Selection and Substantiation of Methods for Evaluating Cosmetic Products for Deodorant and Antiperspirant Action

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-64
Author(s):  
D.V. Barabash ◽  
I.A. Butorova
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Large Scale Testing ◽  
Sweat Secretion ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms

The possibility of using simple and available methods for analyzing deodorants/antiperspirants has been studied. The gravimetric method was shown to have acceptable metrological characteristics under repeatability conditions when evaluating antiperspirant activity. A decrease in the number of microorganisms (CFU) on the axilla skin was observed in a rinse test experiment 4 h and 8 h after the application of deodorants/antiperspirants. The microbial population data were inversely proportional to the antiperspirant activity values of the tested compositions. The sweat secretion reducing decreases the amount of nutrients required for microbial development, which makes it possible to use the rinse test to indirectly evaluate deodorant activity in research and development of personal care products. However, due to its laboriousness and the need for volunteers, the method cannot be recommended for large-scale testing. It was shown that the disc diffusion method (DDM) used to detect Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis cannot be applied to the assessment of the intrinsic antimicrobial activity of the tested cosmetic compositions. This indicates the necessity of additional studies to select test microorganisms typical for the armpit area. In addition, DDM is useful if the deodorant effect of the composition is created by the addition of low-volatile antibacterial compounds. Therefore, microbiological methods have limited applications and are not suitable for widespread use. deodorant action; antiperspirant action, gravimetry, disc diffusion method, rinse test; deodorant; antiperspirant; cosmetic; efficiency; consumer properties, functional properties This work was supported by MUCTR (project no. K-2020-007).

scholarly journals Bacteriological Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Isolates of Wound Infection In Children Visiting Kanti Children Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
Gita Ghimire ◽  
Chaudhary RP ◽  
Binod Lekhak
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Wound Infection ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
The Status

Objectives: The objectives of this study was to isolate and identify the bacterial etiological agent of wound infection and explore the status of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA), multidrug Resistant (MDR) and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers’ strains in clinical specimens and to find the antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Methods: A prospective cross sectional study design was conducted from period of February 2014 to October 2014 at Kanti Children Hospital, Kathmandu. The organisms were isolated and identified from pus sample by standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by modified the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method to evaluate the status of MRSA and MDR. ESBL detection was performed by the combined disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 365 specimens collected between the age group below < 2 to 15 years, 210 (57.73%) samples from male patients and 155 (42.47%) from female patients. In the total samples processed, Gram-positive organisms were found to be more prevalent in which Staphylococcus aureus accounts for 135(47.20%), followed by P. aeruginosa 62 (21.67%), E. coli 29 (10.20%), K. pneumoniae 27 (9.44%), Acinetobacter spp. 20 (6.70%), P. vulgaris 7 (2.44%) and CoNS 6 (2.10%). Among the S. aureus isolates, 29 (21.48%) were found MRSA. Of the total Gram-negative organisms isolated, 74 (51.03%) were MDR and 14 (100%) ESBL producer, (P<0.01). S. aureus was found to be the most important and leading cause of wound infection in this study. Conclusion: Thus, routine antibiotic susceptibility testing is recommended for empirical drug therapy and proper management of disease.  

scholarly journals Control of Clinical Pathogens by the Haemolymph of Paratelphusa hydrodromous, a Freshwater Crab

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Arul Prakash ◽  
S. Balasubramanian ◽  
G. Gunasekaran ◽  
M. Prakash ◽  
P. Senthil Raja
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Freshwater Crab ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Clinical Pathogens ◽  
Rhizopus Sp ◽  
Antimicrobial Assay

In the present study, effort has been made to find the antimicrobial activity of haemolymph collected from freshwater crab, Paratelphusa hydrodromous. The haemolymph collected was tested for antimicrobial assay by disc diffusion method against clinical pathogens. Five bacterial species, namely, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and five fungal strains, namely and Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus sp., and Mucor sp., were selected for the study. The result shows a strong response of haemolymph against the clinical pathogens which confirms the immune mechanism of the freshwater crab.

The Citrus reticulata essential oil: evaluation of antifungal activity against penicillium species related to bakery products spoilage

10.5219/1695 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 1112-1119
Author(s):  
Hana Ďúranová ◽  
Veronika Valková ◽  
Lucia Galovičová ◽  
Jana Štefániková ◽  
Miroslava Kačániová
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Vapor Phase ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method

Fungal food spoilage plays a key role in the deterioration of food products, and finding a suitable natural preservative can solve this problem. Therefore, antifungal activity of green mandarin (Citrus reticulata) essential oil (GMEO) in the vapor phase against the growth of Penicillium (P.) expansum and P. chrysogenum inoculated on wheat bread (in situ experiment) was investigated in the current research. The volatile compounds of the GMEO were analyzed by a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC–MS), and its antioxidant activity was determined by testing free radical-scavenging capacity (DPPH assay). Moreover, the disc diffusion method was used to analyze the antifungal activity of GMEO in in vitro conditions. The results demonstrate that the Citrus reticulata EO consisted of α-limonene as the most abundant component (71.5%), followed by γ-terpinene (13.9%), and β-pinene (3.5%), and it displayed the weak antioxidant activity with the value of inhibition 5.6 ±0.7%, which corresponds to 103.0 ±6.4 µg TEAC.mL-1. The findings from the GMEO antifungal activity determination revealed that values for the inhibition zone with disc diffusion method ranged from 0.00 ±0.00 (no antifungal effectiveness) to 5.67 ±0.58 mm (moderate antifungal activity). Finally, exposure of Penicillium strains growing on bread to GMEO in vapor phase led to the finding that 250 μL.L-1 of GMEO exhibited the lowest value for mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of P. expansum (-51.37 ±3.01%) whose negative value reflects even supportive effect of the EO on the microscopic fungus growth. On the other hand, GMEO at this concentration (250 μL.L-1) resulted in the strongest inhibitory action (MGI: 54.15 ±1.15%) against growth of P. chrysogenum. Based on the findings it can be concluded that GMEO in the vapor phase is not an effective antifungal agent against the growth of P. expansum inoculated on bread; however, its antifungal potential manifested against P. chrysogenum suggests GMEO to be an appropriate alternative to the use of chemical inhibitors for bread preservation.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Extracts ofBaeckea frutescensagainst Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somayeh Razmavar ◽  
Mahmood Ameen Abdulla ◽  
Salmah Binti Ismail ◽  
Pouya Hassandarvish
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Baeckea Frutescens ◽  
High Degree

This study was based on screening antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract ofBaeckea frutescensL. against MRSA clinical isolates, analyzes the potential antibacterial compound, and assesses the cytotoxicity effect of the extract in tissue culture. Leaves ofBaeckea frutescensL. were shade dried, powdered, and extracted using solvent ethanol. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the crude extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, phenols, and carbohydrates. The presence of these bioactive constituents is related to the antibacterial activity of the plant. Disc diffusion method revealed a high degree of activity against microorganisms. The results confirm thatBaeckea frutescensL. can be used as a source of drugs to fight infections caused by susceptible bacteria.

scholarly journals Nasal Carriage of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Among Health Care Workers At Tertiary Care Hospital In Dhaka.

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-19
Author(s):  
Rahima Akter ◽  
Shikha Paul ◽  
Akhtarun Naher ◽  
Moshiur Rahman ◽  
Sharmin Sultana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar

Nasal carriage of MRSA among hospital stuff act as a source of endogenous infection and becomes a source for hospital and community acquired infection. The study was conducted to determine the rate antibiotic resistance pattern of nasal carriage of MRSA among the hospital stuff of Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka. Pre moistened nasal swabs from hospital stuff (doctor, nurses, lab technicians and other helping stuff were obtained. These swabs were inoculated into Blood agar and Mannitol salt agar media. Antibiogram was done by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. MRSA were detected by oxacillin and cefoxitin disc diffusion method. The resistance was confirmed by MIC of oxacillin agar dilution method. Out of 142 samples 34 strains of Staphylococcus were isolated among them 07 (4.93%) were MRSA and 27 (19.01%) were MSSA. The carriage rate of MRSA was higher among nurse than other healthcare provider. Nasal carriage of MRSA is responsible for spreading infection from healthcare personnel to normal individual. So, regular screening of carrier is required from prevention of hospital acquired infection. Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2017; 11 (2): 17-19

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF A CYANOBACTERIUM SCYTONEMA SCHMIDTII GOM

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-79
Author(s):  
Janardhan Namdeo Nehul
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Air Blower

Scytonema schmidtii,a cyanobacterium was isolated from the collected soil samples from different locations of Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra state (India). Identification was carried out using morphological variation and taxonomical approaches according to Desikachary (1959) and Prescott (1962) .The axenic culture of Scytonema schmidtii was obtained by using the method recommended by Bolch and Blackburn (1996). The isolated Scytonema schmidtii was grown autotropically in BG-11 medium as described by Rippka et al.,(1979) and incubated at 30±2°c.After 25 days, biomass was harvested by filtration through double layered muslin cloth and dried using air blower. The biomass of this Scytonema schmidtii species was used for the assessment of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus flavus and Proteus mirabilis. The antibacterial activity was studied by disc diffusion method (Anonymous,1996).Methanol extract of Scytonema schmidtii showed the activity against all the tested bacterial strains.Maximum zone of inhibition (23±1.9 mm) was recorded with methanol extract of Scytonema schmidtii.

scholarly journals Russia-made Mueller–Hinton agar: compliance with contemporary requirements

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-416
Author(s):  
L. V. Domotenko ◽  
I. S. Kosilova ◽  
A. P. Shepelin
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Mueller Hinton ◽  
Mueller Hinton Agar

At present, a rise of antimicrobial resistance requires that susceptibility of infectious agents to antimicrobial agents could be accurately evaluated as related errors may lead to selecting improper therapeutics provoking spread of drug resistance. Pathogen sensitivity to antimicrobial agents is commonly determined by a disc diffusion method. A quality of nutrient medium used in assays plays a crucial role influencing final results. In Russia, it turned out that regulatory documents such as the nationwide guidelines and clinical recommendations outlining methodology for antimicrobial susceptibility testing underlay availability in domestic market few nutrient media, including Mueller–Hinton Agar, AGV medium etc. exhibiting sometimes unsatisfactory quality. To harmonize such methodology with international requirements, theStateResearchCenterfor Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology has developed a technology and promoted manufacture of Russia-made Mueller–Hinton agar satisfying requirements of EUCAST documents, clinical guidelines, and ISO/TS 16782:2016. The main objective of this study was to compare quality of new agar product with five similar foreign media while examining 11 test strains by disc diffusion method. As a result, some of nutrient media available to the Russian market turned out to be off-standard: not all of them satisfy to the EUCAST requirements and clinical guidelines since diameter distribution for growth inhibition recommended by EUCAST for quality control does not fit into permissible range. Moreover, susceptibility of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, Meropenem, as well as S. aureus ATSS 25923 and E. faecalis ATCC 29212 to tigecycline was assessed with certain mistakes. The data obtained by us were analyzed in accordance to the new document ISO/TS 16782:2016 “Clinical laboratory testing — criterion for acceptable lots of dehydrated Mueller–Hinton agar and broth for antimicrobial susceptibility testing”, not approved yet In Russia. To determine potential reason for deviation of data from reference range, we measured concentration of bivalent metals in all nutrient media examined by atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. We determined new patterns affecting reliability of results on microbial antibiotic susceptibility. A need to check intralaboratory quality control of nutrient media was emphasized.  

High incidence of treatment failure of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates to ciprofloxacin in male gonococcal urethritis in Delhi

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 564-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Chowdhry ◽  
D Pandhi ◽  
S Vidhani ◽  
P Bhalla ◽  
B S N Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Bacteriological Response ◽  
Gonococcal Urethritis ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Several treatment failures and widespread antimicrobial resistance to ciprofloxacin have been documented, subsequent to its initial recommendation in 1989 as a single dose alternative therapy for gonorrhoea. Still, it continues to be part of various treatment schedules in National STD control guidelines including India. This prompted us to study the current status of this drug in the treatment of gonorrhoea. Thirty-five male patients with gonococcal urethritis were included in the study. The susceptibility to penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin by agar plate dilution method. The clinical and bacteriological response was assessed on day 5 after treatment with single dose ciprofloxacin, 500 mg. The sensitivity pattern of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was observed to be: ceftriaxone 100%, azithromycin 100%, tetracycline 65.7%, penicillin 40% and ciprofloxacin 5.7% by disc diffusion method. The MIC for ciprofloxacin was below 0.06 µg/mL (sensitive) in one (2.5%) isolate only. On the fifth day a large number of treatment failures (88.5%) were seen with ciprofloxacin while none was noted one week after re-treatment with ceftriaxone. The location of endemic quinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (QRNG) in New Delhi has increased alarmingly, resulting in an extremely high proportion of therapeutic failures, and thus requiring appropriate alterations in the presently recommended treatment regimens.

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