scholarly journals Impacts of precipitation and topographic conditions on the model simulation in the north of China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Sun ◽  
Zhijia Li ◽  
Ke Zhang ◽  
Tingting Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Model Simulation ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Structure Selection ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract The evaluation of hydrological models for a specific catchment is normally based on the model performance according to the selected performance criteria. However, the catchment rainfall-runoff characteristics could be used for the selection of a suitable hydrological model in study area, which, also, for the problem solve of the model application in ungauged basins. In this study, six conceptual models were applied in three semi-humid or semi-arid catchments to investigate the correlation between catchment characteristics and model structure selection. In addition, the impacts of precipitation and topography in model simulation were analyzed. The results show that runoff generation are highly impacted by catchment topographic index and land cover change, and the influence of slope for river channel is greater than mean slope for the whole catchment due to the runoff generation for partial area. For the catchments under similar climate condition, the impact of topographic features for runoff generation process is greater than the difference of precipitation. It indicates that for a specific catchment, the selection of appropriate model should base on better understanding of the rainfall-runoff relationship. The method of incorporating additional runoff generation module in the traditional model can significantly improve the accuracy of flood simulation.

scholarly journals Derivation of S-Curve from Oscillatory Hydrograph Using Digital Filter

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1456
Author(s):  
Kee-Won Seong ◽  
Jang Hyun Sung
Keyword(s):  
Digital Filter ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Small Watershed ◽  
Unit Hydrograph ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
S Curve ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Smooth Data

An oscillatory S-curve causes unexpected fluctuations in a unit hydrograph (UH) of desired duration or an instantaneous UH (IUH) that may affect the constraints for hydrologic stability. On the other hand, the Savitzky–Golay smoothing and differentiation filter (SG filter) is a digital filter known to smooth data without distorting the signal tendency. The present study proposes a method based on the SG filter to cope with oscillatory S-curves. Compared to previous conventional methods, the application of the SG filter to an S-curve was shown to drastically reduce the oscillation problems on the UH and IUH. In this method, the SG filter parameters are selected to give the minimum influence on smoothing and differentiation. Based on runoff reproduction results and performance criteria, it appears that the SG filter performed both smoothing and differentiation without the remarkable variation of hydrograph properties such as peak or time-to peak. The IUH, UH, and S-curve were estimated using storm data from two watersheds. The reproduced runoffs showed high levels of model performance criteria. In addition, the analyses of two other watersheds revealed that small watershed areas may experience scale problems. The proposed method is believed to be valuable when error-prone data are involved in analyzing the linear rainfall–runoff relationship.

scholarly journals Comments on "Researcher bias: The use of machine learning in software defect prediction"

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chakkrit Tantithamthavorn ◽  
Shane McIntosh ◽  
Ahmed E Hassan ◽  
Kenichi Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Defect Prediction ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Software Defect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

Shepperd et al. (2014) find that the reported performance of a defect prediction model shares a strong relationship with the group of researchers who construct the models. In this paper, we perform an alternative investigation of Shepperd et al. (2014)’s data. We observe that (a) researcher group shares a strong association with the dataset and metric families that are used to build a model; (b) the strong association among the explanatory variables introduces a large amount of interference when interpreting the impact of the researcher group on model performance; and (c) after mitigating the interference, we find that the researcher group has a smaller impact than the metric family. These observations lead us to conclude that the relationship between the researcher group and the performance of a defect prediction model may have more to do with the tendency of researchers to reuse experimental components (e.g., datasets and metrics). We recommend that researchers experiment with a broader selection of datasets and metrics to combat potential bias in their results.

scholarly journals A Statistical Vertically Mixed Runoff Model for Regions Featured by Complex Runoff Generation Process

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2324
Author(s):  
Peng Lin ◽  
Pengfei Shi ◽  
Tao Yang ◽  
Chong-Yu Xu ◽  
Zhenya Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Distributed Model ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Efficiency Coefficient ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Runoff Model

Hydrological models for regions characterized by complex runoff generation process been suffer from a great weakness. A delicate hydrological balance triggered by prolonged wet or dry underlying condition and variable extreme rainfall makes the rainfall-runoff process difficult to simulate with traditional models. To this end, this study develops a novel vertically mixed model for complex runoff estimation that considers both the runoff generation in excess of infiltration at soil surface and that on excess of storage capacity at subsurface. Different from traditional models, the model is first coupled through a statistical approach proposed in this study, which considers the spatial heterogeneity of water transport and runoff generation. The model has the advantage of distributed model to describe spatial heterogeneity and the merits of lumped conceptual model to conveniently and accurately forecast flood. The model is tested through comparison with other four models in three catchments in China. The Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient and the ratio of qualified results increase obviously. Results show that the model performs well in simulating various floods, providing a beneficial means to simulate floods in regions with complex runoff generation process.

scholarly journals Effects of Roughness Coefficients and Complex Hillslope Morphology on Runoff Variables under Laboratory Conditions

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoud Meshkat ◽  
Nosratollah Amanian ◽  
Ali Talebi ◽  
Mahboobeh Kiani-Harchegani ◽  
Jesús Rodrigo-Comino
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Peak Discharge ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
P Value ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Time Of Concentration ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

The geometry of hillslopes (plan and profile) affects soil erosion under rainfall-runoff processes. This issue comprises of several factors, which must be identified and assessed if efficient control measures are to be designed. The main aim of the current research was to investigate the impact of surface Roughness Coefficients (RCs) and Complex Hillslopes (CHs) on runoff variables viz. time of generation, time of concentration, and peak discharge value. A total of 81 experiments were conducted with a rainfall intensity of 7 L min−1 on three types of soils with different RCs (i.e., low = 0.015, medium = 0.016, and high = 0.018) and CHs (i.e., profile curvature and plan shape). An inclination of 20% was used for three replications. The results indicate a significant difference (p-value ≤ 0.001) in the above-mentioned runoff variables under different RCs and CHs. Our investigation of the combined effects of RCs and CHs on the runoff variables shows that the plan and profile impacts are consistent with a variation in RC. This can implicate that at low RC, the effect of the plan shape (i.e., convergent) on runoff variables increases but at high RC, the impact of the profile curvature overcomes the plan shapes and the profile curvature’s changes become the criteria for changing the behavior of the runoff variables. The lowest mean values of runoff generation and time of concentration were obtained in the convex-convergent and the convex-divergent at 1.15 min and 2.68 min, respectively, for the soil with an RC of 0.015. The highest mean of peak discharge was obtained in the concave-divergent CH in the soil with an RC of 0.018. We conclude that these results can be useful in order to design planned soil erosion control measures where the soil roughness and slope morphology play a key role in activating runoff generation.

Distributed Hydrologic Modeling in Northwest Mexico Reveals the Links between Runoff Mechanisms and Evapotranspiration

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 785-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustín Robles-Morua ◽  
Enrique R. Vivoni ◽  
Alex S. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Hydrologic Model ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Limited Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A distributed hydrologic model is used to evaluate how runoff mechanisms—including infiltration excess (RI), saturation excess (RS), and groundwater exfiltration (RG)—influence the generation of streamflow and evapotranspiration (ET) in a mountainous region under the influence of the North American monsoon (NAM). The study site, the upper Sonora River basin (~9350 km2) in Mexico, is characterized by a wide range of terrain, soil, and ecosystem conditions obtained from best available data sources. Three meteorological scenarios are compared to explore the impact of spatial and temporal variations of meteorological characteristics on land surface processes and to identify the value of North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) forcing products in the NAM region. The following scenarios are considered for a 1-yr period: 1) a sparse network of ground-based stations, 2) raw forcing products from NLDAS, and 3) NLDAS products adjusted using available station data. These scenarios are discussed in light of spatial distributions of precipitation, streamflow, and runoff mechanisms during annual, seasonal, and monthly periods. This study identified that the mode of runoff generation impacts seasonal relations between ET and soil moisture in the water-limited region. In addition, ET rates at annual and seasonal scales were related to the runoff mechanism proportions, with an increase in ET when RS was dominant and a decrease in ET when RI was more important. The partitioning of runoff mechanisms also helps explain the monthly progression of runoff ratios in these seasonally wet hydrologic systems. Understanding the complex interplay between seasonal responses of runoff mechanisms and evapotranspiration can yield information that is of interest to hydrologists and water managers.

scholarly journals Conceptual Rainfall–Runoff Model Performance with Different Spatial Rainfall Inputs

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1100-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vaze ◽  
D. A. Post ◽  
F. H. S. Chiew ◽  
J.-M. Perraud ◽  
J. Teng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Simulation ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
Rainfall Series ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Rainfall Time Series ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
Runoff Model

Abstract Different methods have been used to obtain the daily rainfall time series required to drive conceptual rainfall–runoff models, depending on data availability, time constraints, and modeling objectives. This paper investigates the implications of different rainfall inputs on the calibration and simulation of 4 rainfall–runoff models using data from 240 catchments across southeast Australia. The first modeling experiment compares results from using a single lumped daily rainfall series for each catchment obtained from three methods: single rainfall station, Thiessen average, and average of interpolated rainfall surface. The results indicate considerable improvements in the modeled daily runoff and mean annual runoff in the model calibration and model simulation over an independent test period with better spatial representation of rainfall. The second experiment compares modeling using a single lumped daily rainfall series and modeling in all grid cells within a catchment using different rainfall inputs for each grid cell. The results show only marginal improvement in the “distributed” application compared to the single rainfall series, and only in two of the four models for the larger catchments. Where a single lumped catchment-average daily rainfall series is used, care should be taken to obtain a rainfall series that best represents the spatial rainfall distribution across the catchment. However, there is little advantage in driving a conceptual rainfall–runoff model with different rainfall inputs from different parts of the catchment compared to using a single lumped rainfall series, where only estimates of runoff at the catchment outlet is required.

scholarly journals Mapping land use suitability for development of recharge wells in the Ciliwung watershed, Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-178
Author(s):  
Nyoman Suwartha ◽  
Ikhwan Maulani ◽  
Cindy Rianti Priadi ◽  
Elzavira Felaza ◽  
Tri Tjahjono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Suitability ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Reduction ◽  
Mathematical Simulations ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Weighted Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Technical Recommendations ◽  
Selection Of

Rapid population growth and the need to mitigate the impact of rainfall-runoff has made groundwater conservation a significant environmental issue in Indonesia's Ciliwung Watershed. The availability of recharge wells in developed areas is essential for groundwater conservation and runoff reduction. Selection of suitable locations for the construction of recharge wells depends on a combination of factors such as topography, soil layers, land use, and climatology. This study of land suitability for recharge well development in the Ciliwung Watershed, an area of heterogenous land use, employed GPS-based weighted data on technical geology, soil type, soil hydrology group, groundwater level, slope, average rainfall, and land use. Mathematical simulations were performed to develop a land suitability map. The findings indicate that only 2% of the total area (in Cisarua, Bogor) is ideal for the construction of recharge wells, and that 48% of existing recharge wells in the Jakarta area are situated in a suitable zone. The results provide a basis for technical recommendations for future construction of recharge wells in the Ciliwung Watershed.

scholarly journals The effects of spatial discretization on performances and parameters of urban hydrological model

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Chang ◽  
So Kazama ◽  
Yoshiya Touge ◽  
Shunsuke Aita
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
Sensing Technology ◽  
Impervious Area ◽  
Runoff Modeling ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Selecting a proper spatial resolution for urban rainfall runoff modeling was not a trivial issue because it could affect the model outputs. Recently, the development of remote sensing technology and increasingly available data source had enabled rainfall runoff process to be modeled at detailed and microscales. However, the models with less complexity might have equally good performance with less model establishment and computation time. This study attempted to explore the impact of model spatial resolution on model performance and parameters. Models with different discretization degree were built up on the basis of actual drainage networks, urban parcels and specific land use. The results showed that there was very little difference in the total runoff volumes while peak flows showed obvious scale effects which could be up to 30%. Generally, model calibration could compensate the scale effect. The calibrated models with different resolution showed similar performances. The consideration of effective impervious area (EIA) as a calibration parameter marginally increased performance of the calibration period but also slightly decreased performance in the validation period which indicated the importance of detailed EIA identification.

Air—sea C0 2 transfer and the carbon budget of the North Atlantic

1995 ◽  
Vol 348 (1324) ◽  
pp. 211-219 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Carbon Budget ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Bering Strait ◽  
Carbon Export ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Ocean Carbon ◽  
The Impact

A model simulation of the global carbon cycle demonstrates that the biological and solubility pumps are of comparable importance in determining the spatial distribution of annual mean air-sea fluxes in the Atlantic. The model also confirms that the impact of the (steady state) biological pump on the magnitude and spatial distribution of anthropogenic CO 2 uptake is minimal. An Atlantic Ocean carbon budget developed from analysis of the model combined with observations suggests that the air-sea flux of carbon is inadequate to supply the postulated large dissolved inorganic carbon export from the Atlantic. Other sources of carbon are required, such as an input from the Pacific via the Bering Strait and Arctic, river inflow, or an import of dissolved organic carbon.

scholarly journals PERSiST: the precipitation, evapotranspiration and runoff simulator for solute transport

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 8635-8681 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. Futter ◽  
M. A. Erlandsson ◽  
D. Butterfield ◽  
P. G. Whitehead ◽  
S. K. Oni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solute Transport ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Thames River ◽  
Runoff Model

Abstract. While runoff is often a first-order control on water quality, runoff generation processes and pathways can vary widely between catchments. Credible simulations of solute and pollutant transport in surface waters are dependent on models which facilitate appropriate representations of perceptual models of the runoff generation process. With a few exceptions, models used in solute transport simulations enforce a single, potentially inappropriate representation of the runoff generation process. Here, we present a flexible, semi-distributed landscape scale rainfall-runoff model suitable for simulating a broad range of user-specified perceptual models of runoff generation and stream flow occurring in different climatic regions and landscape types. PERSiST, the Precipitation, Evapotranspiration and Runoff Simulator for Solute Transport; is designed for simulating present day conditions and projecting possible future effects of climate or land use change on runoff, catchment water storage and solute transport. PERSiST has limited data requirements and is calibrated using observed time series of precipitation, air temperature and runoff at one or more points in a river network. Here, we present a first application of the model to the Thames River in the UK and describe a Monte Carlo tool for parameter optimization and sensitivity analysis.

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