scholarly journals Implication of climate change and variability on stream flow in Iringa region, Tanzania

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 336-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Msigwa Kassian ◽  
Moses Tenywa ◽  
Emma T. Liwenga ◽  
Kate Wellard Dyer ◽  
Yazidhi Bamutaze
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Flow Data ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Climate Change And Variability

This paper investigates the implication of climate change and variability on the river flow within the traditional irrigation farming system, vinyungu, in Iringa region, Tanzania. The study aimed at establishing areas that are most impacted by climate change in terms of river flow and various adaptation strategies. It is based on both primary data collected by questionnaires distributed randomly among 189 farmers and key informant checklists conducted with villages’ leaders and Agriculture Extension Officers. Two focused group discussions were carried out for each village as well as the researcher's own observations, and secondary data includes: literature review, rainfall and river flow data. The long-term annual trends of rainfall and river flow were analyzed via Mann–Kendall's statistical test and linear trend analysis. Climate data on rainfall trend showed a significant decreasing pattern during the last 17 years. Also, river flow data showed a slight decline within the same period. Decrement in river flow, combined with rainfall fluctuation, forced farmers to employ various adaptation strategies. Following the severity of the problem the paper recommends that more research be conducted on proper water management for sustainable river flow for both agriculture production and environmental management.

Assessment of socio-ecological resilience of agropastoralists to climate change and variability impacts in Bariadi district, Tanzania.

2020 ◽  
pp. 122-152
Author(s):  
Eugen Cyrilo ◽  
Claude G. Mung'ong'o
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Community Resilience ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Ecological Resilience ◽  
Climate Change And Variability

Abstract In developing countries like Tanzania, societal vulnerability to the risks of climate change and variability (CC&V) exacerbate ongoing social and economic challenges because people's livelihoods are largely dependent on resources that are sensitive to climate change such as agriculture. Although studies show that most communities in Africa have low adaptive capacity, for centuries people have developed traditional adaptation strategies to face climate inter-annual variability and extreme events based on their long-term experiences. Various studies show how CC&V have impacted the socio-economic and and environmental conditions among the pastoral and agropastoral societies. However, little emphasis has been given to studying the community's resilience status to CC&V impacts. Much of the focus has been placed on studying the community vulnerability and impacts of CC&V as well as coping and adaptation strategies to avert CC&V impacts. Little is known on how the interaction between society and nature can enhance or reduce community resilience under changing climate. The study was conducted in two villages, Ibulyu and Mahaha, in Bariadi District. The main objective of the study was to deepen our understanding of the socio-ecological resilience of agropastoral communities to CC&V impacts in a semi-arid district. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative research designs. Quantitative data were captured through a household survey whereas qualitative data was collected through focus group discussion, key informant interviews and field observation. The results show that CC&V have negatively affected the farming system in the study area. The ecological setting of the area has significantly been altered to the extent that it cannot provide the required ecosystem services and products that are important for human and livestock sustainance. Changes in the production system have negatively affected community resilience and increased their vulnerability.

scholarly journals Adaptation Strategies of Smallholder Farmers to Climate Change and Variability: Evidence from Northern Ghana

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K. M. ◽  
Prince Maxwell Etwire . ◽  
Yaw Osei-Owusu .
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Plant Health ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Health Technologies ◽  
Climate Change And Variability

Farmers have been modifying their practices in order to deal with climate change and variability. Even though such practices have been documented in other parts of Africa, information on Ghana and particularly northern Ghana is scanty. This study examines the adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers to climate change and variability in northern Ghana. The paper is based on primary data collected through a household survey, community focus group discussions and key informant interviews in order to identify the adaptation responses of smallholder farmers in northern Ghana to climate change and variability. Several indigenous climate-related practices and technologies categorised into four strategies were identified. In addition, climate related technologies introduced by research, also categorised into four strategies, and were identified as being used by smallholder farmers in northern Ghana. The empirical results of the Friedman test indicates that timing of the onset of the rainy season which informed planting, and soil and plant health related strategies are the most important climate related strategies used by smallholder farmers in securing yield. The policy implication is that practical, timely and reliable information on the onset of the rainy season as well as region specific soil and plant health technologies should be generated and made available to smallholder farmers in northern Ghana to minimise the adverse impacts of climate change.

scholarly journals Characterizing and tailoring climate change adaptation practices into a diversified agroecosystem 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsega Adego
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Terrain Analysis

Abstract Smallholder farmers require viable adaptation strategies for climate change. Adaptation project might be mal-practiced unless it considers the local diversity. This paper argued that the challenge of agriculture in developing countries in general and Ethiopia, in particular, is much diversified and thus interventions require a systematic shift to specific agro-ecosystems. In light of this, we used agro-ecosystem analysis to design locally appropriate adaptation strategies specific to Rib watershed in Ethiopia. The agro-ecosystem uses three inputs of agro-climatic zoning, soil type and terrain analysis, and farming systems. We used primary data collected from 383 randomly selected farm-households. The survey data was supplemented by key-informant interviews, focus group discussions and secondary data. We characterized and mapped the study area in two distinct groups of agro-ecosystems: Fogera plain and Libo-Farta highlands. The finding portrayed that across these agro-ecosystems, there was considerable difference in the: potentials, constraints, crop type, income distribution, and soil type. We found blanket application of the same strategies irrespective of these heterogeneities. The income distribution shows that the poorest 20 percent of the population share about 5 percent of the income. Relatively the plain has less income inequality with 38.3 as compared to the highlands Gini coefficient of 42.8. Looking only at the average distribution of income does not reveal the inequality. It is important to disaggregate into the specific agroecosystems. The study identified that drainage projects, fruit trees, and fishing are among the prioritized adaptation strategies for the plain while conservation structures, irrigation, agroforestry are tailored to the highland areas. It is important to consider diversities before intervention.

scholarly journals Risk Assessment of the Coping and Adaptation Mechanisms for Pastoralists to Climate Change and Variability: A Case Study of Kongelai Ward, West Pokot County, Kenya

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael P. Magal ◽  
Boniface N. Wambua
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Indigenous Knowledge ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Climate Change And Variability ◽  
West Pokot ◽  
And Coping

The study was undertaken in Kongelai Ward, West Pokot County, because of its vulnerability to changing and erratic rainfall pattern which has adversely affected pastoralism. The research focused on better understanding of climate change and variability on two climatic factors, rainfall and temperature, in order to provide insights on pastoralists’ risk management adaptations at a micro-level. In addition, it investigated the use of Indigenous Knowledge. Pearson chi square test was performed to test the hypothesis on whether there is an association between climate variability and change, and coping and adaptation strategies utilized by the Pokot community. Both primary and secondary data was used. Household questionnaire survey, focus group discussion and key informants interviews were used to collect primary data at household and community levels. Primary data (through questionnaires) was collected from a sample survey of 98 households taken from 5,596 households. multi-stage sampling technique was used, and information obtained was analyzed using inferential and descriptive statistics. Results indicated that, 94% of the farmers use Indigenous knowledge. Coping strategies include: Selling livestock (90%), relief food supply (90%), cash/food-for-work (71%), Slaughter of old and weak livestock (58%), consumption of wild fruits (33%), consumption of bush products, (50%), off-farm employment (30%), and minimization of food for consumption (84%). Diversification of livelihood (92%), Livestock mobility (94%), sending children to school (56%), Strategic livestock feed (35%), Develop water sources (15%),Change in diet consumption (78%),Livestock off-take (25%),Storage of pasture (35%), were identified as some of the most commonly used adaptation strategies. Recommendations include; better planning and target interventions, Awareness creation on environment, alternative income source, support pastoralists adaptation and coping strategies, enhancement of extension services, documentation and dissemination of indigenous knowledge, and enhance pastoralists’ resilience to drought and heat stresses 

scholarly journals Impact of Climate Change on Rice Production and Local Adaptation Practices Adopted by Farmers in Surkhet, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 202-213
Author(s):  
Bakhat Bahadur Khadka ◽  
Hridesh Sharma ◽  
Ananta Prakash Subedi ◽  
Shiva Chandra Dhakal
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Crop Insurance ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Adaptation Practices

A total of 120 sample households were randomly selected from two municipalities of Surkhet for this study. The primary data were collected by survey questionnaire, direct observation, FGD whereas secondary data of rainfall temperature and rice productivity were collected from different sources. Majority of farmers perceived increase in temperature, decrease in rainfall frequency, decrease in rainfall duration and increase in flooding hazard during rainy season. Trends analysis of temperature and rainfall data over 35 years (1980-2015) showed, increasing trends of maximum temperature (0.06oC/year) and minimum temperature (0.03oC/year) which were in the line with the farmer's perception. Trend analysis revealed that total annual precipitation was decreasing by 3.77 mm/year while monsoon rainfall was increasing by 0.051 mm/year. About 20% respondents had clear knowledge on climate change. The major source of information was media (43.43%) and self-experiences (36.3%). The major climate change adaptation practices adopted by farmers were use of drought resistant varieties, flood resistant varieties, use of electric water pump, and use of local irrigation channel. The study showed that only 39.17% of the respondents know about crop insurance policy and only 6.66% of the total respondents done crop insurance on different crop. The regression analysis showed that rainfall and average maximum temperature has positive effect on yield and production. The study showed that farmers were positive to adapt climate change adaptation strategies. So, government and policy makers should focus on climate resilient adaptation strategies formulation for rice cultivation through intensive research and extension package. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 7, Issue-4: 202-213  

scholarly journals Assessing Maize Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change and Variability in Ghana

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha A. Sadiq ◽  
John K. M. Kuwornu ◽  
Ramatu M. Al-Hassan ◽  
Suhiyini I. Alhassan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Climate Change And Variability ◽  
Food And Agriculture

This study examined the adaptation strategies of maize farmers to climate change and variability in the Eastern Region of Ghana using primary data collected from 150 maize farming households by the administration of structured questionnaires. The results of the multinomial logit regression revealed that rainfall perception, access to credit, and farming experience significantly influenced the adoption of recommended agricultural practices, whereas the adoption of soil-related strategies is influenced by gender and rainfall perception. Farming experience and rainfall perception influenced the adoption of improved varieties strategies. This study highlights the need for the development of water resources for maize production in the context of the changing climate. In this respect, the crucial roles of the Ghana Irrigation Development Authority, the agricultural extension division of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, and other international organizations such as the Japan International Cooperation Agency and the World Bank regarding the development of irrigation facilities and the associated capacity building of the farmers are very important. Finally, the formation of Water User Associations for the smallholder farmers regarding the usage and maintenance of the irrigation facilities would be a step in the right direction.

Comparsion Of Efficency Of Cucumber Production In Poly-House

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
SONIA HOODA
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Statistical Tools ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Douglas Production Function

The study has made an attempt on resource use and economic efficiency of cucumber production under poly-house farming and open field farming. Primary data collected by using purposive sampling technique from selected districts. Sample of 50 farmers (25 Poly-house farmers and 25 Open field farmers) was taken from each district on the basis of availability. Secondary data was collected from Horticulture Department. For data analysis statistical tools average, percentage and Linear Cobb-Douglas Production Function was used. The study found that the yield of cucumber was more under poly-house farming as compare to open field farming system. The reason behind this was long harvesting period and more number of fruits per plant under poly-house farming conditions. The data specifies higher net returns per acre of cucumber under poly-house farming over open field farming, which implicit poly-house farming not only highly profitable but also economically viable as compared to open field farming in study area.

scholarly journals Flood Risk and Adaptation Strategies for Soybean Production Systems on the Flood-Prone Pampas under Climate Change

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1187
Author(s):  
Wouter Julius Smolenaars ◽  
Spyridon Paparrizos ◽  
Saskia Werners ◽  
Fulco Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Drying Trend ◽  
Sowing Season

In recent decades, multiple flood events have had a devastating impact on soybean production in Argentina. Recent advances suggest that the frequency and intensity of destructive flood events on the Argentinian Pampas will increase under pressure from climate change. This paper provides bottom-up insight into the flood risk for soybean production systems under climate change and the suitability of adaptation strategies in two of the most flood-prone areas of the Pampas region. The flood risk perceptions of soybean producers were explored through interviews, translated into climatic indicators and then studied using a multi-model climate data analysis. Soybean producers perceived the present flood risk for rural accessibility to be of the highest concern, especially during the harvest and sowing seasons when heavy machinery needs to reach soybean lots. An analysis of climatic change projections found a rising trend in annual and harvest precipitation and a slight drying trend during the sowing season. This indicates that the flood risk for harvest accessibility may increase under climate change. Several adaptation strategies were identified that can systemically address flood risks, but these require collaborative action and cannot be undertaken by individual producers. The results suggest that if cooperative adaptation efforts are not made in the short term, the continued increase in flood risk may force soybean producers in the case study locations to shift away from soybean towards more robust land uses.

Multi-dimensional coping and adaptation strategies of small-scale fishing communities of Bangladesh to climate change induced stressors

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 446-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apurba Krishna Deb ◽  
C. Emdad Haque
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
International Development ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Fishing Communities ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fishing Villages ◽  
Climate Change And Variability ◽  
The Face

Purpose Coastal and floodplain areas are on the frontline of climate change in Bangladesh. Small-scale coastal and floodplain fishing communities of the country face a host of cross-scale stressors continually, some induced by climate change, and they have developed coping and adaption strategies based on customary social and experiential learnings. This paper aims to examine the coping and adaptation strategies that small-scale fishing communities undertake in the face of stresses including climate change and variability. Design/methodology/approach This research takes a nuanced ethnographic-oriented approach based on around two-year-long field study in two coastal and floodplain fishing villages, represented by two distinct ethnic groups. The study adopts direct observational methods to denote the ways small-scale fishing communities address the arrays of stressors to construct and reconstruct their survival and livelihood needs. Findings It was observed that fishers’ coping and adaptation strategies comprise a fluid combination of complex overlapping sets of actions that the households undertake based on their capitals and capabilities, perceptions, socio-cultural embeddedness and experiential learnings from earlier adverse situations. Broadly, these are survival, economic, physiological, social, institutional and religiosity-psychological in nature. Adaptation mechanisms involve some implicit principles or self-provisioning actions that households are compelled to do or choose under given sets of abnormal stresses to reach certain levels of livelihood functions. Originality/value Based on empirical field research, this paper recognizes small-scale fishers’ capability and adaptability in addressing climate change-induced stresses. Policymakers, international development planners, climate scientists and social workers can learn from these grassroots-level coping and adaptation strategies of fishing communities to minimize the adverse effects of climate change and variations.

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