Main topics and recent experiences for environmental monitoring and modelling diffuse pollution

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Federico Preti
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Contamination ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Field Monitoring ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Nonpoint Pollution ◽  
Nonpoint Sources ◽  
Test Models ◽  
Basin Scale

Monitoring and modelling are two complementary instruments necessary for the analysis of pollution phenomena, such as groundwater contamination and lakes eutrophication, often generated by diffuse (nonpoint) sources (NPS). A review of scientific literature has been conducted to obtain the information necessary to develop a correct methodology relative to environmental field monitoring and modelling agricultural nonpoint pollution. A questionnaire has been handed out to several researchers who are involved in this research field in order to learn of other pertinent activities being undertaken and to facilitate the exchange of information. Testing and verification of a methodology for the analysis of contamination caused by the use of agrochemicals, based on field monitoring studies and the application of a distributed nonpoint pollution model, have been conducted in Italy. Based on the research developed and practical experience, some of the main guidelines for conducting studies of pollution processes caused by agriculture as well as a summary of theoretical and practical aspects encountered in the design of field and basin scale model validation studies and in the use of published experimental results to test models can be proposed.

scholarly journals Winter Inputs Buffer Streamflow Sensitivity to Snowpack Losses in the Salt River Watershed in the Lower Colorado River Basin

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Marcos D. Robles ◽  
John C. Hammond ◽  
Stephanie K. Kampf ◽  
Joel A. Biederman ◽  
Eleonora M. C. Demaria
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Colorado River ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Colorado River Basin ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Annual Streamflow ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Salt River ◽  
Lower Colorado River Basin ◽  
Lower Colorado River

Recent streamflow declines in the Upper Colorado River Basin raise concerns about the sensitivity of water supply for 40 million people to rising temperatures. Yet, other studies in western US river basins present a paradox: streamflow has not consistently declined with warming and snow loss. A potential explanation for this lack of consistency is warming-induced production of winter runoff when potential evaporative losses are low. This mechanism is more likely in basins at lower elevations or latitudes with relatively warm winter temperatures and intermittent snowpacks. We test whether this accounts for streamflow patterns in nine gaged basins of the Salt River and its tributaries, which is a sub-basin in the Lower Colorado River Basin (LCRB). We develop a basin-scale model that separates snow and rainfall inputs and simulates snow accumulation and melt using temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity. Despite significant warming from 1968–2011 and snow loss in many of the basins, annual and seasonal streamflow did not decline. Between 25% and 50% of annual streamflow is generated in winter (NDJF) when runoff ratios are generally higher and potential evapotranspiration losses are one-third of potential losses in spring (MAMJ). Sub-annual streamflow responses to winter inputs were larger and more efficient than spring and summer responses and their frequencies and magnitudes increased in 1968–2011 compared to 1929–1967. In total, 75% of the largest winter events were associated with atmospheric rivers, which can produce large cool-season streamflow peaks. We conclude that temperature-induced snow loss in this LCRB sub-basin was moderated by enhanced winter hydrological inputs and streamflow production.

scholarly journals Genesis of mud volcano fluids in the Gulf of Cadiz using a novel basin-scale model approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 243 ◽  
pp. 186-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Schmidt ◽  
Ewa Burwicz ◽  
Christian Hensen ◽  
Klaus Wallmann ◽  
Sara Martínez-Loriente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mud Volcano ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Gulf Of Cadiz ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Gulf Of Cádiz ◽  
Model Approach

Exposure to Video Games and Decision Making

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-131
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Curcio ◽  
Sara Peracchia
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Video Games ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Popular Press ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Brain

In the last years, it is ever more frequent to read popular press stories about the effects of video and/or computer games on the brain and on the behavior. In some cases, we can read something claiming that video games “damage the brain,” while in others these activities can “boost brain power,” and such conflicting proclamation create confusion about the real or potential effects of this activity on human beings. Thus, it is very interesting to deeply understand the effect that exposure to video games (VGs) can have on cognitive processes, with particular attention to decision making. Only a few studies have been carried out on this issue: the main aim of this contribution is to clarify these aspects, critically reviewing the existing scientific literature. Particular attention has been dedicated to normal and pathological players, different types of VGs, and moral aspects of decision making vulnerable to VGs. It has been concluded that research in this area is still in its early days, and this short review aims at discussing several issues and challenges that should be addressed to forward this research field.

scholarly journals Upscaling of a local model into a larger-scale model

Ocean Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-305
Author(s):  
Luc Vandenbulcke ◽  
Alexander Barth
Keyword(s):  
Data Transfer ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Western Basin ◽  
Nested Model ◽  
Upscaling Technique ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Online Exchange ◽  
Operational Systems ◽  
Set Up

Abstract. Traditionally, in order for lower-resolution, global- or basin-scale (regional) models to benefit from some of the improvements available in higher-resolution subregional or coastal models, two-way nesting has to be used. This implies that the parent and child models have to be run together and there is an online exchange of information between both models. This approach is often impossible in operational systems where different model codes are run by different institutions, often in different countries. Therefore, in practice, these systems use one-way nesting with data transfer only from the parent model to the child models. In this article, it is examined whether it is possible to replace the missing feedback (coming from the child model) by data assimilation, avoiding the need to run the models simultaneously. Selected variables from the high-resolution simulation will be used as pseudo-observations and assimilated into the low-resolution models. This method will be called “upscaling”. A realistic test case is set up with a model covering the Mediterranean Sea, and a nested model covering its north-western basin. Under the hypothesis that the nested model has better prediction skills than the parent model, the upscaling method is implemented. Two simulations of the parent model are then compared: the case of one-way nesting (or a stand-alone model) and a simulation using the upscaling technique on the temperature and salinity variables. It is shown that the representation of some processes, such as the Rhône River plume, is strongly improved in the upscaled model compared to the stand-alone model.

scholarly journals Using Nanoinformatics Methods for Automatically Identifying Relevant Nanotoxicology Entities from the Literature

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel García-Remesal ◽  
Alejandro García-Ruiz ◽  
David Pérez-Rey ◽  
Diana de la Iglesia ◽  
Víctor Maojo
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Named Entity Recognition ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Entity Recognition ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Named Entity ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Dependent Tasks ◽  
Fold Cross Validation

Nanoinformatics is an emerging research field that uses informatics techniques to collect, process, store, and retrieve data, information, and knowledge on nanoparticles, nanomaterials, and nanodevices and their potential applications in health care. In this paper, we have focused on the solutions that nanoinformatics can provide to facilitate nanotoxicology research. For this, we have taken a computational approach to automatically recognize and extract nanotoxicology-related entities from the scientific literature. The desired entities belong to four different categories: nanoparticles, routes of exposure, toxic effects, and targets. The entity recognizer was trained using a corpus that we specifically created for this purpose and was validated by two nanomedicine/nanotoxicology experts. We evaluated the performance of our entity recognizer using 10-fold cross-validation. The precisions range from 87.6% (targets) to 93.0% (routes of exposure), while recall values range from 82.6% (routes of exposure) to 87.4% (toxic effects). These results prove the feasibility of using computational approaches to reliably perform different named entity recognition (NER)-dependent tasks, such as for instance augmented reading or semantic searches. This research is a “proof of concept” that can be expanded to stimulate further developments that could assist researchers in managing data, information, and knowledge at the nanolevel, thus accelerating research in nanomedicine.

Basin scale model of solute transport

1987 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 2107-2118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Rinaldo ◽  
Alessandro Marani
Keyword(s):  
Solute Transport ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Basin Scale

scholarly journals Upscaling of regional models into basin-wide models

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc Vandenbulcke ◽  
Alexander Barth
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Regional Models ◽  
Western Basin ◽  
Upscaling Technique ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Online Exchange ◽  
Set Up

Abstract. Traditionnally, in order for lower-resolution, global- or basin-scale models to benefit from some of the improvements available in higher-resolution regional or coastal models, two-way nesting has to be used. This implies that the parent and child models have to be run together and there is an online exchange of information between both models. This approach is often impossible in operational systems, where different model codes are run by different institutions, often in different countries. Therefor, in practice, these systems use one-way nesting with data transfer only from the large-scale model to the regional models. In this article, it is examined whether it is possible to replace the missing model feedback by data assimilation, avoiding the need to run the models simultaneously. Selected variables from the high-resolution forecasts will be used as pseudo-observations, and assimilated in the lower-resolution models. The method will be called upscaling. A realistic test-case is set up with a model covering the Mediterranean Sea, and a nested model covering its North-Western basin. A simulation using only the basin-scale model is compared with a simulation where both models are run using one-way nesting, and using the upscaling technique on the temperature and salinity variables. It is shown that the representation of some processes, such as the Rhône river plume, are strongly improved in the upscaled model compared to the stand-alone model.

scholarly journals Regulation of phytoplankton carbon to chlorophyll ratio by light, nutrients and temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean: a basin-scale model

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 3869-3903 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. J. Wang ◽  
M. Behrenfeld ◽  
R. Le Borgne ◽  
R. Murtugudde ◽  
E. Boss
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Warm Pool ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Equatorial Pacific ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variations ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Equatorial Pacific Ocean ◽  
Eastern Equatorial Pacific ◽  
Basin Scale

Abstract. The complex effects of light, nutrients and temperature lead to a variable carbon to chlorophyll (C:Chl) ratio in phytoplankton cells. Using field data collected in the equatorial Pacific, we derived a new dynamic model with a non-steady C:Chl ratio as a function of irradiance, nitrate, iron, and temperature. The dynamic model is implemented into a basin-scale ocean circulation-biogeochemistry model and tested in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. The model reproduces well the general features of phytoplankton dynamics in this region. For instance, the simulated deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) is much deeper in the western warm pool (~100 m) than in the eastern equatorial Pacific (~50 m). The model also shows the ability to reproduce chlorophyll, including not only the zonal, meridional and vertical variations, but also the interannual variability. This study demonstrates that combination of nitrate and iron regulates the spatial and temporal variations in the phytoplankton C:Chl ratio. Particularly, nitrate is responsible for the high C:Chl ratio in the western warm pool while iron is responsible for the frontal features in the C:Chl ratio between the warm pool and the upwelling region. In addition, iron plays a dominant role in regulating the spatial and temporal variations of the C:Chl ratio in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific. While temperature has a relatively small effect on the C:Chl ratio, light is primarily responsible for the vertical decrease of phytoplankton C:Chl ratio in the euphotic zone.

scholarly journals The First German Grammar in Russia: Creation and Sources

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-28
Author(s):  
Nataliya Kareva ◽  
Evgeniy Pivovarov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Russian Text ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Western Model ◽  
Illustrative Material

Die Teutsche Grammatica... by M. Schwanwitz (St. Petersburg, 1730) was the first German grammar printed in Russia. It was bilingual: Russian and German sections were parallel. The Russian text reflected the diversity and variability of the new, early 18 th century "civil" literary language. The article authors describe linguistic terminology of Schwanwitz's textbook, study editorial changes made during its creation and examples corpus used in the grammar, first of all, anthroponyms. Comparative analysis of the structure, content and illustrative material of Schwanwitz's grammar and Die deutsche Grammatica... by Charmyntes (Berlin, 1713) allows us to conclude that Charmyntes's grammar was not the only source of the academic textbook. In cases where Schwanwitz borrowed material from the German source, he critically rethought and rewrote the original. The authors disagree with the assertion outspoken in scientific literature that Schwanwitz's work was for the most part imitative to Die deutsche Grammatica... by Charmyntes and that the Berlin edition should be considered as a conductor of the Western model of grammatical description in Russia. Study of Die Teutsche Grammatica... creation allows to conclude that lack of its author's formal education case was atoned by rich practical experience, ability to learn a lot and quickly and obvious desire to become a philologist recognized by contemporaries.

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