Desalination of seawater through progressive freeze concentration using a coil crystallizer

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Hanim Ab. Hamid ◽  
Norfatiha A. Rahim ◽  
Anwar Johari ◽  
Norzita Ngadi ◽  
Zaki Yamani Zakaria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Crystal Block

In this century, the shortage of clean water supply is an issue of concern and the problem is expected to become more serious in the future. Consequently, researchers are trying to find the best solution to address this problem by introducing new desalination technologies that are able to accommodate the increasing demand for clean water. One of the new technologies introduced is desalination of seawater through freeze concentration. In this study, progressive freeze concentration (PFC) was implemented to produce pure water in the form of an ice crystal block, leaving behind higher concentration seawater using a coil crystallizer. The effect of operating parameters such as initial concentration and coolant temperature were investigated. Meanwhile, the efficiency of the system was reviewed based on the value of the effective partition constant K which is defined by the ratio of solute in ice and liquid phase. A low value of K indicates when the system is most efficient. In addition, the results for the overall heat transfer coefficient are also presented to observe the heat transfer involved in the system.

Effect of Coolant Temperature on Desalination Process via Progressive Freeze Concentration

2014 ◽  
Vol 695 ◽  
pp. 443-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ab. Hamid Farah Hanim ◽  
A.Rahim Norfatiha ◽  
Norzita Ngadi ◽  
Zaki Yamani Zakaria ◽  
Jusoh Mazura
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Salinity Reduction ◽  
The World ◽  
Crystal Block

The world is still suffering from a shortage of clean water supply and the problem is expected to become more serious in the future. Consequently, researchers have been trying to find the best solution to address this problem by introducing new desalination technologies that are able to accommodate the demand for clean water which is increasing from time to time. One of the new technologies introduced is the desalination of seawater through freeze concentration. In this study, progressive freeze concentration (PFC) is implemented to produce pure water in the form of ice crystal block and leave behind a higher concentration solution. The effect of coolant temperature was investigated and the efficiency of the system was reviewed based on the value of effective partition constant, K which is defined by the ratio of solute in ice and liquid phase. The low value of K leads to the best efficiency for the system. Apart from that, the efficiency, E% and salinity reduction were also calculated in order to determine the system performance.

Progressive Freeze Concentration of Coconut Water: Effect of Coolant Temperature on Process Efficiency and Heat Transfer

2014 ◽  
Vol 695 ◽  
pp. 447-450
Author(s):  
Safiei Nor Zanariah ◽  
Mohamed Nor Noor Naimah ◽  
Norzita Ngadi ◽  
Zaki Yamani Zakaria ◽  
Jusoh Mazura
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Coconut Water ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Water Effect ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Heat Transfer Efficiency

In this research, coconut water was concentrated by applying progressive freeze concentration (PFC) using coil crystallizer. Overall heat transfer coefficient (U) was analyzed from the process by varying different coolant temperature values since both of them are closely related. In this case, heat transfer efficiency depends strongly on ice crystal formed on the inner cooled surface and is explained theoretically from that angle. At optimum flowrate, operation time and initial concentration best results were observed at-10oC of coolant temperature where the concentration efficiency and effective partition constant (K) obtained were 48% and 0.2 respectively. Meanwhile, U obtained at the first and second stages were 183.0046 W/m2oC but dropped at lower value at later stage at 154.9625 W/m2oC due to ice fouling.

Progressive Freeze Concentration for Wastewater Treatment from Food Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 797 ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Hanim Ab Hamid ◽  
Siti Nurajjar Jami
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Wastewater Sample ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
K Value ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Simulated Wastewater ◽  
Crystal Block

Crystallization technique is one of the potential techniques to deal with wastewater treatment. In this work, progressive freeze concentration (PFC) technique was studied for its effectiveness in wastewater treatment from food industry. In PFC, pure water is produced in the form of ice crystal block and leave behind a higher concentration solution. The effect of coolant temperature and stirring speed on the effective partition constant (K) and solute recovery (Y) were investigated. Glucose solution was used as simulated wastewater sample. The best conditions were found at the moderate coolant temperature of -10°C and maximum stirring speed of 500 rpm, resulted in the lowest K value and highest Y, lead to the highest efficiency on the wastewater treatment.

scholarly journals Optimisation of stormwater purification in progressive freeze concentration: Stirring speed and initial concentration

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Farah Hanim Ab Hamid ◽  
Nur Asyida Mohd Asyrul
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
High Toxicity ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Best Value

A method has been earnestly studied which is progressive freeze concentration (PFC). In this study, zinc chloride dissolved in distilled water has been used to signify stormwater as its amount is the highest and high toxicity in actual stormwater. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the optimum condition of the process. The experiment was run by using the data generated from STATISTICA software with constant coolant temperature and rotation time which is at −8 °C and 15 minutes. The interaction between the process conditions gave significant effects to the effective partition constant (K) and solute recovery (Y). The predicted optimum condition for the system within the experimental ranges would be a stirring speed of 245 rpm and initial concentration of 6.846 mg/L with the best value for K and Y are predicted at 0.3357 and 0.5856, respectively. Shortage of clean water supply, flooding and excessive stormwater runoff became a concern towards the human being as these problems cannot be simply solved by building a specific pipeline system. Thus, an excellent approach and process needed to manage and purify the stormwater as well as transform it as one of the clean water resources.

Behaviour of Ice Crystal Growth in a Vertical Finned Cylindrical Freeze Concentrator

2014 ◽  
Vol 695 ◽  
pp. 451-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amran Nurul Aini ◽  
Samsuri Shafirah ◽  
Norzita Ngadi ◽  
Zaki Yamani Zakaria ◽  
Jusoh Mazura
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Glucose Solution ◽  
Circulation Time ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Ice Production

Behaviours of ice crystal growth at two different operating parameters namely coolant temperature and circulation time were investigated for progressive freeze concentration (PFC) of glucose solution through a vertical finned crystallizer (VFC). Two determinant parameters which are ice production rate (mu), and water recovery (WR) were used to illustrate the behaviours of ice crystal growth in this study. From the result, higher ice production rate (mu) and water recovery (WR) were achieved at lower coolant temperature. On the other hand, longer circulation time resulted in lower ice production rate (mu), but at the same time increased the water recovery (WR). The maximum ice production rate (mu) and water recovery (WR) attained through this study were 1.522 gm-2s-1 and 51.131 %, respectively.

Effect of Coolant Temperature on Progressive Freeze Concentration of Refined, Bleached and Deodorised Palm Oil based on Process Efficiency and Heat Transfer

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norshafika Yahya ◽  
Zaki Yamani Zakaria ◽  
Noorhalieza Ali ◽  
Mazura Jusoh
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Fractionation Process ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Conventional Fractionation ◽  
Heat Transfer Efficiency

In this paper, raw material of refined bleached and deodorised palm oil (RBDPO) was separated into olein and stearin by applying progressive freeze concentration (PFC) as an alternative method to replace the conventional fractionation process using coil crystallizer. Overall heat transfer coefficient (U) was analyzed from the process by varying different coolant temperature values since both of them are closely related each other. In this case, heat transfer efficiency depends strongly on crystal of stearin formed on the inner wall of cooled surface and is explained theoretically from that angle.  At optimum flowrate, operation time and initial iodine value (IV), the best results were observed at 28ºC of coolant temperature where high IV of olein and effective partition constant (K) obtained were 55.8 wijs and 0.27 respectively. Meanwhile, the highest U obtained at coolant temperature 28oC same as result for process efficiency at 392.9183 W/m².K and time at 55 min.

scholarly journals Evaluation of nanofluids performance for simulated microprocessor

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 2227-2236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aysha Siddiqui ◽  
Waqas Arshad ◽  
Hafiz Ali ◽  
Muzaffar Ali ◽  
Muhammad Nasir
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Base Fluid ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

In this investigation, deionized water was used as base fluid. Two different types of nanoparticles, namely Al2O3 and Cu were used with 0.251% and 0.11% volumetric concentrations in the base fluid, respectively. Nanofluids cooling rate for flat heat sink used to cool a microprocessor was observed and compared with the cooling rate of pure water. An equivalent microprocessor heat generator i. e. a heated Cu cylinder was used for controlled experimentation. Two surface heaters, each of 130 W power, were responsible for heat generation. The experiment was performed at the flow rates of 0.45, 0.55, 0.65, 0.75, and 0.85 liter per minute. The main focus of this research was to minimize the base temperature and to increase the overall heat transfer coefficient. The lowest base temperature achieved was 79.45 oC by Al2O3 nanofluid at Reynolds number of 751. Although, Al2O3-water nanofluid showed superior performance in overall heat transfer coefficient enhancement and thermal resistance reduction as compared to other tested fluids. However, with the increase of Reynolds number, Cu-water nanofluid showed better trends of thermal enhancement than Al2O3-water nanofluid, particularly at high Reynolds number ranges.

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT OF MOUNTAIN MASSIVE ON TEMPERATURE MODE OF GEOTHERMAL CIRCULATION SYSTEM

2018 ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
Yu. P. Morozov
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Fluid Motion ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Thermal Processes ◽  
Temperature Mode ◽  
Heat Influx ◽  
Stationary Heat Transfer

Based on the solution of the problem of non-stationary heat transfer during fluid motion in underground permeable layers, dependence was obtained to determine the operating time of the geothermal circulation system in the regime of constant and falling temperatures. It has been established that for a thickness of the layer H <4 m, the influence of heat influxes at = 0.99 and = 0.5 is practically the same, but for a thickness of the layer H> 5 m, the influence of heat inflows depends significantly on temperature. At a thickness of the permeable formation H> 20 m, the heat transfer at = 0.99 has virtually no effect on the thermal processes in the permeable formation, but at = 0.5 the heat influx, depending on the speed of movement, can be from 50 to 90%. Only at H> 50 m, the effect of heat influx significantly decreases and amounts, depending on the filtration rate, from 50 to 10%. The thermal effect of the rock mass with its thickness of more than 10 m, the distance between the discharge circuit and operation, as well as the speed of the coolant have almost no effect on the determination of the operating time of the GCS in constant temperature mode. During operation of the GCS at a dimensionless coolant temperature = 0.5, the velocity of the coolant is significant. With an increase in the speed of the coolant in two times, the error changes by 1.5 times.

scholarly journals A numerical model and validation of phase change material integrated thermoelectric radiant cooling panel

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 01001
Author(s):  
Hansol Lim ◽  
Hye-Jin Cho ◽  
Seong-Yong Cheon ◽  
Soo-Jin Lee ◽  
Jae-Weon Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Numerical Model ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Phase Change Material ◽  
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Radiant Cooling ◽  
Change Material

A phase change material based radiant cooling panel with thermoelectric module (PCM-TERCP) is proposed in this study. It consists of two aluminium panels, and phase change materials (PCMs) sandwiched between the two panels. Thermoelectric modules (TEMs) are attached to one of the aluminium panels, and heat sinks are attached to the top side of TEMs. PCM-TERCP is a thermal energy storage concept equipment, in which TEMs freeze the PCM during the night whose melting temperature is 16○C. Therefore, the radiant cooling panel can maintain a surface temperature of 16◦C without the operation of TEM during the day. Furthermore, it is necessary to design the PCM-TERCP in a way that it can maintain the panel surface temperature during the targeted operating time. Therefore, the numerical model was developed using finite difference method to evaluate the thermal behaviour of PCM-TERCP. Experiments were also conducted to validate the performance of the developed model. Using the developed model, the possible operation time was investigated to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient required between radiant cooling panel and TEM. Consequently, the results showed that a overall heat transfer coefficient of 394 W/m2K is required to maintain the surface temperature between 16○C to 18○C for a 3 hours operation.

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