Designing a model for integrated watershed management in Iran

Water Policy ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1143-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Athari ◽  
Gholamreza Pezeshki Rad ◽  
Enayat Abbasi ◽  
Amirhossein Alibaygi ◽  
Erik Westholm
Keyword(s):  
Watershed Management ◽  
Professional Ethics ◽  
Stakeholder Participation ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Integrated Watershed Management ◽  
Gathering Data

Abstract This study, which designs a model for integrated watershed management in Iran, is based on qualitative research applying a grounded theory methodology. Interviewing was the main tool for gathering data. Using snowball sampling, we chose three categories of informants: (a) academics and experienced natural resource experts, (b) representatives of active environmental non-governmental organizations, and (c) local people. Integrated watershed management was constituted from contextual conditions (i.e., physical conditions of watersheds, infrastructure, and constructed facilities); causative conditions (i.e., management challenges, climatic–environmental factors, and local people's socio-cultural and economic conditions); and intervention conditions (i.e., extension and education, motivation, attitude, and professional ethics factors). Integrated watershed management paves the way for strategies involving holistic and systems thinking, improved credit and financial resources, coordinative and general policymaking, stakeholder participation, and integrated information systems. These strategies result in environmental, economic, and social outputs.

scholarly journals Status and challenges of integrated watershed management practices after-project phased-out in Eastern Tigray, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tirhas Gebregergs ◽  
Kassa Teka ◽  
Gebeyehu Taye ◽  
Eskinder Gidey ◽  
Oagile Dikinya
Keyword(s):  
Watershed Management ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Integrated Watershed Management ◽  
The Status ◽  
Phase Out

AbstractLand degradation in the form of soil erosion is one of the major causes for declining ecosystem functions in the northern highlands of Ethiopia including the Eastern Tigray. Hence, different integrated watershed management practices were introduced in the last few years to avert the problem. Currently, most of these practices are phased out. However, the status and challenges of these practices after phase-out are not well documented and required scientific research. On-field measurement from nine sample plots having a size of each 50 m*50 m at 200 m interval was conducted to assess the status and challenges of these practices. Results of the assessment showed that physical soil and water conservation structures were deteriorated by 47–64% after IWM project phased out. The key problems were lack of periodic maintenance, and limited support by biological conservation measures. The study results suggest that Watershed technologies are highly challenged after project phase-out. Hence, integration among the community, government and non-governmental organizations are needed to sustainably manage these resources.

scholarly journals Impacts of phased–out land restoration programs on vegetation cover change in Eastern Tigray, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tirhas Gebregergs ◽  
Kassa Teka ◽  
Gebeyehu Taye ◽  
Eskinder Gidey ◽  
Oagile Dikinya
Keyword(s):  
Watershed Management ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Thematic Mapper ◽  
Land Restoration ◽  
Change Analysis ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Integrated Watershed Management ◽  
The Government ◽  
Phase Out

Abstract Background Land restoration programs in Tigray, also called integrated watershed management (IWM) practices, were implemented by the government and non–governmental organizations since 1980s. These practices aimed at reversing land degradation processes, environmental rehabilitation, and ensure food security at both community and household levels. Most of the implemented IWM projects are now phased–out. The aim of this study is therefore; therefore, to investigate the impacts of phased–out land restoration programs on vegetation cover changes in Eastern Tigray, Ethiopia. Both Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) Landsat imageries at 30 meter by 30 meter spatial resolution were used to examine the land use and land cover conditions taking successful and unsuccessful IWM interventions as case studies. Three time periods were used in the change analysis: before IWM implementation (2007), at the time of IWM projects phase-out (2010), and after IWM phase-out (2017). Results The results indicated that for all successful integrated watershed management projects, both the bush/shrub land (19.6 ha) and grassland (8.95 ha) increased during the intervention time for Negash (S-1), Deberewahabit (S-2) and Gemad (S-3) watersheds. However, the bush/shrub land decreased after the integrated watershed management projects phased–out by 9.8 and 11.3 ha for S-1 and S-3 watersheds. At the unsuccessful IWM projects, bush/shrub land increased by 18.21, 11.3 and 9.5 ha during the intervention period, and decreased after project phased–out by 3.92 and 7.2 ha at Debretsion (S-4) and Laelay wukro (S-5) watersheds. Furthermore, cultivated land increased after phased–out in most of the watersheds. Conclusions This study concluded that vegetation cover has been declined in all watersheds after the phased–out period. This may affect significantly the environment in general and livelihood of the community in particular. Therefore, there is a need to provide an emphasis after the implementation of watershed projects and evaluate its impacts regularly.

scholarly journals Professional ethics of recommendations: implications for COVID-19 vaccination of women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
F. A. Chervenak ◽  
L. B. McCullough ◽  
A. Grunebaum
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Professional Ethics ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Obstetrics And Gynecology ◽  
Specific Topic ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
National Governments

There has been changing guidance from national and international professional associations, national and international non-governmental organizations, and health officials in national governments for obstetrician-gynecologists about COVID-19 vaccination of pregnant women and women who are planning to become pregnant. in this paper, we provide an ethical framework that provides the needed guidance to decision making about recommending COVID-19 vaccination to these patients. the unique feature of this ethical framework is that it is based on professional ethics in obstetrics and gynecology. We begin with an account of three key components of professional ethics in obstetrics and gynecology and how they are pertinent to the ethics of making recommendations that should be understood in obstetric and gynecologic practice generally. We then identify the implications of this overview for the specific topic of the ethics of recommending COVID-19 vaccination.

scholarly journals Role of Malaysian Non-Governmental Organizations in Malaysia-China Educational Exchange under Malaysian Ethnic Politics

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Nan Xia ◽  
Yanan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Ethnic Politics ◽  
Structuration Theory ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Chinese Education ◽  
Educational Exchange ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations

Educational exchange between Malaysia and China has an important interaction with the Chinese education in Malaysia and the political relations between Malaysia and China. Chinese education in Malaysia is twisted with Malaysian ethnic politics. Malaysian Chinese students were lack of opportunities at the public institutions of higher learning due to the preferential and affirmative action policies implemented by Malaysian government under the egis of New Economic Policy (NEP).Thus, Malaysia NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) carried out educational exchange with China to open up a more spacious study channels for students. The objective of this article is to investigate the role of Malaysian NGOs towards educational exchange between Malaysia and China under Malaysian ethnic politics. Primary data were collected through interviews and the informants were selected based on purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Totally, fourteen informants were selected and interviewed based on evidence of data saturation. Secondary data were collected from journal articles, newspapers, website pages and online resources. Meanwhile, structuration theory was used to guide the researcher to get the suitable answer. Findings of this study indicate that, there are three main important NGOs that play a significant role in promoting educational exchange between Malaysia and China, which are Dong Jiao Zong (the collective name of Dong Zong and Jiao Zong), the Association of Graduates from Universities and Colleges in China, Malaysia (AGUCCM) and Malaysia-China Friendship Association (MCFA). As the purposive actors, they conduct their actions based on different levels, which are to develop Chinese education in Malaysia, to continue and inherit Chinese culture. Their unconsciousness reason is based on Malaysian Chinese’s deep feeling to China. Moreover, the educational exchange in the aspect of Chinese education is conducted under the structure of Malaysian ethnic politics, which led to a dichotomy. Nowadays, with the rise of China and the promotion of “the Belt and Road”, educational exchange between Malaysia and China will become better and better.

ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF CITY COUNCILS FOR LOCAL GOVERNANCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
H. Burçin HENDEN ŞOLT
Keyword(s):  
Local Governance ◽  
Stakeholder Participation ◽  
Active Role ◽  
City Council ◽  
Social Solidarity ◽  
Heterogeneous Structure ◽  
Local Democracy ◽  
City Councils ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations

The process of change in the management approaches of cities encourages stakeholder participation. Multi-actor, transparent and controllable urban administrations should be the basic vision of modern cities. Because the heterogeneous structure is like a symbol of cities. It is important for the governance approach to have environments where different interest groups can come together for social reconciliation. City councils are examples of this situation. In the understanding of local government, there is a flow in favor of locality. This situation is valuable for local democracy. Effective and efficient participation of urban people in decisions contributes to accountability, social solidarity, and citizen awareness. Members of public, private, and non-governmental organizations can participate in city councils. It is therefore strong in terms of governance. The aim of this study is to examine the place and importance of city councils in terms of urban democracy. First of all, the conceptual framework of the phenomena is emphasized. Then, the roles in the establishment of local democracy through the structure of city councils are discussed. It is possible to realize the principles of governance in the functioning of city councils. Governance and city councils will play an active role in bringing a positive vision to cities. Therefore, city council activities that can work efficiently should be supported.

scholarly journals Changing perceptions of conflict: The beneficiaries of Intra-ethnic conflict among the Abakuria Community, Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 2505-2511
Author(s):  
David Mwangi Kungu ◽  
Risper Kerubo Omari
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Conflict ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Civic Leaders ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Axial Coding

Conflict in many parts of the world has become part of people’s life resulting in massive deaths, displacement of people and trail of destruction to property leading to manmade disasters. In Kenya, conflict is experienced as warring groups engage in armed and non-armed conflicts. A peculiar case is that of the Abakuria ethnic group, where inter-clan conflicts have become perpetual. The mechanisms used in managing the conflict have been both inadequate and ineffective as the conflicts keep recurring. It is on this backdrop that this study aimed at evaluating beneficiaries to the conflict with a view of establishing the root causes of intra-ethnic conflict. The study employed descriptive survey, ethnography and explanatory research designs. The target population for the study was 52,338 comprising of members of the indigenous conflict management systems, members of provincial administration, local and international Non-governmental Organizations, Community Based Organizations, Faith Based Organizations, community policing members, members of peace committees, civic leaders, District security team, warriors and community members/victims to the conflict. From the target population, a sample 638 was selected using purposive sampling, stratified sampling, transect walk and snowball sampling techniques. Data were collected using questionnaires, in-depth interviews and focus group discussion. Quantitative data generated from the study were analysed descriptively while qualitative data were analysed following the five steps of thematic data analysis: transcription, open coding, axial coding, selecting codes and formation of themes. The study established that there were several categories of beneficiaries to intra-ethnic conflict including government officials, traders, consumers, households, politicians and members of the traditional institutions. The study recommends that there is need to enlighten the community on the negative effects of intra-ethnic conflict. In addition, cartel of  beneficiaries of such conflict who work to catalyse the conflict for their own benefit should be severely punished.

scholarly journals Komunikasi Dalam Keluarga dan Asertifitas Remaja Penyalahguna Narkoba

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uswatun Hasanah ◽  
◽  
Irfani Arista ◽  
Mirdat Silitonga
Keyword(s):  
Family Communication ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Drug Abusers ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Selection Of

Drug abuse is a quite serious problem and its handling involves various stakeholders. This study aims to analyze how the influence of family communication on the assertiveness of adolescent drug abusers. This study used a cross-sectional study design and was carried out at National Narcotics Agency, Jakarta Timur City (BNNK), Jakarta Timur and Non-Governmental Organizations under the guidance of the BNNK, Jakarta Timur namely: Balarenik Foundation and Swara Peduli Indonesia Foundation. The selection of research locations is done by snowball sampling. The population of this study is adolescent drug abusers in Jakarta Timur, Jakarta. The respondents of this study were 68 adolescent drug abusers in BNNK, Jakarta Timur, Balarenik Foundation, and Indonesian Swara Care Foundation. The sampling technique in this study uses non-probability sampling with purposive sampling. The findings in this study are that there is a significant positive effect of family communication on adolescent assertiveness. The determinant coefficient in this study was 62%, which means that the assertiveness of adolescent abusers of narcotics is determined by the communication of the of family of 62% and 38% is determined by other factors.

scholarly journals The Role of Knowledge Management Processes in Improving the Strategic Agility in Non- Governmental Organizations- Gaza Strip

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Mahmoud A.I EL shanty ◽  
◽  
Tahreer Shaban Elshareef ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
Strategic Agility ◽  
Knowledge Management Processes

This study aimed to identify the role of knowledge management processes in improving the strategic agility. To achieve the objectives of the study, a questionnaire was developed as the main tool for collecting the necessary data and the descriptive analytical approach was applied. The study population consisted of all employees from the non-governmental organizations that work in Gaza Strip (N=3167). The stratified random sampling technique was used where their number was 343 questionnaires, 400 questionnaires were distributed and 355 questionnaires were collected that were suitable for analysis purposes with response rate of 93.2%. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis. The following results were reached: The percentages of the level of knowledge management practices in general, and the strategical agility were high; with the percentages of 69.99% and 70.95% respectively. Knowledge management processes have a statistical significant impact on the strategic agility and explained 84.0% of variance in the dependent variable. The study recommended a need for non-governmental organizations to adopt the concept of knowledge management as an approach to improve the overall performance, as well as to increase their capacity to adapt to the surrounding changes in order to increase strategic agility.

Religious boycott in Indonesia: investigation of antecedents and the effect of religiosity dimensions

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Widyarso Roswinanto ◽  
Siti Nuraisyah Suwanda
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Intention To Participate ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
Negative Impacts

Purpose The purpose of this study is twofold. First, to investigate whether religiosity holds a significant effect on religious animosity in boycott circumstances in Indonesia and the interplay of religiosity dimensions (Study 1). Second, to investigate the antecedents of the intention to participate in religious boycotts (Study 2). The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is used as the foundation to explore and develop the antecedents. Design/methodology/approach The quantitative research uses a scenario from a real case of boycott incident in Indonesia; a significant country for the Muslim community and the host to the biggest Muslim population in the world. The case is related to a boycott toward the leading brand of the bakery (Sari Roti). In total, 270 adult Muslims participate as respondents using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The data is then analyzed using multiple regression analyzes. Findings Study 1 reveals that religiosity has a significant effect on religious animosity. Thus, religiosity is a relevant factor in affecting boycotts. Further, the dimensions of religiosity (intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity) play intertwining roles in affecting religious animosity. Study 2 reveals that the significant antecedents of religious boycott intention are attitude toward religious boycott, normative belief, motivation to comply. The political tendency is a significant covariate. The attitude toward religious boycott has the highest effect on religious boycott intention and is preceded by religious animosity and perceived success likelihood. Research limitations/implications The sample is chosen from the population of Indonesian adult Muslims. Hence, caution should be applied when generalizing across other populations. Practical implications Results of the current research can help managers to prevent and to anticipate the potential negative impacts of a religious boycott on their businesses through the understanding of the factors affecting the intention to participate in such boycotts. Managers may initiate marketing interventions for such anticipations by creating communications responding to the potential animosity and boycott issues. Social implications Governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can benefit from the current research in their efforts to prevent potential national instability and social or political chaos. The research findings may increase the understanding about antecedents of religious boycott, and, in turn, the governments and NGOs can plan social engineering initiatives for corrective and preventive actions accordingly. Originality/value The paper fulfills the conceptual gap by investigating whether religiosity and religious animosity are relevant in the boycott context. The paper also shows the different effects and the interplay among the antecedents of religious boycott intention. There is no prior literature that initiates and integrates the antecedents of religious boycott intention using TPB as the base theory.

Advance care planning in Canada

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris Barwich ◽  
John You ◽  
Jessica Simon ◽  
Louise Hanvey ◽  
Cari Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Advance Care Planning ◽  
Stakeholder Participation ◽  
Care Planning ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Engagement Strategies ◽  
National Initiatives ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Advance Care ◽  
End Of Life Communication ◽  
National Framework

This chapter describes how advance care planning (ACP) is being implemented in Canada. It highlights the use of an organizing National Framework for Advance Care Planning and a recent conceptual framework of end-of-life communication and decision making. A feature of the Canadian landscape are networks of collaboration and partnerships including research and non-governmental organizations, and examples of regional and national initiatives are presented in the boxes. A summary is provided of barriers, facilitators, the cultural milieu, and future opportunities for ACP in Canada. Implementation of ACP in Canada has followed a multi-faceted approach, with significant national leadership, key stakeholder participation and consumer engagement strategies, with important outcomes demonstrated.

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