Removal of hepatitis a virus (HAV), poliovirus and MS2 coliphage by coagulation and high rate filtration

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Nasser ◽  
D. Weinberg ◽  
N. Dinoor ◽  
B. Fattal ◽  
A. Adin
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Cationic Polyelectrolyte ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Sand Column ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Operation Unit

Filtration is considered a mandatory operation unit for the production of pathogen free drinking water from surface sources. This study was undertaken to determine the removal efficiency of enteric pathogenic viruses (hepatitis A virus and poliovirus) by high rate filtration and to determine the suitability of F+bacteriophages as index for the removal of these pathogens. A jar test was used to determine the optimal flocculation dose to be used in the high rate filtration experiments. At an alum concentration of 30 mg/l, the greatest reduction was observed for HAV (88.4%) as compared with poliovirus 1 (47%) and turbidity (61%). Addition of 1 mg/l cationic polyelectrolyte improved the reduction of HAV to 98.3% by flocculation, while the removal of polio 1 and turbidity was not improved. The presence of humic acid at a concentration of 15.3 mg/l interfered with flocculation performance of HAV and turbidity, while the addition of the cationic polyelectrolyte reduced the interference appreciably. High rate filtration (20 m/hr) using a 100 cm long sand column, resulted in reduction of 99%, 93% and 80% of turbidity, MS2 and poliovirus 1, respectively. Addition of polyelectrolyte enhanced the removal of viruses and turbidity. In the presence of humic acid no virus removal was observed by high rate filtration, whereas turbidity removal was unaffected. The removal of MS2 was similar to that of HAV rather than poliovirus 1. High rate filtration was found efficient for the removal of pathogenic viruses and turbidity from surface water. Under all conditions tested the removal of turbidity was greater than that of viruses.

scholarly journals Contamination of Foods by Food Handlers: Experiments on Hepatitis A Virus Transfer to Food and Its Interruption

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 2759-2763 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bidawid ◽  
J. M. Farber ◽  
S. A. Sattar
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Infectious Hepatitis ◽  
Topical Agent ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Virus Transfer ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Water Rinsing

ABSTRACT Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an important pathogen which has been responsible for many food-borne outbreaks. HAV-excreting food handlers, especially those with poor hygienic practices, can contaminate the foods which they handle. Consumption of such foods without further processing has been known to result in cases of infectious hepatitis. Since quantitative data on virus transfer during contact of hands with foods is not available, we investigated the transfer of HAV from artificially contaminated fingerpads of adult volunteers to pieces of fresh lettuce. Touching the lettuce with artificially contaminated fingerpads for 10 s at a pressure of 0.2 to 0.4 kg/cm2resulted in transfer of 9.2% � 0.9% of the infectious virus. The pretreatments tested to interrupt virus transfer from contaminated fingerpads included (i) hard-water rinsing and towel drying, (ii) application of a domestic or commercial topical agent followed by water rinsing and towel drying, and (iii) exposure to a hand gel containing 62% ethanol or 75% liquid ethanol without water rinsing or towel drying. When the fingerpads were treated with the topical agents or alcohol before the lettuce was touched, the amount of infectious virus transferred to lettuce was reduced from 9.2% to between 0.3 and 0.6% (depending on the topical agent used), which was a reduction in virus transfer of up to 30-fold. Surprisingly, no virus transfer to lettuce was detected when the fingerpads were rinsed with water alone before the lettuce was touched. However, additional experiments with water rinsing in which smaller volumes of water were used (1 ml instead of 15 ml) showed that the rate of virus transfer to lettuce was 0.3% � 0.1%. The variability in virus transfer rates following water rinsing may indicate that the volume of water at least in part influences virus removal from the fingerpads differently, a possibility which should be investigated further. This study provided novel information concerning the rate of virus transfer to foods and a model for investigating the transfer of viral and other food-borne pathogens from contaminated hands to foods, as well as techniques for interrupting such transfer to improve food safety.

Outbreaks of Shellfish-Associated Enteric Virus Illness in the United States: Requisite for Development of Viral Guidelines

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 815-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
GARY P. RICHARDS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Norwalk Virus ◽  
Virus Contamination ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses

Outbreaks of hepatitis A, Norwalk illness, and nonspecific viral gastroenteritis are associated with consumption of sewage-contaminated shellfish. Over 100 outbreaks have been reported in the United States during the past 50 years. Reported cases of shellfish-associated enteric virus illness are on the increase, whereas bacterial illness from shellfish is on the decline. As yet, there are no procedures for detecting hepatitis A virus, Norwalk virus and numerous other pathogenic viruses in environmental samples, but virus extraction and assay procedures for water and shellfish are available for the more easily cultivated enteric viruses. Current standards rely on bacterial indicators as a means to evaluate the sanitary quality of shellfish and their growing waters, but the adequacy of using bacteria as indicators of possible virus contamination is questionable. The feasibility of employing enteroviruses or rotaviruses as possible viral indiators is discussed. It is proposed that easily cultivated enteroviruses, such as poliovirus, be used as an interim indicator for the possible presence of human pathogenic viruses in seafoods, with the subsequent formulation of guidelines to limit the levels of virus contamination in shellfish.

scholarly journals Chlorine inactivation of coliphage MS2 on strawberries by industrial-scale water washing units

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Casteel ◽  
Charles E. Schmidt ◽  
Mark D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Minimal Processing ◽  
Water Washing ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses

Fruits and vegetables (produce) intended for minimal processing are often rinsed or washed in water. Chlorine and other sanitizers are used during washing to inactivate produce spoilage microbes, but such procedures may also inactivate pathogens epidemiologically linked to produce, such as hepatitis A virus (HAV). However, no information exists on the efficacy of chlorinated wash water to inactivate HAV and other viruses on produce in actual practice, because of obvious safety concerns. In contrast, coliphage MS2 (a bacterial virus) is commonly used as a surrogate for some pathogenic viruses and may be safely used in field studies. In the present investigation, strawberries seeded with MS2 were passed through industrial-scale water washing units operated with or without added sodium hypochlorite. MS2 on strawberries was inactivated by 68%, 92% and 96% at free chlorine (FC) concentrations of ≤2, 20 and 200 ppm in wash water, respectively. MS2 was detected in wash water containing ≤2 ppm FC in one trial, but was not detected in water containing 20 or 200 ppm FC. The presence and absence of MS2 in wash water containing various levels of FC highlight the importance of controlling sanitizer levels to prevent viral cross contamination of strawberries.

Clinical and virological features of acute hepatitis A during an ongoing outbreak among men who have sex with men in the North of France

2018 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Boucher ◽  
Agnes Meybeck ◽  
Kazali Alidjinou ◽  
Thomas Huleux ◽  
Nathalie Viget ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
The North ◽  
Acute Hepatitis A ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sex With Men

ObjectivesSince February 2017, an increase of acute hepatitis A (AHA) cases has been notified in North of France. We aimed to report clinical and virological features of 49 cases treated in three hospitals in Lille European Metropolis (LEM).MethodsAll adult patients treated for AHA in 3 LEM hospitals between 20 February and 5 July 2017 were included. Demographic characteristics, exposure risk factors to hepatitis A virus (HAV), AHA manifestations and concomitant sexually transmitted infections (STI) were retrospectively recorded.ResultsForty-nine cases of AHA were diagnosed among which 34 (69%) were hospitalised. Severe AHA occurred in 7 (14%) patients. The median age of cases was 36 years. All cases except 1 were men and 32 (65%) were identified as men having sex with men (MSM). Eleven (23%) patients were HIV-infected, 5 were under HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), 6 had a history of HIV postexposure prophylaxis and 19 had a history of at least one STI. Only three patients had received HAV vaccine. Proportion of patients tested for syphilis, chlamydial and gonococcal infections was 75% (18/24) in those seen by sexual health specialists and 21% (6/29) in those seen by other specialists. At least one concomitant STI was diagnosed in 13 out of 24 tested patients (54%). RT-PCR sequencing was available for 38 cases and confirmed co-circulation of 3 different strains of subgenotype IA (VRD 521 2016: n=24, RIVM-HAV16-090: n=13, V16-25801: n=1), already identified in several European countries.ConclusionsWe are facing an outbreak of AHA among MSM in the North of France with a high rate of hospitalisation. Analysis of cases highlighted missed opportunities of vaccination and lack of concomitant STI screening. Awareness among healthcare providers and MSM should be increased and HAV vaccination promoted.

Effectiveness of depuration for hepatitis A virus removal from mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis)

2014 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Polo ◽  
Cristina Álvarez ◽  
Ángeles Longa ◽  
Jesús L. Romalde
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Virus Removal

scholarly journals Determinants of Hepatitis A Vaccine Immunity in a Cohort of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children Living in Switzerland

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1751-1757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Alex Crisinel ◽  
Klara Maria Posfay-Barbe ◽  
Christoph Aebi ◽  
Jean-Jacques Cheseaux ◽  
Christian Kahlert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Vaccine Responses ◽  
Cell Counts

ABSTRACTVaccination in HIV-infected children is often less effective than in healthy children. The goal of this study was to assess vaccine responses to hepatitis A virus (HAV) in HIV-infected children. Children of the Swiss Mother and Child HIV Cohort Study (MoCHiV) were enrolled prospectively. Recommendations for initial, catch-up, and additional HAV immunizations were based upon baseline antibody concentrations and vaccine history. HAV IgG was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a protective cutoff value defined as ≥10 mIU/ml. Eighty-seven patients were included (median age, 11 years; range, 3.4 to 21.2 years). Forty-two patients were seropositive (48.3%) for HAV. Among 45 (51.7%) seronegative patients, 36 had not received any HAV vaccine dose and were considered naïve. Vaccine responses were assessed after the first dose in 29/35 naïve patients and after the second dose in 33/39 children (25 initially naïve patients, 4 seronegative patients, and 4 seropositive patients that had already received 1 dose of vaccine). Seroconversion was 86% after 1 dose and 97% after 2 doses, with a geometric mean concentration of 962 mIU/ml after the second dose. A baseline CD4+T cell count below 750 cells/μl significantly reduced the post-2nd-dose response (P= 0.005). Despite a high rate of seroconversion, patients with CD4+T cell counts of <750/μl had lower anti-HAV antibody concentrations. This may translate into a shorter protection time. Hence, monitoring humoral immunity may be necessary to provide supplementary doses as needed.

Viruses in Mussels: Public Health Implications and Depuration

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 677-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. XAVIER ABAD ◽  
ROSA M. PINTÓ ◽  
RODRIGO GAJARDO ◽  
ALBERT BOSCH
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Adenovirus Type ◽  
Marine Water ◽  
Health Implications ◽  
Public Consumption ◽  
Enteric Adenovirus ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses

Studies were conducted in the common mussel (Mytilus spp.) to evaluate the public health implications derived from shellfish contamination with human pathogenic enteric viruses. In bioaccumulation experiments, we could verify that after 6 h of immersion of mussels in marine water contaminated with high levels of clay-associated enteric adenovirus (type 40) and human rotavirus (type 3), between 4 to 56% of the seeded viruses were adsorbed to shellfish tissues, mainly in the gills and digestive tract. We investigated the occurrence of wild-type enteric viruses in mussels from sites with different levels of fecal pollution. Pathogenic viruses could be detected in mussels from areas that, following current standards based on bacteriological quality, should be regarded as unpolluted, safe for swimming, and suitable for harvesting shellfish. Cooking experiments performed with contaminated mussels revealed that 5 min after the opening of the mussel valves, rotaviruses and hepatitis A virus could still be recovered in steamed shellfish. Under commercial depuration conditions, health-significant enteric viruses, such as rotavirus and hepatitis A virus, could be recovered from bivalves after 96 h of immersion in a continuous flow of ozonated marine water. Routine screening of bivalves for the presence of health-significant enteric viruses before public consumption may help in the prevention of outbreaks among shellfish consumers.

Efficiency of hepatitis A virus removal in six sewage treatment plants from central Tunisia

2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (24) ◽  
pp. 10759-10769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imen Ouardani ◽  
Carmen F. Manso ◽  
Mahjoub Aouni ◽  
Jesús L. Romalde
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plants ◽  
Central Tunisia

scholarly journals Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Hepatitis A Virus in the Wastewater Treatment Plant of Ekbatan Town in Tehran, Iran

2022 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitra Nasiri ◽  
Zohreh Yousefi Ghalejoogh ◽  
Angila Ataei-Pirkooh ◽  
Farah Bokharaei-Salim ◽  
Seyed Hamidreza Monavari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Virus Removal

Background: Limited sources of fresh water necessitate the application of health policies for treatment and decontamination of human sewage for further use. A wide variety of infectious agents, including bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses, can be found in sewage. Enteric viruses such as hepatitis A virus (HAV) can survive the current treatments and infect susceptible hosts. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the HAV contamination in human sewage before and after treatment in the wastewater treatment plant of Ekbatan town in Tehran, Iran, and analyze the phylogenetic properties of the identified viruses. Methods: Over a 12-month period, we collected the wastewater samples including influent, before chlorination, and effluent, from the wastewater treatment plant of Ekbatan town in Tehran, Iran. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) extraction, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) synthesis, and semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed to identify HAV contamination. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to investigate subgenotypes of the virus. Results: HAV was detected in all influents and samples before chlorination, while the virus was detected in 50% of the effluent samples. All detected viruses belonged to subgenotype IB. Conclusions: Investigating the presence of HAV in sewage provides a general picture of the virus spread in the population of interest. HAV was detected in all influent samples, indicating that the infection is endemic in this area all year round. This also indicates the inability of the current treatment protocols in virus removal, which can be a threat to the public health.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document