scholarly journals Evaluating three commonly used infiltration methods for permeable surfaces in urban areas using the SWMM and STORM

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frida E. Å. Parnas ◽  
Elhadi M. H. Abdalla ◽  
Tone M. Muthanna
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Infiltration Process ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Combined Sewer

Abstract Climate change and urbanization increase the pressure on combined sewer systems in urban areas resulting in elevated combined sewer overflows, degraded water quality in receiving waters, and changing stream flows. Permeable surfaces offer infiltration potential, which can contribute to alleviate the runoff to combined sewer systems. The variation in urban soil characteristics and the initial moisture conditions before a rainfall event are important factors affecting the infiltration process and consequently runoff characteristics. In this study, the urban hydrological models SWMM and STORM are used to evaluate the Green-Ampt, Horton, and Holtan infiltration methods for three urban sandy soils. A sensitivity analysis was carried out on a set of key parameter values. In addition, long-term simulations were conducted to evaluate the ability to account for initial soil moisture content. The results showed that the Holtan method's ability to account for both available storage capacity and maximum infiltration rate, as well as evapotranspiration in the regeneration of infiltration capacity, gave the best result with regards to runoff behaviour, especially for long-term simulations. Furthermore, the results from the urban sandy soils with different infiltration rate at saturation, together with a high sensitivity to the degree of sensitivity for maximum infiltration rate under dry conditions and minimum infiltration rate under wet conditions, indicate that field measurements of infiltration rate should be carried out at saturation for these soils.

Methods for Calculation of Annual and Extreme Overflow Events from Combined Sewer Systems

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 311-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
N B Johansen ◽  
P Harremoës ◽  
M Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Event ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Extreme Load ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Water Problems ◽  
Source Of Pollution ◽  
Receiving Water

Overflow from combined systems constitute an increasing source of pollution of receiving waters, as compared to daily wastewater discharges which undergo treatment to a still higher extent. The receiving water problems from overflows are significant both in a long term scale (mean annual load) and in a short term scale (extreme event load). A method for computation of both annual and extreme load is presented. It is based on historical rain series and the use of a time-area model and simple pollutant mixing model in runoff calculation. Statistical calculations for both mean annual load and extreme events have been applied to the computed overflow series. Based on the computerized method simple manual calculations methods have been developed, resulting in graphs and tables for annual load and extreme load.

Sediment transport under dry weather conditions in a small sewer system

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Flemming Schlütter ◽  
Kjeld Schaarup-Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Transport Models ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Initial Results

Increased knowledge of the processes which govern the transport of solids in sewers is necessary in order to develop more reliable and applicable sediment transport models for sewer systems. Proper validation of these are essential. For that purpose thorough field measurements are imperative. This paper renders initial results obtained in an ongoing case study of a Danish combined sewer system in Frejlev, a small town southwest of Aalborg, Denmark. Field data are presented concerning estimation of the sediment transport during dry weather. Finally, considerations on how to approach numerical modelling is made based on numerical simulations using MOUSE TRAP (DHI 1993).

Traffic and residue cover effects on infiltration

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxia Li ◽  
J. N. Tullberg ◽  
D. M. Freebairn
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Plant Available Water ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reduced Time ◽  
Factor Governing ◽  
Controlled Traffic

Wheel traffic can lead to compaction and degradation of soil physical properties. This study, as part of a study of controlled traffic farming, assessed the impact of compaction from wheel traffic on soil that had not been trafficked for 5 years. A tractor of 40 kN rear axle weight was used to apply traffic at varying wheelslip on a clay soil with varying residue cover to simulate effects of traffic typical of grain production operations in the northern Australian grain belt. A rainfall simulator was used to determine infiltration characteristics. Wheel traffic significantly reduced time to ponding, steady infiltration rate, and total infiltration compared with non-wheeled soil, with or without residue cover. Non-wheeled soil had 4—5 times greater steady infiltration rate than wheeled soil, irrespective of residue cover. Wheelslip greater than 10% further reduced steady infiltration rate and total infiltration compared with that measured for self-propulsion wheeling (3% wheelslip) under residue-protected conditions. Where there was no compaction from wheel traffic, residue cover had a greater effect on infiltration capacity, with steady infiltration rate increasing proportionally with residue cover (R 2 = 0.98). Residue cover, however, had much less effect on inf iltration when wheeling was imposed. These results demonstrated that the infiltration rate for the non-wheeled soil under a controlled traffic zero-till system was similar to that of virgin soil. However, when the soil was wheeled by a medium tractor wheel, infiltration rate was reduced to that of long-term cropped soil. These results suggest that wheel traffic, rather than tillage and cropping, might be the major factor governing infiltration. The exclusion of wheel traffic under a controlled traffic farming system, combined with conservation tillage, provides a way to enhance the sustainability of cropping this soil for improved infiltration, increased plant-available water, and reduced runoff-driven soil erosion.

Effect of Si-Al Alloy on Kinetics of Reaction-Bonded SiC Infiltration Process

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olusegun J. Ilegbusi ◽  
Jijin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Alloy Composition ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Metallic Phase ◽  
Al Alloy ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Infiltration Process ◽  
Kinetics Of Reaction ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Al Matrix

Abstract The kinetics of reaction-bonded SiC infiltration process utilizing Si-Al matrix has been investigated theoretically using a modified Washburn model. The effect of alloy composition and temperature on infiltration has been quantified. The resulting characteristics depend on alloy composition of the secondary metallic phase. Specifically, aluminum generally suppresses the infiltration rate. Increasing the temperature enhances both the infiltration capacity and reaction rate.

scholarly journals Long-Term Infiltration Performance Evaluation of Dutch Permeable Pavements Using the Full-Scale Infiltration Method

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floris Boogaard ◽  
Terry Lucke
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Permeable Pavements ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Infiltration Method

This research used a newly developed, full-scale infiltration testing (FSIT) procedure to determine the saturated surface infiltration rate of 16 existing permeable pavement installations in the Netherlands that have been in service for a number of years. Newly installed permeable pavements in the Netherlands must demonstrate a minimum infiltration capacity of 194 mm/h (540 L/s/ha). Only four of the 16 pavements tested in this study had an infiltration capacity higher than 194 mm/h. Most previous research has focused on unsaturated infiltration rates. However, the results of this study show that the difference in infiltration capacity between saturated and unsaturated can differ by up to 300%. If the unsaturated infiltration capacity is used as design input for computer models, the infiltration capacity may be significantly overestimated. The study demonstrated that the FSIT method is a reliable and accurate way to measure surface infiltration rates of permeable pavements. However, it is recommended that a minimum of three different FSIT tests should be undertaken at the same pavement location, and that the results should be averaged, to ensure appropriate infiltration rates are observed, recorded, and used in design. The results of this study should help stormwater managers with the planning, testing, and scheduling of maintenance requirements for permeable pavements with more confidence so that they will continue to perform satisfactorily over their intended design life.

Infiltration and inflow in combined sewer systems: long-term analysis

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Weiß ◽  
H. Brombach ◽  
B. Haller
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Stormwater Treatment ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Insight Into

A study was conducted on 34 German combined sewer systems including combined sewer overflow (CSO) tanks and treatment plant to show up actual hidden reserves and bottlenecks in stormwater treatment. The study gave also a general insight into the water pathways in urban hydrology. A special focus was given to undesired non-polluted water infiltrating into the sewer, labelled infiltration and inflow (I/I) or infiltration inflows, which is widely underestimated. It leads to a bad performance of the drainage system although the parasite waters are themselves non-polluted. In existing combined systems, pollution control can be considerably improved by reducing I/I. It is equivalent to the reduction of surface runoff e.g. by a separate drainage as frequently proposed alternative. Artificial infiltration of surface runoff may even increase infiltration inflows.

scholarly journals Differentiated reactions of fungi of the order Erysiphales in urban areas: monophagous and polyphagous species

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-265
Author(s):  
Maria Dynowska ◽  
Ewa Sucharzewska
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Urban Conditions ◽  
The City ◽  
Pollution Concentrations ◽  
Very High

The aim of the study was to examine sensitivity of monophagous and polyphagous species of the Erysiphales to transport pollution. The infection degree of host plants was used as the assessment criterion. The test material consisted of fungi collected in 25 urban localities in the city of Olsztyn, established in places with high transport pollution concentrations, and 25 localities outside it, free from the influence of automotive exhaust gases, over a long-term period. Individual species of fungi, regardless of the scope of parasitisation, showed different reactions to pollution: the infection index always decreased in the case of sensitive species in urban conditions. The reactions of monophagous species were clearly specific and orientated at resistance or sensitivity. Polyphagous species reacted less specificaly: the same species showed a very high sensitivity on one host and resistance on another. These findings are indicative of a greater eco-physiological stability of the "host-pathogen" system with the participation of monophagous species than that with the participation of polyphagous species.

A case independent approach on the impact of climate change effects on combined sewer system performance

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1555-1564 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kleidorfer ◽  
M. Möderl ◽  
R. Sitzenfrei ◽  
C. Urich ◽  
W. Rauch
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Impervious Area ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
The Impact

Design and construction of urban drainage systems has to be done in a predictive way, as the average lifespan of such investments is several decades. The design engineer has to predict many influencing factors and scenarios for future development of a system (e.g. change in land use, population, water consumption and infiltration measures). Furthermore, climate change can cause increased rain intensities which leads to an additional impact on drainage systems. In this paper we compare the behaviour of different performance indicators of combined sewer systems when taking into account long-term environmental change effects (change in rainfall characteristics, change in impervious area and change in dry weather flow). By using 250 virtual case studies this approach is—in principle—a Monte Carlo Simulation in which not only parameter values are varied but the entire system structure and layout is changed in each run. Hence, results are more general and case-independent. For example the consideration of an increase of rainfall intensities by 20% has the same effect as an increase of impervious area of + 40%. Such an increase of rainfall intensities could be compensated by infiltration measures in current systems which lead to a reduction of impervious area by 30%.

scholarly journals Performance of Horton Infiltration model in Predicting the Infiltration Capacity of some Soils of the Sudan Savanna of Nigeria.

2019 ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Girei A. ◽  
Nabayi A. ◽  
Aliyu J. ◽  
Garba J. ◽  
Hashim S. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Density ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Infiltration Model ◽  
Double Ring ◽  
Cumulative Infiltration ◽  
Sudan Savanna

Infiltration study is very crucial in modelling water requirement of crops during their growth season. Infiltration rate measurements were carried out on dryland areas of Sokoto, Sudan savanna ecological zone of Nigeria; using the double ring infiltrometer. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were used to determine some physical characteristics (Texture, Saturated hydraulic Conductivity, particle density, bulk density, porosity and organic matter) of the soil. The results showed that the cumulative infiltration predicted by Horton infiltration model was very close to the field measurements for all the spots from the average values (3.35, 2.83 and 1.71 cm/min) and predicted rates (2.37,2.34 and 1.54 cm/min) with coefficient of determination (R2) close to unity (0.98, 0.97, 0.97) for the three spots. The study showed that the Horton infiltration model can be applied to estimate infiltration characteristics of some soils in Sudan Savanna of Nigeria.

Influence of Sewer Sediments on the Overflow Load for Various Combined Sewer Systems

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 217-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Beichert
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Bottom Slope ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Combined Sewer

The influence of various characteristics of combined sewer systems on the overflow load has been analysed by means of long-term simulation. Special attention was paid to the sewer sediment. A simulation model that has been developed for this purpose comprises an approach for the sediment transport. This approach has been calibrated by means of various values of pilot plants. It has been demonstrated that the importance of the first flush is dependent on the bottom slope. The ‘dry weather balance' has been defined as a parameter which allows the determination of the overflow load from sewer sediments.

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