time of Bt cotton is mid-March. This indicates a time difference of 4–6 weeks between the harvest of wheat and cotton sowing. It is hypothesized that this overlapping period may be managed by transplanting cotton seedlings (30–45 days old) in late April, after the harvest of wheat due to better performance of already established seedlings. To this end, this study was conducted to evaluate the allometric traits and fiber quality of transplanted Bt cotton after harvesting wheat in the cotton–wheat cropping system. The Bt cotton–wheat cropping systems were flat sown wheat (FSW)–conventionally tilled cotton, FSW–zero tilled cotton, ridge sown wheat–ridge transplanted cotton using 30- and 45-days-old seedlings, and bed sown wheat (BSW)–bed transplanted cotton (BTC) also using 30- and 45-days-old seedlings. The study was conducted at Vehari and Multan in Punjab, Pakistan. Bt cotton in BSW–BTC with 45-days-old seedlings showed better performance for allometric (leaf area index; (LAI), net assimilation rate; (NAR), and crop growth rate; (CGR)), seed cotton yield, and fiber traits (fiber uniformity, fiber length, fiber strength, and fiber fineness) in comparison to other treatments. Most of the fiber quality traits were positively correlated with allometric traits and biological yield (dry matter yield at maturity) at both locations, except correlations of CGR and LAI with fiber fineness and fiber length and NAR with fiber length. As plant growth and fiber quality of transplanted cotton was significantly higher than conventionally grown cotton, our data indicate transplanting is an interesting management practice for improving productivity in wheat–cotton cropping systems.

scholarly journals Land Situation and Sowing Date Effects Growth and Yield of Crops in the Rice-Pulse Based Cropping Systems of Coastal India

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Koushik Brahmachari ◽  
Sukamal Sarkar ◽  
Donald S. Gaydon ◽  
Manoj Kumar Nanda ◽  
Argha Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Bengal ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Pulse Crops ◽  
Stover Yield ◽  
Saline Zone

The costal saline zone of West Bengal in India is the home for millions of the world’s poorest and most vulnerable people. Due to gradual increase in salt accumulation on soils of the costal saline zone of West Bengal in India from winter to summer days, cultivation of the second crop in winter season becomes possible in a limited area. To address this issue, field experiment was conducted both in rainy and winter seasons of 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 in this zone to study the feasibility of incorporating different winter pulses (lentil and grass pea) in the rice based cropping system. The experiment was conducted in strip plot design having two factors namely, Factor I: Six dates of sowing of rice at an interval of one week (2nd week of June to 3rd week of July) and Factor II: Two land situations (Medium-upland and Medium-lowland). Date of sowing significantly influenced dry matter and macro-nutrients (NPK) partitioning in rice. Irrespective of land situation, crop sown on 1st and 2nd dates recorded significantly higher grain yield and macro-nutrient uptake by rice. Date of sowing of rice and land situation also significantly influenced the seed and stover yield of different pulse crops. Pulse crops sown on 1st and 2nd dates recorded significantly higher seed yield in coastal saline ecology of West Bengal, India.

Growth and morphological responses of yellow birch, sugar maple, and beech seedlings growing under a natural light gradient

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 1007-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilou Beaudet ◽  
Christian Messier
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Morphological Response ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Light Gradient ◽  
Morphological Responses

Height and lateral growth, biomass distribution, leaf morphology, and crown architecture were studied in yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), and beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) seedlings growing under 1-50% of above-canopy light in a sugar maple stand, in Quebec. All three species showed increasing growth with increasing light, but growth of yellow birch was higher and more responsive than that of sugar maple and beech. All three species showed typical sun-shade morphological responses, such as decreasing specific leaf area and leaf area ratio, and increasing leaf area index, with increasing light availability. Sugar maple was morphologically more plastic than the other species. It showed variations in biomass allocation to leaves and branches, a decrease in branch length to seedling height ratio, and a marked increase in the ratio of leaf area to stem length. Although our results clearly demonstrate the ability of these three species to modify several of their morphological features in response to variations in light, they do not show a clear relationship between species shade tolerance and morphological response to light variations. We suggest that species-specific developmental patterns may act as important constraints to morphological acclimation to light variation.

scholarly journals Effects of different cropping systems and weed management methods on free energy and content of pigments in maize

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Spasojevic ◽  
Vesna Dragicevic ◽  
Milena Simic ◽  
Dusan Kovacevic ◽  
Milan Brankov
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Crop Density

Rotation is a cropping system that has many advantages and ensures better crop growth and yielding. Its combinination with other cropping measures can ensure optimal crop density for maximal growth and photosynthesis efficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different cropping systems: monoculture and two rotations, including maize, wheat and soybean (MSW and MWS), and different weed management methods (weed removal by hoeing, application of a full recommended herbicide dose (RD) and half that dose (0.5 RD), and weedy check) on weed biomass and maize growth parameters - leaf area index (LAI), free energy, contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids, grain yield, and their possible relationships in two fields of the maize hybrids ZP 677 (H1) and ZP 606 (H2). The lowest LAI and grain yield were found in monoculture, particularly in weedy check, which had relatively high weed infestation. Higher weed biomass was also observed in herbicide treated plots in monoculture. Such high competition pressure indicates a stress reflected on reduced LAI and chlorophyll content, and increased free energy and content of carotenoids. On the other hand, rotation, particularly if it is combined with the application of herbicides or hoeing, had a positive impact on yielding potential by increasing LAI and the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids, and decreasing free energy.

scholarly journals Estimating Snow Depth and Leaf Area Index Based on UAV Digital Photogrammetry

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodora Lendzioch ◽  
Jakub Langhammer ◽  
Michal Jenicek
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Control Point ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Uav Images

This study presents a novel approach in the application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imaging for the conjoint assessment of the snow depth and winter leaf area index (LAI), a structural property of vegetation, affecting the snow accumulation and snowmelt. The snow depth estimation, based on a multi-temporal set of high-resolution digital surface models (DSMs) of snow-free and of snow-covered conditions, taken in a partially healthy to insect-induced Norway spruce forest and meadow coverage area within the Šumava National Park (Šumava NP) in the Czech Republic, was assessed over a winter season. The UAV-derived DSMs featured a resolution of 0.73–1.98 cm/pix. By subtracting the DSMs, the snow depth was determined and compared with manual snow probes taken at ground control point (GCP) positions, the root mean square error (RMSE) ranged between 0.08 m and 0.15 m. A comparative analysis of UAV-based snow depth with a denser network of arranged manual snow depth measurements yielded an RMSE between 0.16 m and 0.32 m. LAI assessment, crucial for correct interpretation of the snow depth distribution in forested areas, was based on downward-looking UAV images taken in the forest regime. To identify the canopy characteristics from downward-looking UAV images, the snow background was used instead of the sky fraction. Two conventional methods for the effective winter LAI retrieval, the LAI-2200 plant canopy analyzer, and digital hemispherical photography (DHP) were used as a reference. Apparent was the effect of canopy density and ground properties on the accuracy of DSMs assessment based on UAV imaging when compared to the field survey. The results of UAV-based LAI values provided estimates were comparable to values derived from the LAI-2200 plant canopy analyzer and DHP. Comparison with the conventional survey indicated that spring snow depth was overestimated, and spring LAI was underestimated by using UAV photogrammetry method. Since the snow depth and the LAI parameters are essential for snowpack studies, this combined method here will be of great value in the future to simplify snow depth and LAI assessment of snow dynamics.

Daminozide reduces mean weight of potato tubers but fails to increase uniformity

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
IA Rogers ◽  
BW Philp ◽  
TK Twigden
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Tuber Weight ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Market Requirement

At 3 sites in South Australia daminozide reduced mean potato tuber weight by 9-13% (P<0.05). Total yield of potatoes was reduced by 6-11%, although the effect was significant (P< 0.01) at only 1 site (Purnong Landing, reduction 11%). There were no effects of daminozide on tuber number, uniformity of tuber weight, specific gravity of tubers (at 1 site) or yield of ware grade tubers (80-350 g fresh weight). However, daminozide increased yield of grades (90-130 g) by 40% and decreased yield of grades (260-350 g) by 32% (P<0.05). In achieving these results, rates of 0.85, 1.7, 3.4 and 6.8 kg a.i. ha-l of daminozide were about equally effective. We conclude that, unless there is a market requirement for tubers of 90-130 g in weight, daminozide should not be used for the cultivars Sebago, Exton and Coliban if haulms are killed by herbicide or disease from 15 to 30 days before natural plant senescence. Stem length and leaf area index were reduced early in the season by daminozide, but late in the season leaf area index was increased.

scholarly journals Row Orientation and Canopy Position Affect Bud Differentiation, Leaf Area Index and Some Agronomical Traits of a Super High-Density Almond Orchard

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Francesco Maldera ◽  
Gaetano Alessandro Vivaldi ◽  
Ignasi Iglesias-Castellarnau ◽  
Salvatore Camposeo
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
High Density ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Canopy Position ◽  
Almond Orchards ◽  
Agronomical Traits ◽  
Almond Orchard

Super-high density (SHD) is the latest innovation in almond growing. This new cropping system needs to be studied in different climates, soils, latitudes and cultivars in order to promote more efficient and sustainable orchard management. This study shows the effects of two row orientations and different canopy positions on leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and biological, phenological and agronomical parameters of a SHD almond orchard. Total bud number and flower bud number were higher for N-S row orientation and more wood buds were detected in top layers. LAI was strongly influenced by layer, but not by row orientation. Row orientation did not affect blooming or ripening phenology. Fruit number per layer was higher for North–South (N-S) row orientation and in middle layers; fruit set showed the opposite trend to flower bud and fruit numbers, achieving higher values for East–West (E-W) row orientation. Hulled fruit yield was not affected by row orientation but by canopy height. N-S oriented rows showed a greater number of empty nuts than E-W, but no differences were found between layers. We concluded that in SHD almond orchards, row orientation is determinant for sustainable crop management.

scholarly journals Impact of Elevated CO2 and Temperature on Growth, Development and Nutrient Uptake of Tomato

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 509
Author(s):  
Tejaswini C. Rangaswamy ◽  
Shankarappa Sridhara ◽  
Konapura Nagaraja Manoj ◽  
Pradeep Gopakkali ◽  
Nandini Ramesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Nutrient Demand

Elevated carbon dioxide (EC) can increase the growth and development of different C3 fruit crops, which may further increase the nutrient demand by the accumulated biomass. In this context, the current investigation was conceptualized to evaluate the growth performance and nutrient uptake by tomato plants under elevated CO2 (EC700 and EC550 ppm) and temperature (+2 °C) in comparison to ambient conditions. Significant improvement in the growth indicating parameters like leaf area, leaf area index, leaf area duration and crop growth rate were measured at EC700 and EC550 at different stages of crop growth. Further, broader and thicker leaves of plants under EC700 and EC550 have intercepted higher radiation by almost 11% more than open field plants. Conversely, elevated temperature (+2 °C) had negative influence on crop growth and intercepted almost 7% lower radiation over plants under ambient conditions. Interestingly, earliness of phenophases viz., branch initiation (3.0 days), flower initiation (4.14 days), fruit initiation (4.07 days) and fruit maturation (7.60 days) were observed at EC700 + 2 °C, but it was statistically on par with EC700 and EC550 + 2 °C. Irrespective of the plant parts and growth stages, plants under EC700 and EC550 have showed significantly higher nutrient uptake due to higher root biomass. At EC700, the tune of increase in total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake was almost 134%, 126% and 135%, respectively compared to open field crop. This indicates higher nutrient demand by the crop under elevated CO2 levels because of higher dry matter accumulation and radiation interception. Thus, nutrient application is needed to be monitored at different growth stages as per the crop needs.

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