scholarly journals Health implications of lipopolysaccharide endotoxins in domestic container water used by rural households in South Africa

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Fosso-Kankeu ◽  
H. Du Preez ◽  
P. Jagals
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Healthy Persons ◽  
Container Type

This study assessed the occurrence of endotoxins, cyanobacteria and enterobacteria in untreated drinking water stored in domestic water containers by rural households in South Africa. Endotoxins, cyanobacteria, total coliforms and Escherichia coli were measured in the following numbers and ranges in container-water samples: 4–54 μg l−1, 69–64,505 cells ml−1, 9,000–280,000 CFU/100 ml and 90–1,100 CFU/100 ml, respectively, in source water and 0.23–24.7 μg l−1, 1–501,187 cells ml−1, 25–1,584,893 CFU/100 ml and 1–25,118 CFU/100 ml, respectively, in water from containers. The concentrations of these contaminants in water often exceeded guidelines. Container type, especially those that permit light into the vessel, played a significant role in the occurrence of these contaminants. Limited guidelines, as well as the absence of health evidence, make it uncertain whether the high levels of endotoxins in the containerised drinking water could cause a health effect in healthy persons. Most importantly, in the context of exposure to endotoxins potentially derived from high levels of cyanobacteria and enterobacteria such as coliforms in the water, a case is made for possible health effects in immune-compromised individuals exposed to water containing endotoxins and the bacteria that potentially produce it.

scholarly journals Tangential-Flow Ultrafiltration with Integrated Inhibition Detection for Recovery of Surrogates and Human Pathogens from Large-Volume Source Water and Finished Drinking Water

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 385-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen E. Gibson ◽  
Kellogg J. Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Volume Source ◽  
Tangential Flow ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses

ABSTRACTTangential-flow ultrafiltration was optimized for the recovery ofEscherichia coli,Enterococcus faecalis,Clostridium perfringensspores, bacteriophages MS2 and PRD1, murine norovirus, and poliovirus seeded into 100-liter surface water (SW) and drinking water (DW) samples. SW and DW collected from two drinking water treatment plants were then evaluated for human enteric viruses.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity of Honey on Some Bacterial Isolates from Selected Brands of Sachet Water Sold within Port Harcourt, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
V. N. Agi ◽  
C. P. Aleru ◽  
C. A. Azike ◽  
O. A. Ollor ◽  
D. U. Alonyenu
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Sachet Water

Background: The present study was carried out to assess the antimicrobial effect of honey on bacterial isolates from sachet water sold within Eligbolo Community in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Methodology: Five brands of sachet water commonly consumed by the people living in Eligbolo Community of Port Harcourt, Nigeria were purchased from different Vendors in the community. Nutrient and MacConkey agar plates were used for culturing of water samples using spread plate method. Ten-fold serial dilution and Most Probable Number (MPN) were among the methods used and the samples analyzed were according to standard procedures. Natural honey purchased from Ogbokolo in Benue State, Nigeria was used for susceptibility testing. Quality control, ant inhibition and water test methods were performed using the honey to confirm its originality before use. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was done using the agar well diffusion method. Results: Results obtained showed the bacterial isolated from the 5 sachet brands of water. These include Bacillus species 5 (62.5%), Enterococcus faecalis 1 (12.5%), Staphylococcus epidermidis 1 (12.5%), and Escherichia coli 1 (12.5%). All of the 5 sachet water samples analyzed failed to meet the WHO drinking water standard of zero coliform per 100 ml making them unsuitable for human consumption. Faecal coliform was isolated from sample C indicating faecal contamination of the drinking water. The sensitivity of the isolates to the honey sample showed higher zone of inhibition compared to the standard antibiotic used as control. Staphylococcus epidermidis showed the highest zone of inhibition (39 mm), followed by Escherichia coli (37 mm), Bacillus species (35 mm) and Enterococcus faecalis (32 mm) respectively. Conclusion: The results revealed that honey has a broad antimicrobial spectrum against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and could provide alternative agent to overcome the problem of increasingly bacteria resistance to synthetic antimicrobial agents. It is therefore, recommended that further work should be encouraged for the extraction of the crude components of honey and their use for antibiotic production.

scholarly journals Groundwater Quality Analysis of Domestic Water Sources from Hand Dug Wells In Gwallameji, Bauchi State

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olufunmilayo I Ndububa ◽  
Abubakar U Ardo
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Environmental Interventions ◽  
Dug Wells

Lack of access to safe and adequate domestic water supplies contributes to poverty levels through the economic costs of poor health and the high proportion of household expenditure on safe water supplies. Gwallameji, a community on the outskirts of Bauchi town has no access to municipal water supply from Bauchi town, groundwater water, mainly hand dug wells are used as domestic water sources. The quality of water available from these hand dug wells  in the community were determined by the physical, chemical and biological parameters of the water samples collected from domestic water points in the community. The results from the water samples were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) Standards for Drinking Water. High levels of Nitrate and Chromium above recommended levels from the standard were found in all water samples. Concentrations of Calcium highest value of 213mg/l and Magnesium a highest value of 22.02 mg/l at levels higher than recommended levels for drinking water were also obtained in all samples. It was recommended that restrictions on farming activities with use of fertilizers and location of latrines around domestic water sources should be enforced. Hand dug wells should be at a distance of at least 30m from soak away pits and pit latrines. Well lining and cover should be provided for all hand dug wells to reduce contamination of water from these sources. Increased and continued environmental interventions through public health education by community based health workers, awareness and sensitization campaigns should be carried out for improved household and community sanitation in the area.

scholarly journals Measurement of Drinking Water Contaminants by Solid Phase Microextraction Initially Quantified in Source Water Samples by the USGS

2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 2976-2981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Stiles ◽  
Ill Yang ◽  
Robert Lee Lippincott ◽  
Eileen Murphy ◽  
Brian Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Water Contaminants

Microbial load and Prevalence of Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp. in Macadamia Nut Production Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maike Loots ◽  
Lizyben Chidamba ◽  
Lise Korsten
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Microbial Load ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
Nut Production

This study evaluated the potential impact of environmental factors and harvesting practices on microbial load of macadamia nuts. Three farms located in the main macadamia nut production regions including Mbombela (A), Barberton (B) and White River (C) areas in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa were sampled over a ,rtwo-year period. A total of 264, irrigation water (54), soil (30) and macadamia nut (180) samples were collected and evaluated for microbial concentrations. All water samples had mean E. coli counts below 1000 CFU/100ml which is the standard regulatory requirement for agricultural water considered fit-for-purpose for irrigation of nut trees in south Africa. Mean total aerobic plate counts of on-tree nut-in-husk samples (3.91 log CFU/g; n=60) increased after harvesting (5.98 log CFU/g; n=60) but decreased with dehusking to 4.89 log CFU/g (n=60) on nut-in-shell. Salmonella spp. were only detected in water samples from two farm B (67 %; n=18) and C(15 %; n=18). However, neither Listeria monocytogenes nor Salmonella spp. were detected in any of the soil samples. Escherichia coli were only detected in 20 % (n=10) of soil samples collected from two farms (A and B). None of the E. coli isolated in this study were positive for the eae, stx 1, and stx 2, enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), virulence genes. Information from this study provides basic data that can be used in the development of macadamia nut specific hazard assessment tools within primary production environments.

Poor efficacy of residual chlorine disinfectant in drinking water to inactivate waterborne pathogens in distribution systems

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 709-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Payment
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Residual Concentration

To evaluate the inactivating power of residual chlorine in a distribution system, test microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, bacteriophage phi-X 170, and poliovirus type 1) were added to drinking water samples obtained from two water treatment plants and their distribution system. Except for Escherichia coli, microorganisms remained relatively unaffected in water from the distribution systems tested. When sewage was added to the water samples, indigenous thermotolerant coliforms were inactivated only when water was obtained from sites very close to the treatment plant and containing a high residual chlorine concentration. Clostridium perfringens was barely inactivated, suggesting that the most resistant pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and human enteric viruses would not be inactivated. Our results suggest that the maintenance of a free residual concentration in a distribution system does not provide a significant inactivation of pathogens, could even mask events of contamination of the distribution, and thus would provide only a false sense of safety with little active protection of public health. Recent epidemiological studies that have suggested a significant waterborne level of endemic gastrointestinal illness could then be explained by undetected intrusions in the distribution system, intrusions resulting in the infection of a small number of individuals without eliciting an outbreak situation.Key words: drinking water, chlorine, disinfection, pathogens, distribution system.

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