Water systems and risk analysis

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.A.C. Hoes ◽  
W. Schuurmans ◽  
J. Strijker
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
The Cost

Worldwide the water management sector is about to review the design standards for water systems, as expected climate changes may possibly increase the frequency of flood events. This paper reviews new flood standards for surface water systems in The Netherlands, also presenting a cost-benefit analysis. Flood standards were formulated after several serious incidents in 1998 and 2001 to inform residents about the level of protection that they may expect to receive. At this moment all water boards are about to evaluate their water systems using these standards. The cost-benefit approach has been applied to determine whether the necessary measures to comply with such standards were cost-effective. We found that the standards make too much a simplification of the variety of water systems, and lead to costly measures without being beneficial while many small-scale floods in The Netherlands do not cause any significant damage. A better starting point to anticipate on climate change is to prevent damage, instead of the prevention of flooding.

scholarly journals Cost–effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis of oliceridine in the treatment of acute pain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kit N Simpson ◽  
Michael J Fossler ◽  
Linda Wase ◽  
Mark A Demitrack
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Protein Signaling ◽  
Opioid Receptor Agonist ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Μ Opioid Receptor ◽  
The Cost

Aim: Oliceridine, a new class of μ-opioid receptor agonist, is selective for G-protein signaling (analgesia) with limited recruitment of β-arrestin (associated with adverse outcomes) and may provide a cost-effective alternative versus conventional opioid morphine for postoperative pain. Patients & methods: Using a decision tree with a 24-h time horizon, we calculated costs for medication and management of three most common adverse events (AEs; oxygen saturation <90%, vomiting and somnolence) following postoperative oliceridine or morphine use. Results: Using oliceridine, the cost for managing AEs was US$528,424 versus $852,429 for morphine, with a net cost savings of $324,005. Conclusion: Oliceridine has a favorable overall impact on the total cost of postoperative care compared with the use of the conventional opioid morphine.

scholarly journals The Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Electricity Production from Small Scale Renewable Energy Sources in the Conditions of Romania

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 385-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Atănăsoae ◽  
Radu Dumitru Pentiuc ◽  
Dan Laurențiu Milici ◽  
Elena Daniela Olariu ◽  
Mihaela Poienar
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
The Cost

Cost benefit analysis of measures to reduce industrial effluent discharges

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1623-1628
Author(s):  
Åsa Sivard ◽  
Tomas Ericsson ◽  
Nippe Hylander ◽  
Magnus Karlsson ◽  
Mikael Malmaeus
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
The Cost

In an environmentally harmonized society the most cost effective measures to reduce the total effluent discharges should be taken into account. Generalised discharge values are presented for organic material and nutrients in this paper. Depending on conditions in the receiving water any of these parameters can be the determining factor for the eutrophication and oxygen demand. These parameters can be generalized into equivalent loads of TOC, nitrogen or phosphorus by recalculation according to the Redfield ratio. The cost for reduction of organic material and nutrients from a pulp and paper mill is calculated as a cost per unit pollutant (cost equivalent). This cost equivalent is compared with alternative costs, expressed in the same way, for reduction of organic material and nutrients in adjacent industries, municipal treatment plants, impact from transportation, farming, air deposits etc. In order to find where the most cost efficient measures for the society should be taken the cost equivalent for the mill is compared with the alternative measures and their equivalent costs.

scholarly journals Integrated drought risk assessment to support adaptive policy making in the Netherlands

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjolein Mens ◽  
Gigi van Rhee ◽  
Femke Schasfoort ◽  
Neeltje Kielen
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
Adaptive Policy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Support Decision Making

Abstract. Adaptive policy-making to prepare for current and future drought risks requires an integrated assessment of policy actions and combinations of those under changing conditions. This entails quantification of drought risks, integrating drought probability and socio-economic consequences for all relevant sectors that are potentially impacted by drought. The investment costs of proposed policy actions and strategies (various actions combined) can then be compared with the expected risk reduction to determine the cost-effectiveness. This paper presents a method to quantify drought risk in the Netherlands under changing future conditions and in response to policy actions. It illustrates how to use this information as part of a societal cost-benefit analysis and in building an adaptive long-term strategy. The method has been successfully applied to support decision making on the Netherlands’ national drought risk management strategy as part of the National Delta Program for climate change adaptation.

scholarly journals AN OVERVIEW OF TREATMENT OF BRACKISH WATER USING SOLAR STILLS

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhanshu S. Kamat ◽  
Dilip D. Sarode
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Solar Desalination ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
The Cost

Solar desalination technologies are becoming popular among the scientific community for the production of fresh water from the brackish water. Membrane technologies are expensive to be implemented on small scale. Solar stills have simple working principle and there is low cost associated with it. Varied configurations and modifications have been implemented to improve the performance of solar stills. Thermodynamic analysis has also been done for the same. However, it is important to also optimize various combinations of the operating parameters, including the cost-benefit analysis associated with it. This paper focuses on the review of the effects of various geometric and operating parameters, and also optimizing the thermodynamics to improve the performance of solar still.

scholarly journals Investigation of a Magnetic-Type Waterproof Oil Spill Stop Device for Ships

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 636
Author(s):  
Chong-Ju Chae
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spills ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Minimum Diameter ◽  
Formal Safety Assessment ◽  
Magnetic Type ◽  
The Cost

If a ship’s hull or tank breaks, the ship may sink, or oil spills can cause enormous damage to the environment. If the ship is equipped with a capable, cost-effective oil or liquid flow stop emergency device, casualties and marine pollution could be reduced. Many magnetic-type liquid spill stop emergency devices developed since 1904 have limitations, such as difficulties with installation and impossibility of use during sailing. This study demonstrated the applicability of a magnetic-type liquid spill stop emergency device through tests for water pressure and leakage, attachment, magnetic fields, and the generation of sparks. Results showed that the device can be applied to the ship’s side hull and bottom with a specified minimum diameter at a pressure depth of 1.0 kg/cm2 while sailing at a speed of 18 kts (9.26 m/s). If the distance from the device was at least approximately 750 mm, the magnetic field had no effect, and there was no risk of explosion due to sparks. A cost–benefit analysis based on the International Maritime Organization-approved guidelines for formal safety assessment confirmed the cost effectiveness of the device. This experimental study confirmed that the magnetic liquid stop emergency device is generally applicable to a ship’s hull.

scholarly journals Integrating cost–benefit analysis into the NIST Cybersecurity Framework via the Gordon–Loeb Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence A Gordon ◽  
Martin P Loeb ◽  
Lei Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Logical Approach ◽  
Explicit Recognition ◽  
Effective Level ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework has rapidly become a widely accepted approach to facilitating cybersecurity risk management within organizations. An insightful aspect of the NIST Cybersecurity Framework is its explicit recognition that the activities associated with managing cybersecurity risk are organization specific. The NIST Framework also recognizes that organizations should evaluate their cybersecurity risk management on a cost–benefit basis. The NIST Framework, however, does not provide guidance on how to carry out such a cost–benefit analysis. This article provides an approach for integrating cost–benefit analysis into the NIST Cybersecurity Framework. The Gordon–Loeb (GL) Model for cybersecurity investments is proposed as a basis for deriving a cost-effective level of spending on cybersecurity activities and for selecting the appropriate NIST Implementation Tier level. The analysis shows that the GL Model provides a logical approach to use when considering the cost–benefit aspects of cybersecurity investments during an organization’s process of selecting the most appropriate NIST Implementation Tier level. In addition, the cost–benefit approach provided in this article helps to identify conditions under which there is an incentive to move to a higher NIST Implementation Tier.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Cost Effectiveness of a Suicide Barrier on the Golden Gate Bridge

Crisis ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayna Atkins Whitmer ◽  
David Lauren Woods
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Golden Gate ◽  
Golden Gate Bridge ◽  
The Cost

Background: The Golden Gate Bridge (GGB) is a well-known “suicide magnet” and the site of approximately 30 suicides per year. Recently, a suicide barrier was approved to prevent further suicides. Aims: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of the proposed suicide barrier, we compared the proposed costs of the barrier over a 20-year period ($51.6 million) to estimated reductions in mortality. Method: We reviewed San Francisco and Golden Gate Bridge suicides over a 70-year period (1936–2006). We assumed that all suicides prevented by the barrier would attempt suicide with alternative methods and estimated the mortality reduction based on the difference in lethality between GGB jumps and other suicide methods. Cost/benefit analyses utilized estimates of value of statistical life (VSL) used in highway projects. Results: GGB suicides occur at a rate of approximately 30 per year, with a lethality of 98%. Jumping from other structures has an average lethality of 47%. Assuming that unsuccessful suicides eventually committed suicide at previously reported (12–13%) rates, approximately 286 lives would be saved over a 20-year period at an average cost/life of approximately $180,419 i.e., roughly 6% of US Department of Transportation minimal VSL estimate ($3.2 million). Conclusions: Cost-benefit analysis suggests that a suicide barrier on the GGB would result in a highly cost-effective reduction in suicide mortality in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Electricity conservation opportunities within private university campuses in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muntasir Murshed
Keyword(s):  
Developing Economies ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Private University ◽  
University Campuses ◽  
The North ◽  
Electricity Conservation ◽  
The Cost

The mushroom growth of universities in the developing economies, in particular, is believed to be a key contributor to the relentless aggravation in the overall demand for electricity. Moreover, the large university campuses are often compared to cities whereby the associated electricity-consumption within these campuses are also referred to account for a bulk of the total urban electricity consumption. Thus, conservation of electricity within the campus has become a core agenda of universities in quest of ensuring respective campus sustainability. Against this backdrop, this paper aims to highlight and recommend the cost-effective and best-practiced techniques applied to conserve electricity within the private universities in Bangladesh. As part of the methodology, a cost–benefit analysis of electricity conservation is put forward in the context of a case study of the North South University, the largest private university in Bangladesh. The results from the analyses imply that proper implementation of the electricity conservation and efficiency enhancement techniques within the campus can effectively cut down the total electricity bills by almost one-third and simultaneously account for a 5% reduction in the total electricity demand within the campus.

A Cost-Benefit Analysis of an Overseas Volunteer Mission to the Local Healthcare System

2021 ◽  
pp. 000313482199868
Author(s):  
Mahir Gachabayov ◽  
Lulejeta A. Latifi ◽  
Renato Rivera ◽  
Fancy S. Baluyot ◽  
Rifat Latifi
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Local Healthcare ◽  
Over Time

Background The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the sustainability and cost-benefit of the Operation Giving Back Bohol surgical volunteerism mission (SVM) carried out in Bohol Province, Philippines, over twelve consecutive missions. Methods This was a cost-benefit analysis of prospectively collected financial data from twelve consecutive surgical volunteerism missions held between 2006 and 2018. The overall cost of an SVM and cost per patient were the endpoints of interest. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and costs thereof were calculated for each patient undergoing surgery in the twelve SVMs. Results A mean of 112 ± 22 patients were included per year of the SVM. A statistically significant increasing trend in the overall cost of SVMs over time was found ( R2 = .469; P = .014). A nonsignificant decreasing trend in the cost per patient over time was found ( R2 = .007; P = .795). A total of 8811.71 DALYs were averted in the twelve SVMs. DALYs averted per year ranged between 474.02 (2009) and 969.16 (2012). Cost per a DALY averted ranged between $466.9 (2006) and $865.6 (2009). Comparison of the latter with GDP per capita showed that this SVM was “very cost-effective.” Conclusion The SVM contributes substantially to the health care system both clinically and financially. A total of 8812 DALYs were averted in these twelve SVMs. Costs per a DALY averted did not significantly change over the mission years. Increasing the number of patients served has increased the total cost of the mission with no impact on the cost per patient.

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