Risk of adenovirus and Cryptosporidium ingestion to sanitation workers in a municipal scale non-sewered sanitation process: a case study from Kigali, Rwanda

Abstract Sanitation workers provide essential services that protect public health, often at the cost of their own health and safety. In this study, we evaluate occupational exposure to fecal pathogens at each stage in a non-sewered sanitation process. Bulk fecal waste samples were collected during waste collection and waste processing tasks and analyzed for Cryptosporidium, adenovirus, E. coli, and total coliforms using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and culture methods. Structured observations of worker hand-to-mouth behavior were conducted, and worker hand- and glove-rinse samples were collected and analyzed for E. coli and total coliforms. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to model the dose of pathogen ingested and the risk of disease across two waste collection and processing tasks. The model results show that the probability of disease was highest from exposure to adenovirus during collection. Our analysis highlights that pathogen-to-indicator ratios are useful for predicting the risk to adenovirus which has a high detection rate. On the other hand, the use of pathogen-to-indicator ratios to predict Cryptosporidium concentration is fraught due to variable detection rates and concentration.

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Enumeration of Total Coliforms and E. coli in Foods by the SimPlate® Coliform and E. coli Color Indicator Method and Conventional Culture Methods: Collaborative Study

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.1093/jaoac/88.5.1318 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 88 (5) ◽

pp. 1318-1333 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Philip T Feldsine ◽

Andrew H Lienau ◽

Nerie H Roa ◽

Shannon T Green ◽

J Braut-Taormina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Effectiveness ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

Most Probable Number ◽

Culture Methods ◽

Indicator Method ◽

Probable Number ◽

Total Coliforms ◽

E Coli ◽

Reference Methods ◽

Color Indicator

Abstract The relative effectiveness of the SimPlate® Coliform and E. coli Color Indicator (CEc-CI) method was compared to the AOAC 3-tube Most Probable Number (MPN) methods for enumerating and confirming coliforms and Escherichia coli in foods (966.23 and 966.24). In this study, test portions were prepared and analyzed according to the conditions stated in both the AOAC methods and SimPlate directions for use. Six food types were artificially contaminated with coliform bacteria and E. coli: frozen burritos, frozen broccoli, fluid pasteurized milk, whole almond nut meats, cheese, and powdered cake mix. Method comparisons were conducted. Overall, the SimPlate method demonstrated <0.3 log difference for total coliform and E. coli counts compared to the AOAC reference methods for the majority of food types and levels analyzed. In all cases, the repeatability and reproducibility of the SimPlate CEc-CI method were not different from those of the reference methods and in certain cases, were statistically better than those of the AOAC 3-tube MPN methods. These results indicate that the SimPlate CEc-CI method and the reference culture methods are comparable for enumeration of both total coliforms and E. coli in foods.

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The Awareness Level of the Safety and Health of the Operational Level

ADVANCES IN BUSINESS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ◽

10.24191/abrij.v3i1.10036 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 42

Author(s):

Roshanira Che Mohd Noor ◽

Nur Atiqah Rochin Demong

Keyword(s):

Health And Safety ◽

Health Conditions ◽

Effective Strategies ◽

Operational Level ◽

Safety And Health ◽

Health Factors ◽

The Cost ◽

The Relationship ◽

Awareness Level

Providing a safe and healthy workplace is one of the most effective strategies in for holding down the cost of doing construction business. It was a part of the overall management system to facilitate themanagement of the occupational health and safety risk that are associated with the business of the organization. Factors affected the awareness level inclusive of safety and health conditions, dangerous working area, long wait care and services and lack of emergency communication werethe contributed factors to the awareness level for the operational level. Total of 122 incidents happened at Telekom Malaysia Berhad as compared to year 2015 only 86 cases. Thus, the main objective of this study was to determine the relationship between safety and health factors and the awareness level among operational workers.The determination of this research was to increase the awareness level among the operational level workerswho committing to safety and health environment.

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Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of BCG Vaccination against Tuberculosis in Indonesia: A Model-Based Study

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines8040707 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 707

Author(s):

Afifah Machlaurin ◽

Franklin Christiaan Karel Dolk ◽

Didik Setiawan ◽

Tjipke Sytse van der Werf ◽

Maarten J. Postma

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Control Programme ◽

Detection Rates ◽

Middle Income ◽

Bcg Vaccination ◽

Life Years ◽

The Cost

Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG), the only available vaccine for tuberculosis (TB), has been applied for decades. The Indonesian government recently introduced a national TB disease control programme that includes several action plans, notably enhanced vaccination coverage, which can be strengthened through underpinning its favourable cost-effectiveness. We designed a Markov model to assess the cost-effectiveness of Indonesia’s current BCG vaccination programme. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were evaluated from the perspectives of both society and healthcare. The robustness of the analysis was confirmed through univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA). Using epidemiological data compiled for Indonesia, BCG vaccination at a price US$14 was estimated to be a cost-effective strategy in controlling TB disease. From societal and healthcare perspectives, ICERs were US$104 and US$112 per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), respectively. The results were robust for variations of most variables in the univariate analysis. Notably, the vaccine’s effectiveness regarding disease protection, vaccination costs, and case detection rates were key drivers for cost-effectiveness. The PSA results indicated that vaccination was cost-effective even at US$175 threshold in 95% of cases, approximating the monthly GDP per capita. Our findings suggest that this strategy was highly cost-effective and merits prioritization and extension within the national TB programme. Our results may be relevant for other high endemic low- and middle-income countries.

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Bacteriophages reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7 levels in experimentally inoculated sheep

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas08083 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 89 (2) ◽

pp. 285-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

S J Bach ◽

R P Johnson ◽

K. Stanford ◽

T A McAllister

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Oral Administration ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

Escherichia Coli O157 ◽

Fecal Shedding ◽

Total Coliforms ◽

E Coli ◽

Oral Inoculation ◽

Experimental Treatments ◽

And Control

Bacteriophage biocontrol has potential as a means of mitigating the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ruminants. The efficacy of oral administration of bacteriophages for reducing fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 by sheep was evaluated using 20 Canadian Arcott rams (50.0 ± 3.0) housed in four rooms (n = 5) in a contained facility. The rams had ad libitum access to drinking water and a pelleted barley-based total mixed ration, delivered once daily. Experimental treatments consisted of administration of E. coli O157:H7 (O157), E. coli O157:H7+bacteriophages (O157+phage), bacteriophages (phage), and control (CON). Oral inoculation of the rams with 109 CFU of a mixture of four nalidixic acid-resistant strains of E. coli O157:H7 was performed on day 0. A mixture of 1010 PFU of bacteriophages P5, P8 and P11 was administered on days -2, -1, 0, 6 and 7. Fecal samples collected on 14 occasions over 21 d were analyzed for E. coli O157:H7, total E. coli, total coliforms and bacteriophages. Sheep in treatment O157+phage shed fewer (P < 0.05) E. coli O157:H7 than did sheep in treatment O157. Populations of total coliforms and total E. coli were similar (P < 0.05) among treatments, implying that bacteriophage lysis of non-target E. coli and coliform bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract did not occur. Bacteriophage numbers declined rapidly over 21 d, which likely reduced the chance of collision between bacteria and bacteriophage. Oral administration of bacteriophages reduced shedding of E. coli O157:H7 by sheep, but a delivery system that would protect bacteriophages during passage through the intestine may increase the effectiveness of this strategy as well as allow phage to be administered in the feed.Key words: Escherichia coli O157:H7, bacteriophage, sheep, environment, coliforms

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Endotoxemia as a Diagnostic Tool for Patients with Suspected Bacteremia Caused by Gram-Negative Organisms: a Meta-Analysis of 4 Decades of Studies

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.03531-14 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 1183-1191 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

James C. Hurley ◽

Piotr Nowak ◽

Lars Öhrmalm ◽

Charalambos Gogos ◽

Apostolos Armaganidis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic ◽

Detection Rates ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Content Type ◽

E Coli ◽

Patient Groups ◽

Gram Negative Organisms

The clinical significance of endotoxin detection in blood has been evaluated for a broad range of patient groups in over 40 studies published over 4 decades. The influences of Gram-negative (GN) bacteremia species type and patient inclusion criteria on endotoxemia detection rates in published studies remain unclear. Studies were identified after a literature search and manual reviews of article bibliographies, together with a direct approach to authors of potentially eligible studies for data clarifications. The concordance between GN bacteremia and endotoxemia expressed as the summary diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) was derived for three GN bacteremia categories across eligible studies by using a hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) method. Forty-two studies met broad inclusion criteria, with between 2 and 173 GN bacteremias in each study. Among all 42 studies, the DORs (95% confidence interval) were 3.2 (1.7 to 6.0) and 5.8 (2.4 to 13.7) in association with GN bacteremias withEscherichia coliand those withPseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Among 12 studies of patients with sepsis, the proportion of endotoxemia positivity (95% confidence interval) among patients withP. aeruginosabacteremia (69% [57 to 79%];P= 0.004) or withProteusbacteremia (76% [51 to 91%];P= 0.04) was significantly higher than that among patients without GN bacteremia (49% [33 to 64%]), but this was not so for patients bacteremic withE. coli(57% [40 to 73%];P= 0.55). Among studies of the sepsis patient group, the concordance of endotoxemia with GN bacteremia was surprisingly weak, especially forE. coliGN bacteremia.

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Are the defined substrate-based methods adequate to determine the microbiological quality of natural recreational waters?

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2009.220 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 11-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Marta Sofia Valente ◽

Paulo Pedro ◽

M. Carmen Alonso ◽

Juan J. Borrego ◽

Lídia Dionísio

Keyword(s):

Standard Method ◽

Membrane Filtration ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Recreational Waters ◽

Total Coliforms ◽

E Coli ◽

Quality Of Water ◽

Routine Monitoring ◽

Rapid Tests

Monitoring the microbiological quality of water used for recreational activities is very important to human public health. Although the sanitary quality of recreational marine waters could be evaluated by standard methods, they are time-consuming and need confirmation. For these reasons, faster and more sensitive methods, such as the defined substrate-based technology, have been developed. In the present work, we have compared the standard method of membrane filtration using Tergitol-TTC agar for total coliforms and Escherichia coli, and Slanetz and Bartley agar for enterococci, and the IDEXX defined substrate technology for these faecal pollution indicators to determine the microbiological quality of natural recreational waters. ISO 17994:2004 standard was used to compare these methods. The IDEXX for total coliforms and E. coli, Colilert®, showed higher values than those obtained by the standard method. Enterolert® test, for the enumeration of enterococci, showed lower values when compared with the standard method. It may be concluded that more studies to evaluate the precision and accuracy of the rapid tests are required in order to apply them for routine monitoring of marine and freshwater recreational bathing areas. The main advantages of these methods are that they are more specific, feasible and simpler than the standard methodology.

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PLANNING OF LOGISTICS SUPPORT FOR THE DISPOSAL OF HOUSEHOLD E-WASTE

EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA ◽

10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.09.01.011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (9) ◽

pp. 79-84

Author(s):

NGUYEN THI THU HUONG ◽

◽

O. N. LARIN ◽

◽

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Garbage Collection ◽

Electronic Waste ◽

Waste Collection ◽

Official Statistics ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The Creation ◽

The Cost

The article describes the factors associated with the planning of logistics support for the disposal of household electronic waste. Identifying these factors plays an important role in coordinating to ensure the cost-effectiveness of the costs of recycling e-waste at all stages of the supply chain from the source of waste to where it is accumulated and then recycled. The article describes the importance of such processes as: the development of a method for determining the volume of household electronic waste generated in the administrative-territorial district, the creation of a network of waste collection points, the determination of the amount and throughput of waste collection points, the need to organize garbage collection from the place of collection at the lowest cost. The study was conducted on the basis of an analysis of official statistics from the five most populous cities in Vietnam and thirty regions of Hanoi.

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Flood and rainfall mobilisation of E. coli and faecal source tracking markers from decomposing cowpats

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-3577 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Megan Devane ◽

Brent Gilpin ◽

Jennifer Webster-Brown ◽

Louise Weaver ◽

Pierre Dupont ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Overland Flow ◽

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Water Quality Monitoring ◽

Quality Monitoring ◽

Source Tracking ◽

Faecal Contamination ◽

E Coli ◽

Faecal Indicators

The intensification of dairy farming on the agricultural landscape in New Zealand has raised concerns about pollution sources from dairy faecal runoff into waterways. The transport of faecal pollution from farms into waterways is facilitated by overland flow, which can result from rain and flood events, poorly designed irrigation practices and the washing down of milking sheds.An important step for mitigation of pollution is the identification of the source(s) of faecal contamination. When elevated levels of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) such as Escherichia coli are identified in a waterway, faecal source tracking (FST) tools such as microbial source tracking (MST) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and faecal steroids (for example, cholesterol) provide information about the sources of faecal contamination. The understanding of the fate (degradation/persistence) and transport of these FST markers in the environment is recognised as an important requirement for the interpretation of water quality monitoring in aquatic environments.This study investigated the effects of faecal decomposition on bovine faecal indicators (E. coli and FST markers: bovine-associated qPCR markers and ten faecal steroids) by monitoring the effect of flood and rainfall events on simulated cowpats over a five and a half month period under field conditions. Two separate spring/summer trials were conducted to evaluate: Trial 1) the mobilisation under simulated flood conditions of the faecal indicators from irrigated versus non-irrigated cowpats, Trial 2) the mobilisation of faecal indicators from non-irrigated cowpat flood runoff versus runoff after simulated rainfall onto non-irrigated cowpats.The microbial community changes within the decomposing cowpat (as illustrated by amplicon-based metagenomic analysis) were expected to impact on the survival/persistence of the bacterial targets of the MST markers, and also alter the ratio between faecal sterols and their biodegradation products, the stanols. It was hypothesised, therefore, that there would be:<ul><li>Changes over time in the concentration of E. coli and the bovine-associated MST markers mobilised into the cowpat runoff</li> <li>Alterations in the FST ratio signature of the ten measured faecal steroids, resulting in a change from a bovine faecal steroid signature in fresh cowpat runoff to other animal faecal signatures in the runoff from decomposing cowpats</li> <li>A difference in the mobilisation decline rates of all FST and microbial markers within a treatment regime and between treatments.</li> </ul>Linear regression analysis was undertaken to establish mobilisation decline rates for each of the analytes in the mobilisable phase from the cowpat runoff treatments, with calculation of the time taken in days for reduction in 90% of the concentration (T90), and statistical comparison of the regression coefficients (slopes) of all analytes. The results will include a discussion of the impacts of the study&#8217;s observations on the interpretation of faecal indicator assessments for water quality monitoring in waterways influenced by sources of faecal contamination.

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Preliminary Estimates of Costs of Foodborne Disease in the United States

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-52.8.595 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 52 (8) ◽

pp. 595-601 ◽

Cited By ~ 139

Author(s):

EWEN C. D. TODD

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Food Industry ◽

The United States ◽

Control Measures ◽

Effective Control ◽

Foodborne Diseases ◽

Hemorrhagic Colitis ◽

E Coli ◽

The Cost ◽

Total Impact

Although the full economic impact of foodborne diseases has yet to be measured, preliminary studies show that the cost of illness, death, and business lost is high indeed. This impact is probably greatest in developing countries, but few facts are known. For the United States, preliminary estimates are 12.6 million cases costing $8.4 billion. These may seem excessive but other authors have postulated even higher case and dollar figures. Microbiological diseases (bacterial and viral) represent 84% of the United States' costs, with salmonellosis and staphylococcal intoxication being the most economically important diseases (annually $4.0 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively). Other costly types of illnesses are toxoplasmosis ($445 million), listeriosis ($313 million), campylobacteriosis ($156 million), trichinosis ($144 million), Clostridium perfringens enteritis ($123 million), and E. coli infections including hemorrhagic colitis ($223 million). Botulism has a high cost per case ($322,200), but its total impact is only $87 million because relatively few cases occur (270). This is because the food industry has been able to introduce effective control measures. Salmonellosis, however, is much more widespread (2.9 million cases) and affects all sectors of the food industry.

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