scholarly journals Job change and self-control of waste pickers: evidence from a field experiment in the Philippines

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-35
Author(s):  
Hide-Fumi Yokoo ◽  
Maki Ikuse ◽  
Aries Roda D. Romallosa ◽  
Masahide Horita
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Waste Pickers

Environmental policies may have a negative side effect on employment, often in a specific industry in the short run. Workers in regulated industries can be affected by losses in job-specific human capital. The informal sectors in developing countries are often associated with environmental pollution and thus targeted by such policies. Welfare loss due to this side effect can be problematic in developing countries, since they often lack safeguarding schemes, including unemployment insurance. Inducing workers in informal sectors to change their jobs can mitigate these negative side effects. This study examines efficient methods of inducing informal workers to change jobs. An alternative job is offered to informal workers at a dumpsite in the Philippines and whether changing the scheme of wage payment increases the acceptance of the offer is examined. The impacts of changing payment schemes are evaluated by using a randomized field experiment. The sampled 112 waste pickers each randomly receive one of four offers for an alternative job, and the number of those who accept the offer is observed to evaluate the impact of less frequent payment (i.e., once every three days instead of daily). Piece rates and fixed wages are also compared. Those offered less frequent payment are more likely to accept the job offer compared with those offered daily payment. This preferred payment scheme can mitigate the side effects of environmental policy and workers’ self-control problem related to savings, while minimizing moral hazard.

scholarly journals A Multi-Objective Approach to Mitigate Negative Side Effects

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandhya Saisubramanian ◽  
Ece Kamar ◽  
Shlomo Zilberstein
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Maximum Deviation ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Markov Decision ◽  
Secondary Objective ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
The Impact

Agents operating in unstructured environments often create negative side effects (NSE) that may not be easy to identify at design time. We examine how various forms of human feedback or autonomous exploration can be used to learn a penalty function associated with NSE during system deployment. We formulate the problem of mitigating the impact of NSE as a multi-objective Markov decision process with lexicographic reward preferences and slack. The slack denotes the maximum deviation from an optimal policy with respect to the agent's primary objective allowed in order to mitigate NSE as a secondary objective. Empirical evaluation of our approach shows that the proposed framework can successfully mitigate NSE and that different feedback mechanisms introduce different biases, which influence the identification of NSE.

Why Municipal Cooperation Matters

2016 ◽  
pp. 140-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe Teles ◽  
Pekka Kettunen
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Perceived Costs

It is a common phenomenon that municipalities cooperate with each other. Cooperation eventually brings about the gains of efficiency or makes it possible to deliver services. We can however assume that cooperation may also fail, cause unwarranted negative side-effects and diminish the democratic capacity of the participating municipalities. The aim of this paper is to present the literature and available scholarship on the topic, and discuss the research agenda on inter-municipal cooperation, especially through the analysis of its scope, motivations, and perceived costs and benefits. The approach to the problem will be based in multidisciplinary contributions of existing research, which involves theoretical arguments related to the advantages of cooperation, the impact on democracy and accountability, as well as the discussion of public vs private provision of services. The conclusions should enable a serious reflection about Inter-Municipal Cooperation state of the art.

Surviving from garbage: the role of informal waste-pickers in a dynamic model of solid-waste management in developing countries

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROCÍO DEL PILAR MORENO-SÁNCHEZ ◽  
JORGE HIGINIO MALDONADO
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Waste Pickers

In developing countries, informal waste-pickers (known as scavengers) play an important role in solid waste management systems, acting in a parallel way to formal waste collection and disposal agents. Scavengers collect, from the streets, dumpsites, or landfills, re-usable and recyclable material that can be reincorporated into the economy's production process. Despite the benefits that they generate to society, waste-pickers are ignored when waste management policies are formulated. The purpose of this paper is to integrate the role of scavengers in a dynamic model of production, consumption, and recovery, and to show that, in an economy producing solid waste, efficiency can be reached using a set of specific and complementary policies: a tax on virgin materials use, a tax on consumption and disposal, and a subsidy to the recovery of material. A numerical simulation is performed to evaluate the impact of these policies on landfill lifetime and natural resource stocks. A discussion on the implementation of these instruments is also included.

The Impact of Prescribed Medication on Swallowing: An Overview

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 98-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Team Member ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Valuable Resource ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Swallowing Difficulties ◽  
The Impact

Dysphagia clinicians are aware that best practices guidelines recommend a medications review as part of the assessment process. This article aims to review the literature to date regarding the impact that medications may have on the physiology of swallowing. It is important to consider the side effects of all medications, not only medications listing swallowing difficulties as a known side effect. Medications that impact upon arousal, awareness, and xerostomia should also be considered as part of a comprehensive dysphagia evaluation. Speech-language pathologists should consider the pharmacist an integral dysphagia team member and a valuable resource.

Determining the impact of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: A survey of cancer survivors.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e24080-e24080
Author(s):  
Eva Battaglini ◽  
David Goldstein ◽  
Susanna Park
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Peripheral Neuropathy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Functional Disability ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
The Impact

e24080 Background: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a major yet poorly understood side effect of cancer treatment, leading to symptoms including numbness, tingling and pain. It can lead to cessation of effective treatment, long-term functional disability and reduced quality of life. Despite this, there is currently little understanding of its impact. Methods: The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of neurotoxic chemotherapy side effects on the lives of cancer survivors. Data was collected via an online survey covering demographics, cancer diagnosis and treatment, CIPN and other side effects of chemotherapy, using standardised measures to assess comorbidities, quality of life, physical activity, pain and CIPN symptoms. Results: Data was analysed from 986 respondents who were treated with neurotoxic therapies (83% female, 16% male), with mean age 59 years ( SD 10.7 years). A majority of respondents were treated for breast cancer (59%), 14% for colorectal cancer and 11% for multiple myeloma. Chemotherapy types received included paclitaxel (32%), docetaxel (32%) and oxaliplatin (13%), and respondents completed treatment a mean of 3.6 years ago. The majority of respondents (80%) reported experiencing neuropathic symptoms after finishing chemotherapy, with 77% reporting current CIPN. Those with CIPN reported functional impacts, with 23% reporting moderate to severe problems with hand function and 28% reporting moderate to severe walking difficulties. CIPN was second most commonly rated as the treatment side effect having the greatest impact, following fatigue. Respondents with high levels of current CIPN symptoms had poorer quality of life, more comorbid health conditions, higher BMI and more often received multiple neurotoxic chemotherapies than those with low levels of CIPN symptoms. In addition, respondents who reported meeting government physical activity guidelines had lower CIPN and higher quality of life scores than those who did not meet the guidelines. Regression analyses investigating the association between quality of life and clinical and sociodemographic characteristics resulted in a model with comorbid health conditions, CIPN symptoms, years since treatment, age and physical activity as significant predictors of quality of life. Conclusions: These findings suggest that CIPN has a lasting impact on cancer survivors, leading to decreases in quality of life, often occurring alongside poorer general health. This impact supports the need for further research to improve assessment, prevention and treatment.

scholarly journals Impact of Pharmacist Counselling on Clozapine Knowledge

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciara Ní Dhubhlaing ◽  
Ailish Young ◽  
Laura J. Sahm
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Patient Information ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Patient Knowledge ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Improve Patient

Clozapine is the only antipsychotic with evidence for efficacy in treatment of resistant schizophrenia but it carries a high side effect burden. Patient information is provided but may be poorly retained. This study aims to examine the impact of pharmacist counselling upon patient knowledge of clozapine. Outpatients, aged 18 years and over, attending St. Patrick’s University Hospital, Dublin, participated in this study between June and August 2015. The intervention consisted of pharmacist counselling on two occasions one month apart. Knowledge was assessed using a 28-point checklist devised from the currently available clozapine patient information sources, at baseline and after each counselling session. Ethics approval was obtained. Twenty-five participants (40% female; mean age 45.1 years, SD 9.82; 64% unemployed, 28% smokers) showed an improvement in knowledge scores of clozapine from baseline to postcounselling on each occasion with an overall improvement in knowledge score, from baseline to postcounselling at one month, of 39.43%; p<0.001. This study adds to the evidence that interventions involving pharmacist counselling can improve patient knowledge, whilst the specific knowledge gained relating to recognition of side effects may help patients towards more empowerment regarding their treatment.

scholarly journals Implications of Public External Debt for Social Spending: A Case Study of Selected Asian Developing Countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-103
Author(s):  
Sadia Shabbir ◽  
Hafiz M. Yasin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
External Debt ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
Social Sector ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
General Method Of Moments ◽  
Development Spending ◽  
External Borrowing ◽  
The Impact

For developing countries with budgetary and balance-of-payments gaps to meet, maintaining large stakes of external debt is not free of cost. Highly indebted countries have to set aside a sizeable fraction of their scarce resources to service their debt, which naturally affects their development spending in general and allocations for the social sector in particular. This study examines the behavior of seven developing Asian countries and analyzes the impact of public external debt on social sector spending. The panel dataset includes Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, the Philippines, and Indonesia, and spans the period 1980–2010. Our empirical analysis is based on three interrelated equations for different spending categories, which are estimated using the general method of moments. The study’s results confirm the common wisdom that outstanding external debt and its servicing liability have an adverse impact on public spending, particularly on social sector spending. This suggests that developing countries need to mobilize their own resources and minimize their dependence on external borrowing as far as possible.

scholarly journals ANTIRETROVIRAL SIDE EFFECT ON ADHERENCE IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV AIDS AT DR. KARIADI GENERAL REFFERAL HOSPITAL SEMARANG CENTRAL JAVA

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gede Arya Bagus Arisudhana ◽  
Muchlis Achsan Udji Sofro ◽  
Untung Sujianto
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Drug Adherence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy is a lifelong treatment in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Adherence is the key to the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy. ARV have side effects that may affect patient adherence.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of ARV side effects on drug adherence in PLWHA.Methods: This study used cross-sectional approach. Sample size in this study was 78 consist of people who were recruited by purposive sampling. These subjects received ARV therapy in Tropical Disease and Infection Polyclinic at General Hospital of Dr. Kariadi SemarangResult : Result showed that eta2 is 0,525625. It means that ARV side effect has impact on ARV adherence. Most of the side effects reported by the respondents were nausea and dizziness. Some respondents also reported experiencing weakness, difficult to concentrate, and diarrhea. Conclusion : Side effects have impact on patient’s ARV therapy adherence. Therefore health care provider for PLWHA should be able to recognize and concern on ARV side effect management. 

Acceptance of wearable fitness devices in developing countries: exploring the country and gender-specific differences

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shweta Pandey ◽  
Deepak Chawla ◽  
Sandeep Puri ◽  
Luz Suplico Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gender Specific Differences ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gender Specific

Purpose Notwithstanding the novelty and importance of wearable fitness devices, few studies have focussed on comparing the drivers of adoption and usage of wearable fitness in the context of developing countries. This study aims to explore factors that drive overall acceptance of wearable fitness devices in developing countries (India and the Philippines) and whether the impact of these factors on the intention to adopt (INT) differs by country and gender. Design/methodology/approach The study extends the existing body of knowledge by developing a model that integrates the impact of various perceived benefits (health, autonomy, social, hedonic, symbolic), health self-efficacy (HEALTHSE) and individual characteristics (technological innovativeness [TI]) on the INT wearable fitness devices and the moderating impact of country and gender. The analysis was carried out using partial least square and data of 343 respondents. Findings This study finds that the INT wearable fitness devices by consumers in developing countries are positively impacted by hedonic, health and autonomy, HEALTHSE and TI. Symbolic and social factors do not have any significant impact on the overall INT wearable fitness devices. However, there are country and gender-specific differences that are consequential to the development of marketing strategies. Research limitations/implications The framework and results are specific to the two countries and limited by convenience sampling. Future research can focus on replication across different countries and extend the model with additional contextual factors such as perceived risks. Originality/value To the best knowledge of the authors, this is one of the few studies to examine and compare the drivers of adoption of wearable fitness devices in lesser researched developing countries. Also, it is one of the few studies to compare the moderating impact of country and gender in the context of the INT wearable devices. The study provides a theoretical and methodological foundation for future research, as well as practical implications for global companies developing and promoting wearable fitness devices.

“Stupid people deserve what they get”: The effects of personality assessment on judgments of intentional action

2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 332-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berit Brogaard
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Moral Status ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Intentional Action ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Negative Side Effects

AbstractKnobe argues that people's judgments of the moral status of a side-effect of action influence their assessment of whether the side-effect is intentional. I tested this hypothesis using vignettes akin to Knobe's but involving economically or eudaimonistically (wellness-related) negative side-effects. My results show that it is people's sense of what agents deserve, and not the moral status of side-effects, that drives intuition.

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