scholarly journals Socioeconomic and structural profiles of the informal sector in the COVID-19 pandemics

Nova Scientia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saúl Alfonso Esparza-Rodríguez ◽  
Jaime A. Martínez-Arroyo ◽  
Armando Sánchez-Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Categorical Data ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
The People ◽  
Structure Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Effects

The crisis considered as the "Great Confinement" caused by the outbreak of the COVID-19 disease has had a multidimensional impact on humanity, on a health, social, economic, and political level. One of the main effects has been reflected in an economic crisis unparalleled in human history. In the economic history of the human being, each crisis of a wide magnitude has demonstrated a relationship between sociodemographic and economic factors and the growth of the informal economy, such as the level of earnings, scholarship, search of an extra job sex and levels of inequality and poverty. Method: Database was obtained from harmonized surveys made available by INEGI and SHCP, from where both quantitative and categorical data were identified that correspond to the structuralist and institutionalist dimension of informality. Based on that, we applied a Logit model to determine the probability of a person to belong to the informal sector of the economy, and a Probit model to identify reiterated variables of the model as well. Results: Statistically representative variables to determine the probability to belong to the informal sector, with a global percentage of 72.5 %, are the years of school, age, economic inequality, percentage of poverty in each state, the degree of spending in fiscal obligations, the level of fiscal compensations due to belonging to RIF, the type of occupation, sex and the level of minimal wages earned. Discussion or Conclusion: Considering the findings of the research, it is possible to infer that the people with higher risk of falling in the informality and continuing in it, show a characteristic profile that can be considered as a valid base to design effective public policies to reduce informality. The present research contributes trough the identification of a model that describes the profile of an individual with a higher probability of integrate to the informal sector of the economy, considering both sociodemographic and market structure factors, considering the effect of the pandemics in the current economic conditions.

scholarly journals Book Reviews

1981 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-380
Author(s):  
C Dijk ◽  
A. Reid ◽  
J. Goor ◽  
Francois Valentijn ◽  
F.G.P. Jaquet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
British Library ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Land Grants ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
The People ◽  
National University ◽  
Ann Arbor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oxford University Press

- C van Dijk, A. Reid, The blood of the people: Revolution and the end of traditional rule in Northern Sumatra. Kuala Lumpur etc., 1979. Oxford University Press. 288 pp. - J. van Goor, Francois Valentijn, Francois Valentijn’s description of Ceylon, translated and edited by Sinnappah Arasaratnam. Hakluyt Society, Second Series, volume 149 (London 1978) XV + 395 blz. - F.G.P. Jaquet, P.B.R. Carey, The archive of Yogyakarta; an edition of Javanese reports, letters and land grants from the Yogyakarta court dated between A.J. 1698 and A.J. 1740 (1772-1813) taken from materials in the British Library and the India Office Library (London); Vol. I; Documents relating to politics and internal court affairs. Oxford, Oxford University Pres, 1980. XXVI, 227 pp. Ills. Oriental documents, III. - P.E. de Josselin de Jong, Barbara Watson Andaya, Perak: The abode of grace. A study of an eighteenth century Malay state. East Asian Historical Monographs Series. Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1979. 444 pp., 7 maps, genealogical table. - G.A. Nagelkerke, Marlene van Doorn, Bouwstoffen voor de sociaal-economische geschiedenis van Indonesië van ca. 1800 tot 1940; een beschrijvende bibliografie - deel 2 (Materials for the socio-economic history of Indonesia from c. 1800-1940; a descriptive bibliography - vol. 2). De Indische Gids, 1879-1941. Amsterdam, Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, 1979, 116 pp. - Anke Niehof, Kevin Sherlock, A bibliography of Timor, Australian National University, Canberra, 1980, 309 pp. - S.O. Robson, L. Mardiwarsito, Kamus Jawa Kuna (Kawi) - Indonesia, Penerbit Nusa Indah, Ende, Flores, 1978. XIV & 426 pp. - S.O. Robson, Soewojo Wojowasito, A Kawi Lexicon, edited by Roger F. Mills, Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia number 17, Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1980. XV & 629 pp. - R. Roolvink, s. Udin, Spectrum, Essays presented to Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana on his seventieth birthday. LII + 656 pp. Dian Rakyat. Jakarta. - R. Roolvink, Leonard Y. Andaya, The Kingdom of Johor 1641-1728. xviii, 394 pp. Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1975.

Intensity of Regulations as a Cause of the Informal Sector

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-154
Author(s):  
Khurrum S. Mughal ◽  
Friedrich G. Schneider ◽  
Zafar Hayat
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Shadow Economy ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Yearly Variation ◽  
New Variant ◽  
History Of ◽  
Currency Demand ◽  
And Control

It is argued in the literature that the intensity of regulations and control in an economy is a determinant of the informal sector which however is ignored in most of its estimates. This article uses a new variant of the currency demand approach where ‘unemployment’ and ‘intensity of government control’ are used to estimate a shadow economy, alongside a the traditional tax variable. We choose Pakistan since it has a significant share of its activities in the informal sector along with the history of various political and dictatorial regimes. Further, there are examples of bureaucratic control leading to corruption in the economy. It provides an opportunity to study the nexus between regulation intensity and informal economy and present a case study for other developing countries exercising control over the economy through the large size of its public sector. The results show that the intensity of the control variable has statistically and economically significant role in increasing the shadow economy, almost equivalent to the tax coefficient. Once the yearly variation in our estimates is mapped with various political regimes, it seems that the validity of estimates is reinforced considering policy inconsistencies and prominent events of each regime.

Travel Writing, Experiences, and Silences: What is Left Out of European Travelers' Accounts—the Case of Richard D. Mohun

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 53-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Barrett-Gaines
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
West African ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
African History ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

Recent contributions to this journal have taken various approaches to travelers's accounts as sources of African history. Elizabeth de Veer and Ann O'Hear use the travel accounts of Gerhard Rohlfs to reconstruct nineteenth-century political and economic history of West African groups who have escaped scholarly attention. But essentially they use Rohlfs' work as he intended it to be used. Gary W. Clendennen examines David Livingstone's work to find the history under the propaganda. He argues that, overlooking its obvious problems, the work reveals a wealth of information on nineteenth-century cultures in the Zambezi and Tchiri valleys. Unfortunately, Clendennen does not use this source for these reasons. He uses it instead to shed light on the relationship between Livingstone and his brother.John Hanson registers a basic distrust of European mediated oral histories recorded and written in the African past. He draws attention to the fact that what were thought to be “generally agreed upon accounts” may actually reflect partisan interests. Hanson dramatically demonstrates how chunks of history, often the history of the losers, are lost, as the history of the winners is made to appear universal. Richard Mohun can be seen to represent the winners in turn-of-the-century Central Africa. His account is certainly about himself. I attempt, though, to use his account to recover some of the history of the losers, the Africans, which Mohun may have inadvertently recorded.My question is double; its two parts—one historical, one methodological—are inextricably interdependent. The first concerns the experience of the people from Zanzibar who accompanied, carried, and worked for Richard Dorsey Mohun on a three-year (1898-1901) expedition into Central Africa to lay telegraph wire. The second wonders how and how well the first question can be answered using, primarily, the only sources available to me right now: those written by Mohun himself.

scholarly journals Structural teaching methods in Republic of Uzbekistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusupova Barchina Gakhramanova
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
The Political ◽  
New Approach ◽  
National Pride ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Short Time

In the short time since Uzbekistan gained independence, the Uzbek people have made great strides in the political, social, economic and cultural spheres; a new approach to the history of the minority, the honor of organizing the rich cultural and spiritual heritage left by great ancestors, the restoration of national pride; Science, including pedagogy, is entering a new stage of development in the country; A lot of work is being done to revive the glory of the pedagogical geniuses of the eighties, to apply their ideas in the life of the people.

scholarly journals Traditions Of Child Raising In Uzbek Rural Family

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (06) ◽  
pp. 81-94
Author(s):  
Ubaydullaeva B.M. ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Sociology Of Education ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Child Socialization ◽  
The People ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
The Family ◽  
Major Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Village

The study of the issue of child socialization is one of the current problems of ethnology. Because through the upbringing of children, one can learn a lot about the lifestyle, spiritual outlook, psychological image and socio-economic history of the people. This article aims to study the features of child socialization in a modern Uzbek village on the example of a village. The information in the article was collected during the author's expeditions to the village of Mindon in 2012-2014. Research methods: direct observation, in-depth interview-based interviews and questionnaires. Theoretically, it was based on T. Parsons' structural functional theory on the study of socialization [26, p.58.]. In this theory, the family is shown as the first major stage of socialization. The study shows that the traditional method of upbringing in the family depends on the lifestyle of the people and is based on the experience of the people in child psychology, taking into account the mental and physical aspects of the mother from pregnancy to childbirth and adulthood. The data presented in the study can be used to study the culture, ethnography, spiritual and moral characteristics of the Uzbek people and to theoretically enrich such areas as ethnopsychology, ethnopedagogy, gender socialization, sociology of education.

Commercializing Medicine or Benefiting the People – The First Public Pharmacy in China

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asaf Goldschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Song Dynasty ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Drug Markets ◽  
Relative Ease ◽  
The Song Dynasty ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Medicinal Drug

ArgumentIn this article I describe the establishment and early development of an institution that is unique to the history of Chinese medicine – the Imperial Pharmacy (惠 民 藥 局). Established in 1076 during the great reforms of the Song dynasty, the Imperial Pharmacy was a remarkable institution that played different political, social, economic, and medical roles over the years of its existence. Initially it was an economic institution designed to curb the power of plutocrats who were manipulating medicinal drug markets in their favor. A few decades later, I claim, the Imperial Pharmacy became a public-health-oriented institution focusing on selling readymade prescriptions in addition to simples. Various records, including local gazetteers and local maps, indicate that the Imperial Pharmacy expanded about a century after it was established to include dozens of branches throughout the empire. The Pharmacy's impact on the practices of physicians during these years is somewhat vague. It seems, however, to have posed an unwelcome addition to the medical scene, since it enabled uninitiated practitioners who relied on the Pharmacy's formulary to fit patients' symptoms to their own prescriptions and dispense medications with relative ease.

Interest Group Structure and Organization in Kenya's Informal Sector

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
JENNIFER WIDNER
Keyword(s):  
Interest Group ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Group Structure ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The People ◽  
Political Interests

Much of the academic and policy discourse on the African informal sector assumes that the people who populate the informal economy have a distinct set of economic and political interests. The sector's participants are supposed to support policies different from those advocated by governments that seek to tax informal enterprises, by smallholders who seek higher prices for the crops they grow and thereby contribute to rising food prices, and by modern sector manufacturing that sells inputs used by informal enterprises for high prices and buys goods and services at low prices. This research suggests that patterns of interest group formation vary according to the extent to which entrepreneurs diversify their income portfolios and according to the perception of mobility within and between sectors. It uses this understanding to explain differences in patterns of interest formation between entrepreneurs in capital cities and in secondary towns. It offers data from a survey administered in three Kenyan secondary towns.

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