scholarly journals Cryptosporidium spp. infections in livestock and wild animals in Azerbaijan territory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mamedova ◽  
P. Karanis
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Globally Distributed ◽  
Intracellular Protozoan Parasite

Abstract Cryptosporidium is an intracellular protozoan parasite, globally distributed and capable of infecting various vertebrate species, including humans as well as domestic and wild animals. Cryptosporidium is increasingly gaining attention as a human and an animal pathogen mainly due to its dominant involvement in worldwide waterborne outbreaks. The present paper reviews the current knowledge and understanding of Cryptosporidium spp. in terrestrial and water animals in Azerbaijan.

scholarly journals Cryptosporidium spp. Infections in Livestock and Wild Animals in Azerbaijan Territory

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Simuzer Mamedova ◽  
Panagiotis Karanis
Keyword(s):  
Staining Method ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Intracellular Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Acid Fast Staining

Cryptosporidium is an intracellular protozoan parasite and is increasingly gaining attention as a human and an animal pathogen, mainly due to its predominant involvement in worldwide waterborne outbreaks. This paper reviews the current knowledge and understanding of Cryptosporidium spp. in terrestrial and aquatic animals in Azerbaijan. The diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis relies on the identification of oocysts in faecal samples released by the infected host. Stool specimens were processed using the modified acid-fast staining method (Ziehl-Neelsen) and microscopically examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Thirteen species of Cryptosporidium (C. fragile, C. ducismarci, C. serpentis, C. varani, C. baileyi, C. meleagridis, C. muris, C. parvum, C. ubiquitum, C. andersoni, C. bovis, C. hominis, C. suis) from amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals have been identified as a result of studies conducted between 1987 and 2019 on the structural features of Cryptosporidium oocysts in Azerbaijan territory.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of Four Potent Neospora caninum Diagnostic Antigens Using Immunochromatographic Assay for Detection of Specific Antibody in Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2133
Author(s):  
Ragab Fereig ◽  
Hanan Abdelbaky ◽  
Yoshifumi Nishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Dense Granule ◽  
Caninum Infection ◽  
Kappa Value ◽  
Intracellular Protozoan Parasite

Neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite responsible for numerous abortion outbreaks and neonatal abnormalities in cattle. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is critical for N. caninum control owing to the lack of vaccine or drug-based control strategies. Herein, we evaluated the performance of four frequently used antigens in the diagnosis of N. caninum infection using immunochromatographic tests (ICTs) as a rapid, affordable, and field applicable tool. These antigens included recombinant proteins of N. caninum surface antigen 1 (NcSAG1), dense granule proteins 7 (NcGRA7) and 6 (NcGRA6), in addition to native Neospora lysate antigen (NLA). Our study revealed the utility of all antigen-based ICTs for detection of specific antibodies to N. caninum. However, the NcSAG1-based ICT was the best for detection of all control N. caninum-infected mouse or cattle sera, while NcGRA7 and NcGRA6-based ICTs exhibited specific ability to detect samples from acute and sub-acute infection in mice and cattle, respectively. Analyses of the NcSAG1-based ICT against enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) of the same antigen revealed its efficiency in detection of field cattle samples as observed in high sensitivity (84.2%), specificity (93.5%), agreement (90%), and kappa value (0.78). The current knowledge provides an efficient platform for N. caninum control through on-site diagnosis of infected cattle.

scholarly journals Re-Discovery of Giardiavirus: Genomic and Functional Analysis of Viruses from Giardia duodenalis Isolates

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 654
Author(s):  
Gianluca Marucci ◽  
Ilaria Zullino ◽  
Lucia Bertuccini ◽  
Serena Camerini ◽  
Serena Cecchetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Protein Translation ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis

Giardiasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis, is an intestinal diarrheal disease affecting almost one billion people worldwide. A small endosymbiotic dsRNA viruses, G. lamblia virus (GLV), genus Giardiavirus, family Totiviridae, might inhabit human and animal isolates of G. duodenalis. Three GLV genomes have been sequenced so far, and only one was intensively studied; moreover, a positive correlation between GLV and parasite virulence is yet to be proved. To understand the biological significance of GLV infection in Giardia, the characterization of several GLV strains from naturally infected G. duodenalis isolates is necessary. Here we report high-throughput sequencing of four GLVs strains, from Giardia isolates of human and animal origin. We also report on a new, unclassified viral sequence (designed GdRV-2), unrelated to Giardiavirus, encoding and expressing for a single large protein with an RdRp domain homologous to Totiviridae and Botybirnaviridae. The result of our sequencing and proteomic analyses challenge the current knowledge on GLV and strongly suggest that viral capsid protein translation unusually starts with a proline and that translation of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) occurs via a +1/−2 ribosomal frameshift mechanism. Nucleotide polymorphism, confirmed by mass-spectrometry analysis, was also observed among and between GLV strains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the occurrence of at least two GLV subtypes which display different phenotypes and transmissibility in experimental infections of a GLV naïve Giardia isolate.

Temperature, Mitochondria, and Reye's Syndrome

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 985-985
Author(s):  
RIF S. EL-MALLAKH
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzyme ◽  
Reye's Syndrome ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Mitochondrial Defect ◽  
Intracellular Protozoan Parasite

To the Editor.— Mitochondrial failure, manifest by changes in mitochondrial enzyme activity1-3 and morphology,4-5 is central to Reye's syndrome (RS).6 Although it has been variously hypothesized that the mitochondrial changes are secondary to an exogenous toxin,7-12 or an intrinsic mitochondrial defect,6 the actual cause remains obscure. Electron microscopic studies have shown sweelling and loss of cristate in mitochondria of patients with RS. It is interesting that very similar changes occur in Trypanosoma cruzi.13-16 T cruzi is an extracellular/intracellular protozoan parasite which causes Chagas' disease.17

Infection with the intracellular protozoan parasite Theileria parva induces constitutively high levels of NF-kappa B in bovine T lymphocytes

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 4677-4686
Author(s):  
V Ivanov ◽  
B Stein ◽  
I Baumann ◽  
D A Dobbelaere ◽  
P Herrlich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Phorbol Esters ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Lymphoproliferative Disease ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Theileria Parva ◽  
Nf Kappa B ◽  
Intracellular Protozoan Parasite

The intracellular protozoan parasite Theileria parva causes a lymphoproliferative disease of T cells in cattle and uncontrolled lymphocyte proliferation in culture. We have identified and characterized in infected cells the transcriptional activator, NF-kappa B, whose recognition motifs have been identified in several gene enhancers important for lymphocyte-specific gene expression. NF-kappa B is normally constitutively activated in nuclear extracts derived from B cells and can be induced in T cells and nonlymphoid cells by phorbol esters. Theileria-infected lymphocytes contained constitutively high levels of activated NF-kappa B in nuclear fractions and inactive NF-kappa B in cytoplasmic fractions. The inactive cytoplasmic precursor could be activated by treatment of extracts with deoxycholate, which was shown previously to dissociate NF-kappa B from an inhibitor, I kappa B. Treatment of lymphocyte extracts with 3 mM GTP stimulated NF-kappa B binding to its recognition motif in vitro, thereby distinguishing it from a related nuclear factor, H2-TF1. Selective killing of the parasite, which left the host cells intact, resulted in a rapid loss of NF-kappa B from the nuclear fractions and a slower loss from the cytoplasmic fractions. In parasitized cells, NF-kappa B could not be further stimulated by treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate whereas in cells treated to remove the parasite, this compound stimulated elevated levels of NF-kappa B. We propose that high levels of activated NF-kappa B are maintained by the presence of the parasite in infected T cells. Similarly, we propose that the high levels of inactive cytoplasmic precursor are a result of increased synthesis due to the presence of the parasite.

Unique report of two Sarcocystis species from Egyptian domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) – new host and locality

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-158
Author(s):  
E. M. Galila ◽  
E. K. A. Bazh ◽  
N. Elhawary ◽  
H. A. Abdellatif ◽  
A.-R. A. Abou-Rawash
Keyword(s):  
Nile Delta ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Sarcocystis Species ◽  
Middle Region ◽  
New Host ◽  
Sarcocystis Spp ◽  
Hexagonal Shape ◽  
The World ◽  
Intracellular Protozoan Parasite

Sarcocystis is an intracellular protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa. It is widely distributed all over the world. There are scarce reports about chicken Sarcocystis. From February 2016 to January 2018, a total number of 630 chicken carcasses, intestines and viscera were collected from different chicken markets in Menoufia and Gharbia Governorates, Middle region of the Nile Delta, Egypt and carefully inspected. Macroscopic and microscopic cysts of Sarcocystis spp. were found in the intestinal wall and mesentery of 5 birds. Histopathological sections revealed the presence of two shapes of the macroscopic cysts (oval and kidney shape). Their wall was striated and characterised by the presence of radial septa. It had compartments mostly of hexagonal shape, containing both bradyzoites and metrocytes in the periphery. The bradyzoites were banana-shaped and measured 20–30 × 8–10 μm with centrally or posteriorly located nuclei. Microscopic cysts of Sarcocystis spp. were detected in-between muscle bundles, with variable shapes (spindle and oval).

scholarly journals Intranasal Vaccinations with the trans-Sialidase Antigen plus CpG Adjuvant Induce Mucosal Immunity Protective against Conjunctival Trypanosoma cruzi Challenges

2010 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 1333-1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. K. Giddings ◽  
C. S. Eickhoff ◽  
N. L. Sullivan ◽  
D. F. Hoft
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Parasite Invasion ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Parasite Replication ◽  
Intracellular Protozoan Parasite

ABSTRACT Trypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular protozoan parasite capable of infecting through mucosal surfaces. Our laboratory has previously elucidated the anatomical routes of infection after both conjunctival and gastric challenge in mice. We have shown that chronically infected mice develop strong immune responses capable of protecting against subsequent rechallenge with virulent parasites through gastric, conjunctival, and systemic routes of infection. We have also shown that intranasal immunizations with the unique T. cruzi trans-sialidase (TS) antigen protect against gastric and systemic T. cruzi challenge. In the current work we have investigated the ability of purified TS adjuvanted with CpG-containing oligonucleotides to induce immunity against conjunctival T. cruzi challenge. We confirm that intranasal vaccinations with TS plus CpG induce TS-specific T-cell and secretory IgA responses. TS-specific secretory IgA was detectable in the tears of vaccinated mice, the initial body fluid that contacts the parasite during infectious conjunctival exposures. We further show that intranasal vaccinations with TS plus CpG protect against conjunctival T. cruzi challenge, limiting local parasite replication at the site of mucosal invasion and systemic parasite dissemination. We also provide the first direct evidence that mucosal antibodies induced by intranasal TS vaccination can inhibit parasite invasion.

scholarly journals The antifungal Aureobasidin A and an analogue are active against the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii but do not inhibit sphingolipid biosynthesis

Parasitology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Q. I. ALQAISI ◽  
A. J. MBEKEANI ◽  
M. BASSAS LLORENS ◽  
A. P. ELHAMMER ◽  
P. W. DENNY
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Cyclic Depsipeptide ◽  
Aureobasidin A ◽  
Therapeutic Compounds ◽  
Sphingolipid Biosynthesis ◽  
Important Disease ◽  
Intracellular Protozoan Parasite

SUMMARYToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, and toxoplasmosis is an important disease of both humans and economically important animals. With a limited array of drugs available there is a need to identify new therapeutic compounds. Aureobasidin A (AbA) is an antifungal that targets the essential inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC, sphingolipid) synthase in pathogenic fungi. This natural cyclic depsipeptide also inhibits Toxoplasma proliforation, with the protozoan IPC synthase orthologue proposed as the target. The data presented here show that neither AbA nor an analogue (Compound 20), target the protozoan IPC synthase orthologue or total parasite sphingolipid synthesis. However, further analyses confirm that AbA exhibits significant activity against the proliferative tachyzoite form of Toxoplasma, and Compound 20, whilst effective, has reduced efficacy. This difference was more evident on analyses of the direct effect of these compounds against isolated Toxoplasma, indicating that AbA is rapidly microbicidal. Importantly, the possibility of targeting the encysted, bradyzoite, form of the parasite with AbA and Compound 20 was demonstrated, indicating that this class of compounds may provide the basis for the first effective treatment for chronic toxoplasmosis.

In silico investigation by conceptual DFT and molecular docking of antitrypanosomal compounds for understanding cruzain inhibition

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 1650021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toufik Salah ◽  
Salah Belaidi ◽  
Nadjib Melkemi ◽  
Ismail Daoud ◽  
Salima Boughdiri
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Docking ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Binding Mode ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Conceptual Density Functional Theory ◽  
Docking Analysis ◽  
Life Threatening Illness ◽  
Molecular Docking Analysis

Current knowledge about Chagas disease, the potentially life-threatening illness caused by the protozoan parasite (Trypanosoma cruzi), has led to the development of new drugs and the understanding of their mode of action. The Conceptual Density-Functional Theory was applied to determine the active center sites of trypanocidal compounds, extended by the Molecular Docking analysis to identify the most favorable ligand conformation when bound to the active site of cruzain. Results such as CHELPG charges, Fukui function, MESP, and Molecular Docking analysis are reported and discussed in the present investigation. Whereas, a close agreement with experimental results was found to explain the possibility of studying the receptor-binding mode using these different axes.

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