The Occurrence and Viability of Giardia spp. Cysts in UK Waters

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Gilmour ◽  
H. V. Smith ◽  
P. G. Smith ◽  
G. P. Morris ◽  
R. W. A. Girdwood
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Recreational Waters ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Vital Dye ◽  
Sewage Effluents

Modifications of the existing methods for the isolation of Giardia spp. cysts from water enabled up to 33% of seeded cysts to be recovered. Using this method, 263 environmental samples were analysed for the presence of cysts, of which 34.4% were positive. All sewage effluents, 85% of recreational waters, 46% of raw potable water samples and 22% of treated water samples contained cysts (range 0.14 - 359/litre). A higher percentage of positive samples occurred in the summer and autumn in raw water, whereas the levels of cysts in treated waters showed little seasonal variation. A fluorogenic vital dye assay, which compares favourably with in vitro excystation, has been developed, and using this assay, viable cysts wire detected in 33% of the positive raw water samples and 42% of the positive treated water samples.

Halogenated Phenols in Water at Forty Canadian Potable Water Treatment Facilities

1986 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 807-810
Author(s):  
Bishop B Sithole ◽  
David T Williams
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Halogenated Phenols ◽  
Potable Water Treatment

Abstract Samples of raw and treated water were collected once in each of 3 seasons at 40 potable water treatment plants across Canada and were analyzed for phenol and 33 halogenated phenolic compounds including chlorophenols, bromophenols, bromochlorophenols, and chloroguaiacols. Eighteen of the compounds were not found at any treatment plant; phenol and each of the remaining halogenated phenols were found in at least 1 sample. Pentachlorophenol was the only halogenated phenolic compound found in more than 20% of the raw water samples in the fall and winter samples at levels up to 53 ng/L with mean values of 1.9 and 2.8 ng/L, respectively. No halogenated phenols were detected in raw water summer samples. The halogenated phenols found most frequently in treated water samples were 4-chloro-, 2,4-dichloro-, 2,4,6- trichloro-, and bromodichlorophenols. Mean values were less than 15 ng/L and maximum values seldom exceeded 100 ng/L. Most of the positive values for the treated water samples were found at 8 of the 40 treatment plants but no correlations could be found between halogenated phenol levels and raw water type, treatment process, or chemical dosages.

A Comparison of In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assays and Their Application to Water Samples

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Hunt ◽  
Christina Chrzanowska ◽  
Christopher R. Barnett ◽  
Helen N. Brand ◽  
John K. Fawell
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Cloning Efficiency ◽  
Cytotoxicity Assays ◽  
River Water Samples ◽  
Vital Dye

A group of 13 compounds were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity in four test systems; MIT-24 test, inhibition of cell growth (protein method), inhibition of cell growth (vital dye method) and cloning efficiency. In general, all four assays tended to rank compounds in a similar order for toxicity. The length of the exposure period appeared to be important for some compounds. The cytotoxicity of a variety of water samples was examined in two tests; inhibition of cell growth (vital dye method) and cloning efficiency. Under the conditions in which the assays were carried out, the latter proved to be the more sensitive test. River water samples gave little or no indication of cytotoxicity, samples of domestic sewage effluent gave some evidence of cytotoxicity, while an industrial effluent was markedly cytotoxic.

scholarly journals Radon Concentrations in Raw Water and Treated Water Used for Bottled Water in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5313
Author(s):  
Byong Wook Cho ◽  
Jae Hong Hwang ◽  
Byeong Dae Lee ◽  
Yong Hwa Oh ◽  
Chang Oh Choo
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
Water Tanks ◽  
Radon Concentrations

Radon concentrations in the raw water and treated water used for 59 brands of bottled water produced in South Korea were analysed. The radon levels in 59 raw water samples ranged from 3.7 to 476.8 Bq/L, with a geometric mean of 49.0 Bq/L. The mean radon levels in raw water samples were high in Jurassic granite aquifers and low in volcanic rock aquifers. However, the maximum radon levels were observed in metamorphic rock aquifers. The concentrations in 55 treated water samples ranged from 0.1 to 239.4 Bq/L, with a geometric mean of 7.7 Bq/L. In treated water, radon levels decreased by 16.0–98.9% (average, 74.9%) due mainly to storage in water tanks and treatment with granular activated carbon (GAC) filters. The radon levels in raw water and treated water samples exceeded the US EPA alternative maximum contaminant level (AMCL) of 148 Bq/L by 16.9% and 1.8%, respectively. Considering the radon reduction rate, it is anticipated that the radon concentrations in bottled water in stores will not exceed 148 Bq/L because it takes about 1–2 weeks for treated water to reach the customer as bottled water.

scholarly journals A Breakthrough in Water Purification Using an Oligodynamic Metal and Moringa Oleifera Seed

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alakaparampil Joseph Varkey
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Power Source ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Moringa Oleifera Seed

A simple, efficient and stand-alone method for purification of river water using moringa seed powder and copper is discussed. Coagulant property of the seed powder clears turbid raw water and the oligodynamic activity of copper completely destroys E.coli bacteria. Both raw and treated water samples were tested for contaminants to verify the efficacy of the system. Treated water has turbidity in the range 3 NTU - 5 NTU and non-detected (< 1 MPN/100 mL) E.coli count making it suitable for drinking. The technique is very cost effective and can be practiced anywhere using locally available materials. It does not require a power source or any technical assistance. Being a stand-alone system the technique exceptionally useful in providing drinking water as an immediate solution in disaster areas affected by cyclone or floods.

scholarly journals Legionella feeleii: Ubiquitous Pathogen in the Environment and Causative Agent of Pneumonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucianna Vaccaro ◽  
Thiago Santos Gomes ◽  
Fernando Izquierdo ◽  
Angela Magnet ◽  
Sergio Llorens Berzosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Older Woman ◽  
First Case ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Insulin Dependent ◽  
Legionnaires Disease

L. feeleii is one of the most frequent Legionella species isolated from natural pools of the central region of Spain. This study aimed to evaluate its ecology and to identify this Legionella species as a respiratory pathogen. A PCR assay for detecting the L. feeleii mip gene was developed to identify it in clinical and environmental samples. Culture and PCR were performed in environmental samples from four drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). Free L. feeleii was only detected in raw water samples (3.4%), while L. feeleii as an Acanthamoeba endosymbiont was found in 30.7% of raw water, 11.5% of decanter biofilm, and 32% of finished water samples. Therefore, Acanthamoeba spp. plays an essential role in the multiplication, persistence, and spread of Legionella species in the environment. The first case of Legionnaires’ disease caused by L. feeleii in Spain is described in this study. The case was diagnosed in an older woman through PCR and sequencing from urine and sputum samples. A respiratory infection could be linked with health care procedures, and the patient presented several risk factors (age, insulin-dependent diabetes, and heart disease). The detection of non-L. pneumophila, such as L. feeleii, is a factor that must be considered when establishing or reviewing measures for the control and prevention of legionellosis.

scholarly journals Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Drinking Water Treatment Plants from Korea: Occurrence and Human Exposure

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2645
Author(s):  
Wonjin Sim ◽  
Sol Choi ◽  
Gyojin Choo ◽  
Mihee Yang ◽  
Ju-Hyun Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Perfluoroalkyl Substances ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Water Treatment Plants

In this study, the concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFR) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were investigated in raw water and treated water samples obtained from 18 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). The ∑13OPFR concentrations in the treated water samples (29.5–122 ng/L; median 47.5 ng/L) were lower than those in the raw water (37.7–231 ng/L; median 98.1 ng/L), which indicated the positive removal rates (0–80%) of ∑13OPFR in the DWTPs. The removal efficiencies of ∑27PFAS in the DWTPs ranged from −200% to 50%, with the ∑27PFAS concentrations in the raw water (4.15–154 ng/L; median 32.0 ng/L) being similar to or lower than those in the treated water (4.74–116 ng/L; median 42.2 ng/L). Among OPFR, tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were dominant in both raw water and treated water samples obtained from the DWTPs. The dominant PFAS (perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA)) in the raw water samples were slightly different from those in the treated water samples (PFOA, L-perfluorohexane sulfonate (L-PFHxS), and PFHxA). The 95-percentile daily intakes of ∑13OPFR and ∑27PFAS via drinking water consumption were estimated to be up to 4.9 ng/kg/d and 0.22 ng/kg/d, respectively. The hazard index values of OPFR and PFAS were lower than 1, suggesting the risks less than known hazardous levels.

Development of a method to selectively isolate pathogenic Leptospira from environmental samples

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 275-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richa Wilson ◽  
Roger Fujioka
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Pathogenic Leptospira ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Isolation Methods ◽  
Internal Body

Current isolation methods are incapable of selectively recovering pathogenic Leptospira from environmental samples which contain saprophytic Leptospira. In this study the Faine's Test and the Modified Faine's Test, both of which simulate internal body conditions, were evaluated to promote the growth of the pathogen in vitro while inhibiting the growth of the saprophyte. Only the saprophytic Leptospira were found to be inhibited by the test conditions provided. These tests were used for the isolation of pathogenic Leptospira from soil and stream water samples. Preliminary data suggest that Faine's Test and the Modified Faine's Test may be useful in serving this purpose.

scholarly journals Safety Evaluation of Mangifera Indica Bark for Raw Water Purification

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Banke Mary Okunlola ◽  
◽  
Udeme Joshua Josiah Ijah ◽  
Jonathan Yisa ◽  
Olabisi Peter Abioye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Purification ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Calcium Hypochlorite ◽  
Treated Water

Background: Synthetic coagulants commonly used for water treatment are associated with undesirable properties, such as inefficacy and toxicity in addition to being expensive. Natural coagulants are considered safe and economical alternatives for developing countries where the plants are abundantly available. Methods: The phytochemical composition and safety of water samples treated with Mangifera indica (M. indica) were evaluated in 13 groups of albino rats (N=36) for four weeks and compared with water samples treated with alum and calcium hypochlorite, using biochemical and hematological parameters. Results: Mangifera indica bark contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, terpenes, steroids and cardiac glycoside. Both the raw water samples (rivers, ponds & streams) and treated waters (alum, calcium hypochlorite and plant material) did not caused any significant (p>0.05) changes to the activities or levels of transaminases (AST and ALT), alkaline phosphatase, total serum proteins, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, platelet and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration compared with those in normal control rats. Water samples treated with M. indica caused significant increases (p<0.05) in packed cell volume, hemoglobin, and red blood cells of the animals while the untreated water samples significantly increased the white blood cell. However, alum treated water significantly increased (p<0.05) the concentrations of serum urea, sodium and potassium while calcium hypochlorite treated water significantly (p<0.05) increased the creatinine and potassium concentrations. Conclusion: The use of M. indica bark in water purification confers hematopoietic properties to the water and reduces adverse effects on the biochemical parameters, thus could be considered as an effective and safe agent for water purification.

scholarly journals Hydrochemical Evaluation of Raw Water and Treated Water in the Liquefaction Plant of Kirkuk Unified Water Project Using WQI Technique, Northern Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1E) ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
Ashty Al-Salihy ◽  
Soran Sadeq ◽  
Hassan Al-Jumaily
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Human Life ◽  
World Health ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Water Project ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
Health Organization

Potable water is one of the main sources for the sustainability and development of human life. The current study aimed to assess the hydrochemistry of water in the unified Kirkuk water project (as it supplies the neighborhoods of the city with drinking water) for the dry and wet season (2019-2020) and the efficiency of the plant in water purification. Eleven samples were collected for the dry and wet season (W1-W11) from raw water, before adding alum, after adding alum, sterilization basin, ground tanks and tap water. The major and minor elements (Ca+ 2, Mg+2, Na +, K +, HCO3-, SO4-2, Cl-, NO3-) were analyzed respectively. The chemical and physical properties are measured which include pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and turbidity. The results showed that they are in conformity with the specifications of the World Health Organization and the Iraqi Standard Specifications for the two seasons (dry and wet), except for the turbidity concentration in raw water for the two seasons, which was higher than the permissible limits due to weathering and erosion of geological layers as well as washing of agricultural lands and soils with rainwater. The application of the Water Quality Index indicated that the raw water samples were not suitable for drinking as they were classified under the category (unsuitable water), while the treated water samples were classified under the category (good water) for the dry and wet seasons.

The Occurrence of Cryptosporidium Spp. Oocysts in Scottish Waters, and the Development of a Fluorogenic Viability Assay for Individual Cryptosporidium spp. Oocysts

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. V. Smith ◽  
A. M. Grimason ◽  
C. Benton ◽  
J. F. W. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Vital Dyes ◽  
Viability Assay ◽  
Fluorogenic Dyes

A total of 262 water-related samples were analysed for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, of which 39.3% were positive, over a twelve month period. Similar data were obtained for their occurrence in samples of both raw and treated water from Scotland, with 40.5% of raw water and 40.1% of treated water being positive. Fewer oocysts were detected in the summer than in the autumn, winter or spring. In a 12 month survey of water used for abstraction, oocysts were detected at various times throughout the year in both raw and treated water. A series of conventional and fluorogenic dyes was used, in conjunction with a fluorescent labelled monoclonal antibody, in an attempt to assess their potential fox imprpving the identification of oocysts in water-related samples. In addition, preliminary data regarding the possible use of fluorogenic vital dyes as indicators of in vitro excystation and viability are presented.

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