Effect of Coolant Temperature on Desalination Process via Progressive Freeze Concentration

2014 ◽  
Vol 695 ◽  
pp. 443-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ab. Hamid Farah Hanim ◽  
A.Rahim Norfatiha ◽  
Norzita Ngadi ◽  
Zaki Yamani Zakaria ◽  
Jusoh Mazura
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Salinity Reduction ◽  
The World ◽  
Crystal Block

The world is still suffering from a shortage of clean water supply and the problem is expected to become more serious in the future. Consequently, researchers have been trying to find the best solution to address this problem by introducing new desalination technologies that are able to accommodate the demand for clean water which is increasing from time to time. One of the new technologies introduced is the desalination of seawater through freeze concentration. In this study, progressive freeze concentration (PFC) is implemented to produce pure water in the form of ice crystal block and leave behind a higher concentration solution. The effect of coolant temperature was investigated and the efficiency of the system was reviewed based on the value of effective partition constant, K which is defined by the ratio of solute in ice and liquid phase. The low value of K leads to the best efficiency for the system. Apart from that, the efficiency, E% and salinity reduction were also calculated in order to determine the system performance.

Desalination of seawater through progressive freeze concentration using a coil crystallizer

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Hanim Ab. Hamid ◽  
Norfatiha A. Rahim ◽  
Anwar Johari ◽  
Norzita Ngadi ◽  
Zaki Yamani Zakaria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Crystal Block

In this century, the shortage of clean water supply is an issue of concern and the problem is expected to become more serious in the future. Consequently, researchers are trying to find the best solution to address this problem by introducing new desalination technologies that are able to accommodate the increasing demand for clean water. One of the new technologies introduced is desalination of seawater through freeze concentration. In this study, progressive freeze concentration (PFC) was implemented to produce pure water in the form of an ice crystal block, leaving behind higher concentration seawater using a coil crystallizer. The effect of operating parameters such as initial concentration and coolant temperature were investigated. Meanwhile, the efficiency of the system was reviewed based on the value of the effective partition constant K which is defined by the ratio of solute in ice and liquid phase. A low value of K indicates when the system is most efficient. In addition, the results for the overall heat transfer coefficient are also presented to observe the heat transfer involved in the system.

Progressive Freeze Concentration for Wastewater Treatment from Food Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 797 ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Hanim Ab Hamid ◽  
Siti Nurajjar Jami
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Wastewater Sample ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
K Value ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Simulated Wastewater ◽  
Crystal Block

Crystallization technique is one of the potential techniques to deal with wastewater treatment. In this work, progressive freeze concentration (PFC) technique was studied for its effectiveness in wastewater treatment from food industry. In PFC, pure water is produced in the form of ice crystal block and leave behind a higher concentration solution. The effect of coolant temperature and stirring speed on the effective partition constant (K) and solute recovery (Y) were investigated. Glucose solution was used as simulated wastewater sample. The best conditions were found at the moderate coolant temperature of -10°C and maximum stirring speed of 500 rpm, resulted in the lowest K value and highest Y, lead to the highest efficiency on the wastewater treatment.

scholarly journals Optimisation of stormwater purification in progressive freeze concentration: Stirring speed and initial concentration

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Farah Hanim Ab Hamid ◽  
Nur Asyida Mohd Asyrul
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
High Toxicity ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Best Value

A method has been earnestly studied which is progressive freeze concentration (PFC). In this study, zinc chloride dissolved in distilled water has been used to signify stormwater as its amount is the highest and high toxicity in actual stormwater. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the optimum condition of the process. The experiment was run by using the data generated from STATISTICA software with constant coolant temperature and rotation time which is at −8 °C and 15 minutes. The interaction between the process conditions gave significant effects to the effective partition constant (K) and solute recovery (Y). The predicted optimum condition for the system within the experimental ranges would be a stirring speed of 245 rpm and initial concentration of 6.846 mg/L with the best value for K and Y are predicted at 0.3357 and 0.5856, respectively. Shortage of clean water supply, flooding and excessive stormwater runoff became a concern towards the human being as these problems cannot be simply solved by building a specific pipeline system. Thus, an excellent approach and process needed to manage and purify the stormwater as well as transform it as one of the clean water resources.

Progressive Freeze Concentration of Coconut Water: Effect of Coolant Temperature on Process Efficiency and Heat Transfer

2014 ◽  
Vol 695 ◽  
pp. 447-450
Author(s):  
Safiei Nor Zanariah ◽  
Mohamed Nor Noor Naimah ◽  
Norzita Ngadi ◽  
Zaki Yamani Zakaria ◽  
Jusoh Mazura
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Coconut Water ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Water Effect ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Heat Transfer Efficiency

In this research, coconut water was concentrated by applying progressive freeze concentration (PFC) using coil crystallizer. Overall heat transfer coefficient (U) was analyzed from the process by varying different coolant temperature values since both of them are closely related. In this case, heat transfer efficiency depends strongly on ice crystal formed on the inner cooled surface and is explained theoretically from that angle. At optimum flowrate, operation time and initial concentration best results were observed at-10oC of coolant temperature where the concentration efficiency and effective partition constant (K) obtained were 48% and 0.2 respectively. Meanwhile, U obtained at the first and second stages were 183.0046 W/m2oC but dropped at lower value at later stage at 154.9625 W/m2oC due to ice fouling.

Behaviour of Ice Crystal Growth in a Vertical Finned Cylindrical Freeze Concentrator

2014 ◽  
Vol 695 ◽  
pp. 451-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amran Nurul Aini ◽  
Samsuri Shafirah ◽  
Norzita Ngadi ◽  
Zaki Yamani Zakaria ◽  
Jusoh Mazura
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Glucose Solution ◽  
Circulation Time ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Ice Production

Behaviours of ice crystal growth at two different operating parameters namely coolant temperature and circulation time were investigated for progressive freeze concentration (PFC) of glucose solution through a vertical finned crystallizer (VFC). Two determinant parameters which are ice production rate (mu), and water recovery (WR) were used to illustrate the behaviours of ice crystal growth in this study. From the result, higher ice production rate (mu) and water recovery (WR) were achieved at lower coolant temperature. On the other hand, longer circulation time resulted in lower ice production rate (mu), but at the same time increased the water recovery (WR). The maximum ice production rate (mu) and water recovery (WR) attained through this study were 1.522 gm-2s-1 and 51.131 %, respectively.

Status Update of the Worldwide Citrus Industry

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Fox
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
The United States ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
Alcohol Production ◽  
Citrus Juice ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
The World ◽  
Citrus Production

The evolution of the World Citrus Processing industry is reviewed and current citrus production statistics are discussed. The world production of citrus, the Florida citrus outlook, and the Brazilian citrus outlook are reviewed in some detail giving the latest statistics. The production of FCOJ in Brazil is outlined and various innovative technologies that have been introduced by the Brazilian citrus industry are reviewed. Brazil’s introduction of the use of sugarcane bagasse, alcohol production from citrus as well as methods of fruit conveying are discussed in some detail. Changes in citrus juice markets over the last decade have caused new products to be introduced and the trend toward more fresh tasting less processed forms of commercial citrus juice is examined. The current trend towards not-from-concentrate in the United States and Japan is emphasized and analyzed. Finally new technologies such as freeze concentration, membrane concentration, production automation, juice quality enhancement technology, and by-product recovery technology are reviewed and their impact on world consumption patterns is addressed. Paper published with permission.

Progressive Freeze Concentration of Coconut Water

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazura Jusoh ◽  
Noor Naimah Mohamed Nor ◽  
Zaki Yamani Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Coconut Water ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
K Value ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Concentration Technique ◽  
The World ◽  
Single Block ◽  
Nutritional Compounds

In order to provide convenience for consumers around the world, it is highly beneficial if the nutritious coconut water (CW) could be concentrated and just easily be added with water for later consumption. A new concentration technique is required to eliminate some parts of the water from the CW while retaining its nutritious and unique aroma. As Progressive Freeze Concentration (PFC) could retain the nutritional compounds, it was applied to concentrate CW and reduce its volume. In PFC system, only a single block of ice is formed as a layer on the cooled surface. A coil stainless steel crystallizer was used as FC unit to investigate the enhancement of sugar content in CW. The effect of initial concentration of CW was then investigated on the performance of the PFC system through the Effective Partition Constant (K) value and increment of sugar content. It was found that low initial concentration and intermediate coolant temperature yielded lower K value and high increment of sugar content. The best K achieved was 0.3101 and the highest increment of sugar content was 53% at initial concentration of 3 %Brix and coolant temperature of 12°C.

KINERJA iLEARNING RAHARJA ASK AND NEWS (IRAN) DALAM MENDUKUNG KEGIATAN TRIDHARMA IDUHELP!

CCIT Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-33
Author(s):  
Untung Rahardja ◽  
Meta Amalya Dewi ◽  
Fitri Lisnawati
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Communication Media ◽  
Related Method ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
The World ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
System Requirements ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Care System

Advances in information technology and communications which we achieve now actually been recognized and felt in the world of education in general. Currently College Prog implement a Tridharma terms Tridharma iDuHelp!. Tridharma is one of the basic responsibilities that students must be developed simultaneously and together. In this Tridharma still there are problems in the system iDuHelp! service. So IRAN (iLearning Prog Ask and News) in collaboration with iDuHelp! in providing answers and information needed by the student. In its application in Tridharma iDuHelp! IRAN There is a related method in it, such as iLearning methods that are currently being developed. With iLearning method can facilitate conduct research in detail, accurately, and clearly by using mindmapping. Besides the method of analysis is also done with three stages  namely the identification of the problem, identifying needs, and identifying system requirements. In this study using 4 literature reviews that can be used as references in preparing this paper. In this article explained about the problems that arise and solving problems in accurately using the flow Flowchart. In the implementation of the prototype shown iDuHelp! As well as the performance of Iran. So the end result of the study is a system performance to information and communication media of Iran can maximize iDuHelp! care system  It is widely integrated in a university.

Auto Markets in the World and Strategy of Japan’s Companies

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1003-1008
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Matsuoka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Auto Industry ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Automatic Driving ◽  
The World ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Made In

In the world auto market, top three companies are VW(Volkswagen), Runault-Nissan-Mistubishi, and Toyota. About some selected countries and areas, China, England, Italy, Australia, Germany, Turkey, Russia, Sweden, USA, Brazil, UAE, Japan, Vietnam and Thailand are more competitive. However, the situation is different. Seeing monopolistic market countries and areas, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Korea, Malaysia, France, India, and Pakistan, in particular, the influence of Japan to Taiwan, India, and Pakistan is very big. But in Korea and France, their own companies’ brands occupy the market. In Japan domestic market, the overall situation is competitive. Almost all vehicles made in Japan are Japanese brand. From now on, we have to note the development of electric vehicle (EV) and other new technologies such as automatic driving and connected car. That is because they will give a great impact on the auto industry and market of Japan. Now Japan’s auto industry is going to be consolidated into three groups, Honda, Toyota group, and Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi group for seeking the scale merit of economy. Therefore, I will pay attention to the worldwide development of EV and other new technologies and the reorganization of auto companies groups.

Editorial

2017 ◽  
pp. 2-3
Author(s):  
Peter Hoar
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Editorial Team ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Design History ◽  
Recorded Sound ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The World ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
New Zealanders

Kia ora and welcome to the second issue of BackStory. The members of the Backstory Editorial Team were gratified by the encouraging response to the first issue of the journal. We hope that our currentreaders enjoy our new issue and that it will bring others to share our interest in and enjoyment of the surprisingly varied backstories of New Zealand’s art, media, and design history. This issue takes in a wide variety of topics. Imogen Van Pierce explores the controversy around the Hundertwasser Art Centre and Wairau Māori Art Gallery to be developed in Whangarei. This project has generated debate about the role of the arts and civic architecture at both the local and national levels. This is about how much New Zealanders are prepared to invest in the arts. The value of the artist in New Zealand is also examined by Mark Stocker in his article about the sculptor Margaret Butler and the local reception of her work during the late 1930s. The cultural cringe has a long genealogy. New Zealand has been photographed since the 1840s. Alan Cocker analyses the many roles that photography played in the development of local tourism during the nineteenth century. These images challenged notions of the ‘real’ and the ‘artificial’ and how new technologies mediated the world of lived experience. Recorded sound was another such technology that changed how humans experienced the world. The rise of recorded sound from the 1890s affected lives in many ways and Lewis Tennant’s contribution captures a significant tipping point in this medium’s history in New Zealand as the transition from analogue to digital sound transformed social, commercial and acoustic worlds. The New Zealand Woman’s Weekly celebrates its 85th anniversary this year but when it was launched in 1932 it seemed tohave very little chance of success. Its rival, the Mirror, had dominated the local market since its launch in 1922. Gavin Ellis investigates the Depression-era context of the Woman’s Weekly and how its founders identified a gap in the market that the Mirror was failing to fill. The work of the photographer Marti Friedlander (1908-2016) is familiar to most New Zealanders. Friedlander’s 50 year career and huge range of subjects defy easy summary. She captured New Zealanders, their lives, and their surroundings across all social and cultural borders. In the journal’s profile commentary Linda Yang celebrates Freidlander’s remarkable life and work. Linda also discusses some recent images by Friedlander and connects these with themes present in the photographer’s work from the 1960s and 1970s. The Backstory editors hope that our readers enjoy this stimulating and varied collection of work that illuminate some not so well known aspects of New Zealand’s art, media, and design history. There are many such stories yet to be told and we look forward to bringing them to you.

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