scholarly journals MENYOAL KESENJANGAN ANTARA DAS SEIN DAN DAS SOLLEN PENYEBARAN ISLAM PRA WALISONGO

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Widiastuti Widiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Historical Research ◽  
Quality Development ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Short Span ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
Muslim Minorities

<p><em>This Artikel based on historical research. The result of research was indicated thats </em><em>Islam has been spread in Java since the 7th century, and has even successfully Islamized two Javanese priyayi namely Rakeyan Sancang from Tarumanegara and Prince Jay Shima from Kalingga. However, the reality of data on the development of the number of Javanese Muslim communities from the 7th-14th century AD was minimal. </em><em>This fact </em><em>tell about the passive indigenous Muslims. While in the </em><em>W</em><em>alisongo (14-16 AD), in a relatively short span of time was able to change the number of Muslim minorities into the majority. Thus, in the history of pre-walis</em><em>o</em><em>ng</em><em>o</em><em> Islam spread the imbalance between hope and reality arises. The spread of pre-walis</em><em>o</em><em>ng</em><em>o</em><em> Islam has taken a very long time, so the expectation is to produce significant quantity and quality development of Muslim societies. But the fact that it did not materialize because the spread of Islam is less successful both in quantity and quality.</em><em></em></p>

scholarly journals RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE MONASTERY ON KOM H IN OLD DONGOLA (SUDAN) AND THE CHRONOLOGY OF MEDIEVAL NUBIAN POTTERY

Radiocarbon ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Dorota Dzierzbicka ◽  
Katarzyna Danys
Keyword(s):  
Historical Research ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACT The paper presents and discusses a series of radiocarbon (14C) dates from a medieval Nubian monastery found on Kom H of Old Dongola, the capital of the kingdom of Makuria located in modern-day Sudan. The monastery was founded in the 6th–7th century AD and although it probably ceased to function in the 14th century, the site remained occupied until the beginning of the 15th century. The investigated courtyard of the monastery was in use from the 11th to the 14th century, as indicated by the ceramics and 14C analysis results presented here. The dates under consideration are the first published series of 14C dates from this site, which is of crucial importance for historical research on medieval Nubian Christianity and monasticism. They permit to begin building an absolute chronological framework for research on the archaeological finds from the site and region. A group of finds in particular need of such a framework are ceramics, and the implications of the 14C dates for pottery assemblages found in the dated contexts are discussed. The conclusions summarize the significance of the datings for the history of the site.

Francis Bacon's Henry VII: Commentary on King James I

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Bergeron
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Francis Bacon ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
James I ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Henry Vii

Francis Bacon wrote his The History of the Reign of King Henry the Seventh during 1621 after his fall from power and during his initial period of disgrace. He had, of course, contemplated some such history for a long time; and his exile from the Jacobean court allowed him time to complete this project. Exactly how much “research” he did remains a matter of debate. But this history of Henry VII exists as an exceptional example of Tudor-Stuart historical writing. Given Bacon's fascination with questions of history, broached in The Advancement of Learning (1605) and expanded in De Augmentis Scientiarum (1623), one might reasonably expect to find an example of Bacon's practice of history. The History of Henry VII exists as Bacon's only finished full-scale history of an era, although other fragments survive.A favorite scholarly pastime, at least since the late nineteenth century, has been to detect Bacon's “errors” in his history—that is, how and where he got things wrong. Sometimes, for example, he apparently duplicated the error of a source. He does not, however, stand alone among historians on this score. In any event, modern historical research affords a clearer view of the accuracy of Bacon's account. None of this detracts, however, from Bacon's considerable achievement. Part of the recognition of his accomplishment derives from understanding the different influences that impinge on Bacon's writing Henry VII. I intend, for example, to assess the indebtedness to the life of the Jacobean court as a model or influence on Bacon's portrait of King Henry's relationship with his wife Queen Elizabeth.

scholarly journals The kinship through the female line in the inheritance of the possessions of the Moscow Rurikids in the 14th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-174
Author(s):  
Sergey Navilyevich Abukov
Keyword(s):  
14Th Century ◽  
Maternal Grandfather ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Historical Literature ◽  
Female Line ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will

The paper studies the influence of the factor of possessions inheritance by Moscow knyazes in the female line in the 14th century, which was not typical for the Rurikids. There are certain difficulties in the history of possessions inheritance in Rus, since sources paid little attention to such facts. The problem has not received sufficient attention in the historical literature. The author explores various forms of such inheritance that took place during the period under review in the Moscow Principality starting from the will of Ivan Kalita. In some cases, it was about small possessions transfer under the power of the Moscow dynasty princes, in others - entire principalities that had their own independent history of several generations. The most obvious example is the succession through consanguinity including from maternal grandfather to grandson. In addition, childless widowed princesses also bequeathed their lands to their nephews. The history of the Moscow dynasty also has an unprecedented example of the transfer of a hereditary principality by a knyaz to his widow, which she was forced to transfer to her brother-in-law. A persistent trend for a long time gives such facts a certain historical significance.

scholarly journals Minoritas Muslim di Tibet

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-85
Author(s):  
Nilma Yola
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Community Groups ◽  
Dalai Lama ◽  
Muslim Minority ◽  
History Of ◽  
Muslim Minorities

This paper aims to discuss the history of the life of Muslim Minorities in the Tibetan region, where minority Muslims usually live in the midst of other communities whose majority are always oppressed. However, what is unique is that in Tibet they live peacefully and there are no major disputes between the native Buddhists and the Muslim minority immigrants, and they even unite to fight against the Chinese invaders. The method used in this study is a historical research method with data collection techniques through literature study. The formulation of the problem in this research is why the Muslim minority and the Buddhist majority can live peacefully and side by side in the Tibetan region. The results of this study are 1). The basic needs of many Tibetans come from the Middle East, the majority of whom are Muslims, therefore, in order to maintain good relations, they certainly do not want to cause new problems if the security of their Muslim brothers in Tibet is not guaranteed. 2) Muslims, on average, are community groups who were originally neighbors, and will continue to have good relations even though they have different beliefs. 3). Tibet is led by the Dalai Lama, who has always taught to respect each other, regardless of their religion 4). Both are victims of Chinese colonialism, so they feel the same fate and struggle.

scholarly journals UMAR BIN ABDUL AZIS: ZAMAN KEEMASAN ISLAM MASA DINASTI UMAYYAH

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Kori Lilie Muslim ◽  
Melia Afdayeni
Keyword(s):  
Golden Age ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
The People ◽  
Search Heuristics ◽  
Umayyad Dynasty ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of

<p><em>The Umayyad dynasty was approximately 91 years old, with 14 leading caliphs. The reign of Umar ibn Azis was regarded as the golden age of the regime, as many of the policies he had done, and that had been prosperity for the people. Different from the governments of the other caliphs, regarded by most historians as the caliphs who made the people in misery. For this, the article aims to analyze the glory achieved by Umar ibn Azis in the reign of the Umayyad dynasty. The methods used are historical research methods, ranging from source search (heuristics) that are limited to historical books in libraries, then criticism of Sember (internal and external criticism), verification and Last is historiography. From the research conducted it can be shown that during the reign of the caliph Umar ibn Abdul Aziz who did not have a long time to print the history of the glorious civilization, both in terms of the knowledge </em>and<em> life level of society that has been able to enjoy Prosperous life is safe and peaceful. The Baitul Mal by the previous Umayyad caliphs was used as a sovereign or property that is free to be spent by the Palace families. It is different in the time of the end of the Umar because at the time of his treasure Baitul Mal made As the people's. Umar bin Abdul Aziz was also very attentive to the hadith as a source of teaching both Islamic teachings. He issued adequate funds to record the hadith to be registered and documented well and neatly and made a scientific reference in religious studies and Islamic legal studies. Not only the hadith that received attention, but the science of interpretation, history, and politics is also recorded. In terms of the expansion of the territory of Islam, very few wars in his time because in the development of Islam is more lively by using the advice that is full of wisdom so that many people enter Islam. Thus the reign of the caliphate of Umar ibn Abdul Aziz, which was the Golden age for the Umayyad dynasty.</em></p>

scholarly journals As relações africano-brasileiras de longa data: uma análise da investigação histórica sobre o assunto no Brasil * The african-brazilian long term relationship: an analysis of historical research about the subject in Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
GILBERTO DA SILVA GUIZELIN
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical View ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

<p><strong>Resumo:</strong> O presente artigo parte do pressuposto de que ao contrário da história das relações contemporâneas entre o Brasil e a África, a história das relações pretéritas entre as duas margens do Atlântico Sul não tem recebido a mesma atenção por parte dos investigadores brasileiros. Acredita-se aqui que tal descompasso investigativo seja fruto de uma visão histórica reducionista, por muito tempo predominante no meio acadêmico nacional, e, por conseguinte, da dificuldade sentida entre os próprios investigadores brasileiros de reunir fontes que lhes permitam recriar, observar e analisar o contexto das relações de longa data entre o Brasil e a África. Ainda assim, ressalta-se aqui que a partir de uma reorientação quanto às perspectivas de investigação é sim possível o desenvolvimento de novos estudos do entrosamento africano-brasileiro mais distante.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave:</strong> historiografia brasileira; História das Relações Internacionais; relações Africano-Brasileiras.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong> This article begins by assuming that unlike the history of contemporary relations between Brazil and Africa, the history of the past relations between the two costs of South Atlantic has not received the same attention by Brazilian researchers. It is believed here that this discrepancy is a result of a reductionist historical view,  prevalent for a long time in the national academic community, and therefore by the difficulty felt among the Brazilian researchers themselves to gather historical documents that allow them to re-create, observe and analyze the context of the past relation between Brazil and Africa. Still, it is also emphasized in this article that from a reorientation on the prospects of research the development of new studies on the African -Brazilian long term relationship is indeed possible.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Brazilian historiography; History of International Relations; African-Brazilian relations.</p>

scholarly journals Mace in Bagratid Armenia according to written and figurative sources

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-51
Author(s):  
Dmytro Dymydyuk
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Military History ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Primary Research ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Research Objects ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Military

The military history of the Bagratid era (late 9th– mid-11th centuries) has not been the object of historical research for a long time. Therefore many questions concerning the form and functions of the weapons of that time remains unresolved. However, the studies of the armament of neighboring countries (Byzantium, Caliphate, Georgia, etc.) were researched much better. Previousely historiographers considered the military history of such «small nations» as Armenia from the perspectives of Eastern Roman Empire and Muslim world warfare which were considered as primary research objects. This paper aims to change this perspective and give the subject of the medieval Armenian military history the attention it deserves. The aim of the research is to pay attention to the war mace – one of the earliest weapons in almost all cultures. The task is to reconstruct the types of maces which were used in Bagratid Armenia; to analyse their physical and battle characteristics; methods of use; manufacturing process; terminological issue (լախտ (lakht) and գուրզ (gurz) etc. Taking into consideration the lack of archaeological finds of medieval maces from the territory of Armenia, the author pays attention to the written and figurative sources, comparing them with Byzantine and Muslim written accounts, archaeological finds and figurative sources respectively. Special attention was drawn to Armenian miniatures from the 11th century: «Kiss of Judas» (fig. 1–4), «Jesus before Pilate» (fig. 21) and to the relief on the door of Msho Arakelots monastery (1134) (fig. 6), where various types of maces are depicted. Due to the comparative analysis, further support was given to the idea that medieval figurative sources are more or less accurate material for studying medieval military history.

BRIDGE BUILDING AS A PROBLEM OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE EUROPEAN NORTH OF RUSSIA IN THE EARLY XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-135
Author(s):  
Tatiana S. Minaeva ◽  
Sergey S. Gulyaev
Keyword(s):  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
European North ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Floating Bridge ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Bridge Building ◽  
Xix Century

Introduction. The organization of transport links and the bridge building in cities located on the banks of wide rivers has always been one of the most important tasks of the local administration. The study of the history of bridge building allows not only to trace the process of modernization of different regions of the country, but also to help in solving similar problems of our time. Nevertheless, the history of Russian bridge building is poorly studied. The purpose of the article is to determine the characteristics and features of the organization of bridge building in big cities of the European North of Russia as a way to solve one of the problems of urban infrastructure in the early XX century. Materials and Methods. The sources for this study are the documents of the State archive of the Arkhangelsk region, published documents on the history of Vologda, articles in the local periodicals of the early XX century. The analysis of the studied problem used a systematic approach, the method of economic analysis, historical and historical-comparative methods. Results and Discussion. The building of permanent bridges was a need for the development of Arkhangelsk and Vologda. In Vologda the two wooden bridges were built in the middle of XIX century on city funds and in the future these bridges were repaired or rebuilt. The Arkhangelsk city authorities did not hurry to solve a problem of city infrastructure by own efforts and a long time they used the floating bridge. The lack of experience in the building of large bridges and the desire to save money led to the rapid destruction of the first permanent bridge in Arkhangelsk. Conclusion. The Development of trade and industry in cities of the European North of Russia, such as Arkhangelsk and Vologda, led to the expansion of their territory and the emergence over time, the so-called third parts of the cities. Despite the comparable size of the population of the districts located across the river, the process of connecting them with bridges to the rest of the city went at different rates, which depended on the attitude of the local administration to the problem of urban infrastructure.

The Emancipation of Europe's Muslims

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Laurence
Keyword(s):  
Trade Unions ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Critical Junctures ◽  
Muslim Immigrants ◽  
European Democracy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
Integration Problems ◽  
Muslim Minorities

This book traces how governments across Western Europe have responded to the growing presence of Muslim immigrants in their countries over the past fifty years. Drawing on hundreds of in-depth interviews with government officials and religious leaders in France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Morocco, and Turkey, the book challenges the widespread notion that Europe's Muslim minorities represent a threat to liberal democracy. The book documents how European governments in the 1970s and 1980s excluded Islam from domestic institutions, instead inviting foreign powers like Saudi Arabia, Algeria, and Turkey to oversee the practice of Islam among immigrants in European host societies. But since the 1990s, amid rising integration problems and fears about terrorism, governments have aggressively stepped up efforts to reach out to their Muslim communities and incorporate them into the institutional, political, and cultural fabrics of European democracy. The book places these efforts—particularly the government-led creation of Islamic councils—within a broader theoretical context and gleans insights from government interactions with groups such as trade unions and Jewish communities at previous critical junctures in European state-building. By examining how state–mosque relations in Europe are linked to the ongoing struggle for religious and political authority in the Muslim-majority world, the book sheds light on the geopolitical implications of a religious minority's transition from outsiders to citizens. This book offers a much-needed reassessment that foresees the continuing integration of Muslims into European civil society and politics in the coming decades.

The Making of the Medieval Middle East

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Tannous
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Religious History ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Conversion To Islam ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
The Middle Ages

In the second half of the first millennium CE, the Christian Middle East fractured irreparably into competing churches and Arabs conquered the region, setting in motion a process that would lead to its eventual conversion to Islam. This book argues that key to understanding these dramatic religious transformations are ordinary religious believers, often called “the simple” in late antique and medieval sources. Largely agrarian and illiterate, these Christians outnumbered Muslims well into the era of the Crusades, and yet they have typically been invisible in our understanding of the Middle East's history. What did it mean for Christian communities to break apart over theological disagreements that most people could not understand? How does our view of the rise of Islam change if we take seriously the fact that Muslims remained a demographic minority for much of the Middle Ages? In addressing these and other questions, the book provides a sweeping reinterpretation of the religious history of the medieval Middle East. The book draws on a wealth of Greek, Syriac, and Arabic sources to recast these conquered lands as largely Christian ones whose growing Muslim populations are properly understood as converting away from and in competition with the non-Muslim communities around them.

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