scholarly journals Performance of community-based water-saving technology under land fragmentation: evidence from groundwater overexploitation in the North China Plain

Water Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongxu Shi ◽  
Xiqin Wang
Keyword(s):  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Irrigation Efficiency ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Land Fragmentation ◽  
Groundwater Overdraft ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The current water shortage crisis has necessitated an increased focus on improving the irrigation efficiency in groundwater overdraft areas. Consequently, the Chinese government has supported small farmers in installing community-based water-saving technologies (WSTs) providing high irrigation efficiency. Based on the data collected from 620 households located in the groundwater overdraft area of Hebei, North China Plain, this study conducts a stochastic frontier analysis to measure farmers' irrigation water use efficiency (WUE) and analyzes the impact of land fragmentation and WST types on their WUE. The results show that the average WUE of groundwater irrigation is 0.606. The WUE between community-based and household-based WSTs differs based on the degree of land fragmentation. A high degree of land fragmentation restricts community-based WSTs from efficiently improving farmers' WUE, whereas household-based WSTs perform better and are easier to adopt. For high land fragmentation, the WUE of the community-based WST is 9.12% lower than that of the household-based WST. However, the WUE of the community-based WST is 12.55% higher than that of the household-based WST when the degree of land fragmentation is low. Therefore, the government should pay attention to small farmers' adaptability toward WST and promote community-based WSTs on a low degree of land fragmentation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Groundwater Overdraft Governance Measures in Hengshui City, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3564
Author(s):  
Yong Zhao ◽  
Lizhen Wang ◽  
Haihong Li ◽  
Yongnan Zhu ◽  
Qingming Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Groundwater Overdraft ◽  
The Government ◽  
Regional Groundwater

Groundwater overdraft is a worldwide phenomenon, resulting in environmental issues, such as water contamination, land subsidence, seawater intrusion, streamflow reduction, and deterioration of the ecological environment. Located in the central North China Plain, Hengshui City has experienced a regional groundwater depression cone due to excessive pumping of groundwater, resulting in the largest overdraft area in the North China Plain. Since 2014, Hebei Province has adopted measures to realize the comprehensive governance of groundwater overdraft in partial areas of Hengshui City, including adjusting planting structures, promoting agronomic water-saving techniques, strengthening hydraulic engineering construction, and innovative management systems. These measures have been in effect for two years, such that their effectiveness must be assessed for the beneficial recovery of groundwater levels to determine the means for their continuation and extension. However, the change in regional groundwater levels is not gradual, but reflects a process of sudden increase due to the intervention of government behavior, and many existing groundwater recharge models are difficult to apply. Therefore, establishing a reasonable, scientific evaluation system of the measures is a key problem that requires a solution. Using field surveys and experiments, this study establishes a quantitative analysis evaluation method to assess the performance of governance measures adopted by Hengshui City in 2015, with full consideration of the crop water demand process and rainfall frequency. The results show that governance measures had a significant positive outcome on reducing groundwater overdraft in pilot areas. Approximately 98.4% of the agricultural governance target was achieved, with confined groundwater rebounding by approximately 4.92 m as compared to 2015. According to the analysis, the three most efficient measures (the top three largest amounts of groundwater-saved per mu) adopted by the government were (1) non-agricultural crops replacement (forestry), (2) planting pattern adjustments, and (3) integration of water and fertilizer-vegetable, which can be promoted in future measures. However, considering the size of the implementation area and total governance capacity, water-saving during spring irrigation of wheat and replacement by surface water are the two most important conservation measures, which are required to further strengthen the management and implementation effect.

scholarly journals Size-resolved characterization of organic aerosol in the North China Plain: new insights from high resolution spectral analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiqi Xu ◽  
Chun Chen ◽  
Yanmei Qiu ◽  
Conghui Xie ◽  
Yunle Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

Organic aerosol (OA), a large fraction of fine particles, has a large impact on climate radiative forcing and human health, and the impact depends strongly on size distributions. Here we...

scholarly journals The water-saving potential of using micro-sprinkling irrigation for winter wheat production on the North China Plain

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1687-1700
Author(s):  
Li-chao ZHAI ◽  
Li-hua LÜ ◽  
Zhi-qiang DONG ◽  
Li-hua ZHANG ◽  
Jing-ting ZHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain

scholarly journals Impact of crop field burning and mountains on heavy haze in the North China Plain: A case study

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Long ◽  
X. X. Tie ◽  
J. J. Cao ◽  
R. J. Huang ◽  
T. Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Wind Condition ◽  
Beijing City ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain ◽  
Crop Field ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Field Burning

Abstract. Crop field burning (CFB) has important effects on air pollution in China, but it is seldom quantified and reported in a regional scale, which is of great importance for the control strategies of CFB in China, especially in the North China Plain (NCP). With the provincial statistical data and open crop fires captured by satellite (MODIS), we extracted a detailed emission inventory of CFB during a heavy haze event from 6th to 12th October 2014. A regional dynamical and chemical model (WRF-Chem) was applied to investigate the impact of CFB on air pollution in NCP. The model simulations were compared with the in situ measurements of PM2.5 (particular matter with radius less than 2.5 μm) concentrations. The model evaluation shows that the correlation coefficients (R) between measured and calculated values exceeds 0.80 and absolute normalized mean bias (NMB) is no more than 14 %. In addition, the simulated meteorological parameters such as winds and planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) are also in good agreement with observations. The model was intensive used to study (1) the impacts of CFB and (2) the effect of mountains on regional air quality. The results show that the CFB occurred in southern NCP (SNCP) had significant effect on PM2.5 concentrations locally, causing a maximum of 35 % PM2.5 increase in SNCP. Because of south wind condition, the CFB pollution plume is subjective a long transport to northern NCP (NNCP-with several mega cities, including Beijing of the capital city in China), where there are no significant CFB occurrences, causing a maximum of 32 % PM2.5 increase in NNCP. As a result, the heavy haze in Beijing is enhanced by the CFB occurred in SNCP. Further more, there are two major mountains located in the western and northern NCP. Under the south wind condition, these mountains play important roles in enhancing the PM2.5 pollution in NNCP through the blocking and guiding effects. This study suggests that the PM2.5 emissions in SNCP region should be significantly limited in order to reduce the occurrences of heavy haze events in NNCP region, including the Beijing City.

Monitoring regional agricultural water use efficiency for Hebei Province on the North China Plain

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim R. McVicar ◽  
Guanglu Zhang ◽  
Andrew S. Bradford ◽  
Huixiao Wang ◽  
Warrick R. Dawes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Agricultural Water Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

Increasing competition for water in China, due to industrialisation of its economy and urbanisation of its population, has led to the introduction of water-saving agricultural practices in an attempt to increase agricultural water use efficiency (Ag WUE). This study was conducted to assess whether changes in management practices have increased regional Ag WUE for a focus area covering 20% of the 300 000 km2 North China Plain (NCP). An ‘input–output’ definition of regional Ag WUE was used, where ‘input’ is the water available over the crop growing season and ‘output’ is grain yield. Regional databases of precipitation, irrigation, and yield from 1984 to 1996 were established in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to calculate winter wheat and summer corn Ag WUE on a county basis. For wheat, the average Ag WUE was 7.0 kg/ha.mm in 1984, whereas in 1996 it was 14.3 kg/ha.mm. For corn, Ag WUE increased from 9.0 kg/ha.mm in 1984 to 10.1 kg/ha.mm in 1996, although values >11.5 kg/ha.mm were obtained for both 1991 and 1992. Time series plots of the resulting Ag WUE, and its components, were generated to reveal spatial and temporal variability. Counties with a relatively high mean Ag WUE in combination with low year-to-year consistency have been identified as those with the highest potential for improving Ag WUE management. Total county water resources (WR) were also calculated for the time series, and county-basis normalisation of Ag WUE and WR also showed that there have been recent improvements in Ag WUE. For some counties in wet years, there may be an opportunity to plant larger areas of crop to increase county level Ag WUE. For the focus study site (and for the time series data available), it is most likely that recently introduced water-saving agricultural practices in the NCP are associated with improvements to Ag WUE.

Aerosol chemical compositions in the North China Plain and the impact on the visibility in Beijing and Tianjin

2018 ◽  
Vol 201 ◽  
pp. 235-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianan Zou ◽  
Zirui Liu ◽  
Bo Hu ◽  
Xiaojuan Huang ◽  
Tianxue Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain ◽  
The Impact

Sandy Soil Consolidation and Water-Saving Process Design in the North China Plain

2012 ◽  
Vol 599 ◽  
pp. 795-803
Author(s):  
Yan Pei Cheng ◽  
Jian Kang Zhang ◽  
Fa Wang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Process Design ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Land Consolidation ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain ◽  
Land Consolidation Project

In order to study of the sandy soil use in the North China plain concerning land consolidation and water-saving techniques, the lack of sandy land groundwater resources, groundwater drainage of the land consolidation project due to a lack of resources basis, blind investment and consolidation benefits, also undermine the structure of the groundwater system. This paper took Wangyangxing village in Zaoqiang county, Hengshui City that first carried out, based on the water resource constraints of land consolidation project as example for site evaluation, and then the land consolidation of water-saving technology and the land consolidation process design theory was used. Hengshui City is one of parts of the sandy soil of agricultural land for a pilot study to explore the effectiveness of suitable sandy soil of agricultural land, land consolidation in the North China Plain for the full scientific utilization of water resources to improve the efficiency of the sandy soil land use and the basis.

Impact of the methods of groundwater access on irrigation and crop yield in the North China Plain

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijuan Zhang ◽  
Jinxia Wang ◽  
Guangsheng Zhang ◽  
Qiuqiong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Climate Factors ◽  
Groundwater Use ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain ◽  
Groundwater Markets ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is: to track the methods by which farmers access groundwater for irrigation in the North China Plain (NCP); to explore whether climate factors influence farmers’ decisions on the methods of groundwater access for irrigation; and to examine whether the amount of groundwater use for irrigation and crop yield systematically differ across groups of farmers using various methods of groundwater access, and how climate factors affect them. Design/methodology/approach Descriptive statistical analysis and econometric models are used on household survey data collected over several years and county-level climate data. Findings Over the past few decades, a significant share of farmers have switched the methods of groundwater access from collective tubewells to own tubewells or groundwater markets. Farmers who bought water from groundwater markets applied less water to wheat plots than those who had their own tubewells. However, wheat yield was not negatively affected. Both average climate conditions and long-term variations were found to be related to farmers’ choice of methods of groundwater access for irrigation. More frequent droughts and increasingly volatile temperatures both increased the likelihood of farmers gaining groundwater irrigation from markets. Originality/value The analysis results suggest farmers are using groundwater markets to help them adapt to climate change. Applying empirical analysis to identify the impact of the methods by which farmers access groundwater for irrigation on the amount of groundwater use and crop yield will help policy makers design reasonable adaptation policies for the NCP.

scholarly journals Influence of aerosol copper on HO<sub>2</sub> uptake: A novel parameterized equation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Song ◽  
Xiaorui Chen ◽  
Keding Lu ◽  
Qi Zou ◽  
Zhaofeng Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Atmospheric Effects ◽  
Peroxy Radicals ◽  
Model Optimization ◽  
Lab Experiments ◽  
New Equation ◽  
Phase Chemistry ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The heterogeneous uptake of hydroxyl peroxy radicals (HO2) on aerosol has been proposed to be a significant sink of HOx, thus could influence the atmospheric oxidation capacity. Accurate calculation of the uptake coefficient γHO2 is the key to quantifying its atmospheric effects. Laboratory studies show that γHO2 varies by orders of magnitude due to change in aerosol properties, especially those of aerosol soluble copper (Cu) and aerosol liquid water content (ALWC). In this study, we develop a state-of-the-art model to simulate both gas and aerosol phase chemistry. A novel parameterized equation of HO2 considering change in RH and aerosol Cu is developed based on model optimization toward all available lab experiments. 1 / γ = 1 / α + (3 × v) / (4 × 106 × Rd Hcorr RT × (5.87 + 3.2 × ln(ALWC / [PM] + 0.067)) × [PM]−0.2 × [Cu2+]0.65) According to the new equation, highly variable HO2 uptake coefficients (median value ∼0.1) were diagnosed for North China Plain and the impact of HO2 uptake on the ROx budget is assessed.

scholarly journals Study on the Change Characteristics of and Population Exposure to Heatwave Events on the North China Plain

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Long-Fei Zhan ◽  
Yanjun Wang ◽  
Hemin Sun ◽  
Jianqing Zhai ◽  
Mingjin Zhan
Keyword(s):  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain ◽  
The Impact

In accordance with the China Meteorological Administration definition, this study considered a weather process with a maximum surface temperature of ≥35°C for more than three consecutive days as a heatwave event. Based on a dataset of daily maximum temperatures from meteorological stations on the North China Plain, including ordinary and national basic/reference surface stations, the intensity-area-duration method was used to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of heatwave events on the North China Plain (1961–2017). Moreover, based on demographic data from the Statistical Yearbook and Greenhouse Gas Initiative (GGI) Population Scenario Database of the Austrian Institute for International Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), population exposure to heatwave events was also studied. The results showed that the frequency, intensity, and area of impact of heatwave events on the North China Plain initially decreased (becoming weaker and less extensive) and then increased (becoming stronger and more extensive). Similarly, the trend of population exposure to heatwave events initially decreased and then increased, and the central position of exposure initially moved southward and then returned northward. Population exposure in the eastern Taihang Mountains was found significantly higher than in the western Taihang Mountains. In relation to the change of population exposure to heatwave events on the North China Plain, the influence of climatic factors was found dominant with an absolute contribution rate of >75%. Except for 2011–2017, increase in population also increased the exposure to heatwaves, particularly in the first half of the study period. Interaction between climatic and population factors generally had less impact on population exposure than either climatic factors or population factors alone. This study demonstrated a method for assessing the impact of heatwave events on population exposure, which could form a scientific basis for the development of government policy regarding adaption to climate change.

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