scholarly journals Waterborne diarrhoeal infection risk from multiple water sources and the impact of an earthquake

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 464-476
Author(s):  
Yuri Ito ◽  
Sadhana Shrestha Malla ◽  
Arun Prasad Bhattarai ◽  
Eiji Haramoto ◽  
Junko Shindo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
High Price ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Dug Wells ◽  
Estimated Risk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal, locals depend on multiple water sources due to the limited access to safe water, which is a great global concern regarding its impact on human health. This study aimed to compare the infection risk of diarrhoea from multiple water sources with different concentrations of Escherichia coli among water supply areas and evaluate the impact of changing water sources due to the Gorkha earthquake on the infection risk. The concentration of enteropathogenic E. coli was estimated in samples of piped water, jar water, groundwater, and tanker water, which were collected in the Valley. The volume of each water ingestion was determined based on a questionnaire survey and considering drinking and bathing sources. The highest estimated risk was observed for households drinking groundwater from shallow dug wells, followed by tanker water. The estimated risk implied the regional disparity due to various water sources with different quality. After the earthquake, the ratio of households drinking only jar water increased, and the estimated risk decreased. The damage on piped water supply, the decrease of tanker water availability and the decrease of residents’ trust in groundwater quality presumably enhanced the consumption of jar water despite its high price.

scholarly journals Well Water Site Selection at Local Scale Using Geographical Information System for Flood Victim in Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Koh Liew See ◽  
Nayan Nasir ◽  
Saleh Yazid ◽  
Hashim Mohmadisa ◽  
Mahat Hanifah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Area Data

Clean water supply is a major problem among flood victims during flood events. This article aims to determine the sites of well water sources that can be utilised during floods in the District of Kuala Krai, Kelantan. Field methods and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were applied in the process of selecting flood victim evacuation centres and wells. The data used were spatial data obtained primarily, namely the well data, evacuation centre data and flood area data. The well and evacuation centre data were obtained by field methods conducted to determine the position of wells using global positioning system tools, and the same for the location of the evacuation centres. Information related to evacuation centres was obtained secondarily from multiple agencies and gathered into GIS as an evacuation centre attribute. The flood area data was also obtained via secondary data and was digitised using the ArcGIS software. The data processing was divided into two stages, namely the first stage of determining the flood victim evacuation centres to be used in this research in a structural manner based on two main criteria which were the extent to which an evacuation centre was affected by the flood and the highest capacity of victims for each district with the greatest impact to the flood affected population. The second stage was to determine the location of wells based on three criteria, namely i) not affected by flood, ii) the closest distance to the selected flood victim evacuation centre and iii) located at different locations. Among the main GIS analyses used were locational analysis, overlay analysis, and proximity analysis. The results showed that four (4) flood evacuation centres had been chosen and matched the criteria set, namely SMK Sultan Yahya Petra 2, SMK Manek Urai Lama, SMK Laloh and SK Kuala Gris. While six (6) wells had been selected as water sources that could be consumed by the flood victims at 4 evacuation centres in helping to provide clean water supply, namely Kg. Keroh 16 (T1), Kg. Batu Mengkebang 10 (T2), Lepan Meranti (T3), Kg. Budi (T4), Kg. Jelawang Tengah 2 (T5) and Kg. Durian Hijau 1 (T6). With the presence of the well water sources that can be used during flood events, clean water supply can be distributed to flood victims at the evacuation centres. Indirectly, this research can reduce the impact of floods in the future, especially in terms of clean water supply even during the hit of a major flood.

scholarly journals Circuit Rider post-construction support: improvements in domestic water quality and system sustainability in El Salvador

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia L. Kayser ◽  
William Moomaw ◽  
Jose Miguel Orellana Portillo ◽  
Jeffrey K. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Comparable Control ◽  
System Sustainability ◽  
The Impact

Small piped water supply systems are often unable to provide reliable, microbiologically safe, and sustainable service over time, and this has direct impacts on public health. Circuit Rider (CR) post-construction support (PCS) addresses this through the provision of technical, financial, and operational assistance to these systems. CRPCS operates in low and high-income countries; yet, no rigorous studies of CRPCS exist. We measured the impact of CRPCS on ‘water quality’ and ‘sustainability’ indicators (technical and administrative capacity, and water supply protection) in El Salvador. In this field-based study, a case-control design was utilized in 60 randomly selected case (28 CR) and comparable control (32 noCR) communities. Microbiological water quality tests and pre-tested structured key-informant interviews were conducted. The operational costs of CRPCS were also assessed. Data were compared using parametric and non-parametric statistical methods. We found communities with CRPCS had significantly lower microbiological water contamination, better disinfection rates, higher water fee payment rates, greater transparency (measured by auditable banking records), greater rates of household metering, and higher spending for repairs and water treatment than comparable control communities. CRPCS is also a low-cost (<$1 per household/year in El Salvador) drinking water intervention.

scholarly journals The influence of water price and the number of residents on the economic efficiency of water recovery from grey water

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Maciej Dobrzański
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
High Price ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Sewage Disposal ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Payback Time ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
The Impact

This article presents the results of an analysis of the economic viability of using an installation for the treatment of grey water. Economic indicators in the form of simple payback time (SPBT) and net present value (NPV) were used in the analysis. The use of a dual water supply system should theoretically enable the reduction of the costs of both water supply and sewage disposal, ensuring investment profitability. The article presents the impact of the number of residents as well as the impact of water and sewage on the profitability of using example water-recovery systems. It was found that both factors have a huge impact on the result of the economic analysis. For a small number of residents and at a low price of water supply and sewage disposal, it is not profitable to invest in a water-recovery system. This is due to the high price of purification devices.

scholarly journals Types and Sources of Drinking Water: A Case Study of Lungleng Village, Mizoram

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
Bobby Beingachhi ◽  
David Zothansanga
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Rain Water Harvesting ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
The Government ◽  
Domestic Purpose

Water supply is one of the most important problem faced by the rural people in Mizoram. Lungleng village is also no exception in this regard. Everyday water is needed for drinking, cooking and other domestic purpose is used to collect from the nearby streams and other water sources. Sources of water supply in Lungleng village can be broadly classified into three types, namely; public-piped water points, village spring sources and rain water harvesting. Among the water sources as mentioned above; public-piped water points and village spring sources constitute major sources of water supply in rural areas. Inspite of several efforts done by the Government for providing adequate water supply like construction of impounding reservoir and pumping of water from nearby streams and rivers till today Lunleng village faces acute and perpetual water supply. Especially during summer months when the water sources become dry men and women would queue for several hours to collect a few buckets water. The present paper is an attempt to study the details of water sources and associate problems in Lungleng village.

scholarly journals Assessment of sanitation and water supply system based on longitudinal IFLS data

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dasapta Erwin Irawan
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Routine Data ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
System Quality ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Dug Wells

Abstrak:Kesehatan masyarakat belum banyak dihubungkan dengan properti fisik lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari hubungan antara data kesehatan masyarakat dengan data fisik infrastruktur dan kualitas sumber air dari IFLS dan data kualitas air tanah sebagai salah satu sumber air terbesar yang digunakan oleh masyrakat Indonesia, khususnya Bandung.Kami mengambil data kualitas air di sebanyak 70 titik sumur warga dengan kedalaman bervariasi antara 6 hingga 20 m. Konsentrasi tujuh ion utama dianalisis dengan tambahan pengukuran temperatur, TDS, dan pH di lapangan menggunakan peralatan jinjing yang ringan. Khusus di kawasan bantaran Sungai Cikapundung, kami melakukan identifikasi kandungan bakteriologi, dalam hal ini bakteri E coli. Kemudian di beberapa lokasi, kami dibantu mahasiswa S1, juga melakukan pengukuran berulang (time series) sebanyak empat kali dalam sehari, untuk melihat fluktuasi parameter temperatur, TDS, dan pH pada air sungai.Hasilnya cukup menarik, saat data IFLS dan data penderita diare di Puskesmas, menunjukkan adanya korelasi positif antara kualitas infrastruktur sumber air dengan jumlah penderita diare. Hal ini didukung dengan peningkatan kandungan E coli di air S. CIkapundung sebesar hampir 2 kali lipat antara kawasan hulu dengan kawasan hilir. Kondisi ini berimbas kepada air tanah, karena pada daerah selatan (dari Viaduct ke Dayeuhkolot), air sungai meresap ke dalam akuifer. Dari sini, kami berpendapat bahwa akan terjadi interaksi yang sangat intensif antara air sumur warga di sekitar sungai (khususnya yang menggunakan pompa) dengan air sungai.Untuk meningkatkan kontribusi kepada ITB dan Kota Bandung pada umumnya, kami mengusulkan adanya portal data hidrologi yang dikelola bersama antara Pemkot Bandung dan ITB agar data didapatkan secara rutin dan dapat dianalisis kapanpun. Hal ini kami usulkan karena seringkali analisis tidak dapat dilakukan secara instan, karena perlu diawali dengan tahapan mencari data.Selain itu, riset ini juga menambah contoh riset terbuka kepada para dosen/peneliti dengan cara: membuat repositori data dan repositori riset yang terbuka (selain Simlitabmas yang masih tertutup), membuat artikel blog yang diperbarui mengikuti perkembangan riset, serta membudayakan konsep open access, yang mana seluruh luaran riset ini bebas untuk dibaca, digunakan/dianalisis ulang, dan dipadukan dengan hasil yang lain (free to read, reuse, remix), untuk berbagai keperluan pembaca.Abstract:Public health has not been connected closely to physical environment. This research looks for the connections between public health using sum of diarrhoea case in Bandung area (using kecamatan puskesmas data) with water quality, water source quality (especially groundwater quality) and sanitation system quality. As we know, groundwater is the main water supply in Indonesia.We took 70 samples from community and private dug wells with depth varied from six to 20 m underground. We measured field parameters using portable equipments: groundwater depth, temperature, TDS, pH, to support lab analysis on seven major ions. In the Cikapundung riverbank, the team had sampled bacteriology content, E coli. Next, at some points, we also brought some undergraduate and master students to measure temperature, TDS, and pH readings in the river water, four times a day for 5 months to see the fluctuation and daily, weekly, and monthly variations.The initial results is interesting, when IFLS data matches with data from puskesmas in the sum of diarrhoea case. We also note a possitive correlation between water supply infrastructure with the diarrhoea case. The concentration of E coli in the river stream increases nearly two times between upstream and downstream. This condition contributes to the groundwater quality given the close connection between both unconfined groundwater and surface water, especially in the southern part with losing stream type. We could expect an intensive mixing between dug wells in the riverbank with river water.To extend our contribution to ITB and Bandung, we also initiate a open data portal for hydrological records that can be managed both my ITB and Bandung government to provide a routine data collecting. We convince this step could solve data sharing problem between governmental unit with data users. We also need to showcase a model of open research implementation among researchers by providing open data repository, project blog, aside to only use close-system Simlitabmas portal. The blog project is the one that take the most of our interest with the increasing number of readers. This research shows another open access way to run a research program, where all of the research outputs are free to read, reuse, and remix by the readers.

scholarly journals Evidence of colistin resistance genes (mcr-1 and mcr-2) in wild birds and its public health implication in Egypt

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeinab S. Ahmed ◽  
Esraa A. Elshafiee ◽  
Hanan S. Khalefa ◽  
Mona Kadry ◽  
Dalia A. Hamza
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance has become one of the most severe global threats to human and veterinary Medicine. colistin is an effective therapeutic agent against multi-drug-resistant pathogens. However, the discovery of transferable plasmids that confer resistance to colistin (mcr-1) has led to challenges in medical science. This study describes the role of wild birds in the harbouring and environmental spread of colistin-resistant bacteria, which could pose a potential hazard to human and animal health. Methods In total, 140 faecal samples from wild birds (migratory and resident birds) were tested. Twenty surface water samples were collected from the area in which wild bird trapping was conducted, and 50 human stool samples were collected from individuals residing near the surface water sources and farm buildings. Isolation and identification of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the different samples were performed using conventional culture techniques and biochemical identification. PCR amplification of the mcr genes was performed in all positive isolates. Sequencing of mcr-1 genes from three randomly selected E. coli carrying mcr-1 isolates; wild birds, water and humans was performed. Result The bacteriological examination of the samples showing isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca and P. aeruginosa. The results of multiplex PCR of the mcr genes revealed that E. coli was the most prevalent gram-negative bacterium harbouring the mcr genes, whereas a low prevalence was observed for K. pneumoniae. The prevalence of mcr-1 in resident birds, migratory birds, water sources and humans were 10.4, 20,16.6 and 9.6% while the prevalence of mcr-2 were 1.4, 3.6, 11.1 and 9.6%, respectively. Sequencing of the mcr-1 gene from the three E. coli carrying mcr-1 isolates indicated a possible correlation between the wild bird and surface water isolates. Conclusion The detection of mcr-1-positive bacteria in wild birds in Egypt indicates the possible environmental dissemination of this gene through bird activity. The impact of the interaction between domestic and wild animals on public health cannot be overlooked.

scholarly journals Village Sanitation System for Village

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VII) ◽  
pp. 1804-1805
Author(s):  
Mahendra Prajapat
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Potable Water Supply ◽  
Development Goals

Sanitation is important of few years development goals which covers the important aspects of management of human excreta, domestic and industrial wastewater and hazardous substances .Hence, this project focuses on a selected rural area to plan a suitable water supply scheme in accordance with their demands and requirements. It hasnt be feasible to cover all villages with piped water supply because of various constraints such as Scattered and inaccessible nature of villages, Nonavailability of nearby water sources. The project also covered planning of facilities to maintain better sanitation and beautification of surrounding .Water is important and precious as it fulfils the basic necessity of life. It is necessary that the water used must be good and free from unwanted impurities or harmful toxic chemical compounds or bacteria More than 80 % of Indian population lives in rural areas, but only few of them have some form of potable water supply. It hasn’t be feasible to cover all villages with piped water supply because of various constraints such as Scattered and inaccessible nature of villages, Non- availability of nearby water sources.

Challenges of Water Resource Development and Management in Zing Town, Taraba State, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 355-360
Author(s):  
E D Oruonye ◽  
E Bange
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Resource Development ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Earth Dam ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Water Resource Development ◽  
Dug Wells ◽  
Development And Management

This study examined the challenges of water resource development and management in Zing town,Taraba State, Nigeria. The study considered issues of sources of water supply in Zing town, the nature of water challenges, impacts of the water challenges on the socio-economic life of the people, water management strategies and prospect of urban water resource development in the study area. 110 questionnaires were systematically administered in ten streets that were purposively selected in Zing town. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result of the finding indicates that majority (45.5%) of the respondent have their water source from borehole, 18.2% streams, 18.2% hand dug wells and 9.1% from other sources (mostly water vendors). The study shows that 68.2% of the respondents had their water point located outside their households, while only 31.8% claimed to have their water sources located within their compounds (this is mostly hand dug wells). The nature of water challenge in the area ranges from severe (50%), not severe (27.3%) and normal (22.7%). The results also shows that only 34% of respondents claimed to have access to sufficient water daily, while 66% of the respondents hardly have access to sufficient water on daily basis. The study shows that the water management strategy adopted mostly by the respondent ranges from storing water in large container (48.2%), reduce water use (29.1%), increase amount spent on water (13.6%) and others 9.1% (mainly re-use of water). The prospect of water resource development in the study area is very bright with the proposal of a small earth dam in Monkin settlement by the Federal Government of Nigeria. The Monkin small earth dam which is meant to generate 500KW of electricity can be integrated into an urban water supply project in the area. This will assure more reliable water supply all year round. It will also help to overcome some of the challenges of servicing the hand pumps which rendered them inadequate when they break down. This study recommends the need to replace the old and obsolete borehole equipment with new ones and increase the number of boreholes to meet the increasing water demand in the area.

Global return flow ratio

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloé Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Return Flow ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Chemical Contamination ◽  
Flow Ratio ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Dug Wells

Population using an improved drinking water source (piped water into dwellings, yards or plots; public taps or standpipes; boreholes or tubewells; protected dug wells; or protected springs and rainwater) that is located on premises and available when needed and which is free of faecal and priority chemical contamination. Basin Pollution Quality Waste

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