Tracing fine sediment sources in small mountain catchment

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 2324-2330 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kouhpeima ◽  
S. Feiznia ◽  
H. Ahmadi
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Fine Sediment ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Catchment Management ◽  
Sediment Sources ◽  
Diffuse Source ◽  
And Control

Fine sediment represents an important diffuse source pollutant in surface waters, due to its role in governing the transfer and fate of many substances, including nutrients, heavy metals, pesticides and other organic contaminants, and its influence on aquatic ecology. Therefore, catchment management strategies frequently need to include provision for the control of sediment mobilization and delivery. The sediment tracing concept provides a valuable framework for assisting the management and control of diffuse source sediment pollution by identifying the key sources and demonstrating the importance of intermediate storages and the likely impact of upstream mitigation strategies on downstream sediment and sediment associated contaminant fluxes. In this research, fine sediment sources were identified using tracing method. By field works, sediments were sampled from dam reservoir, different sources were also sampled. Fifteen tracers were first selected for tracing which are: The amounts of N, P, C, Cr, Co, Mg, K, Na, smectite, chlorite, illite, kaolinite, and two magnetic properties consisting of Low Frequency Magnetic Susceptibility (XLF) and Frequency Dependent Magnetic Susceptibility (XFD). The samples were analyzed in the laboratory for these parameters and different statistical methods were applied to the data including Non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis Test and Stepwise Discriminant function analysis. The results provide important information on the relative importance of fine sediment sources to the reservoir sediments, which can be used to support model validation and the targeting of management and control strategies.

scholarly journals Sediment Management Strategies for Hydropower Reservoirs in Active Agricultural Area

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.35) ◽  
pp. 228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Razad A.Z ◽  
Abbas N.A ◽  
Mohd Sidek. L ◽  
Alexander J.L ◽  
Jung K
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Load ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Sediment Management ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Catchment Management ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Design Life ◽  
Cameron Highlands ◽  
Hydropower Reservoirs

Ringlet, Jor and Mahang reservoirs are part of Cameron Highlands – Batang Padang Hydroelectric Scheme. Conversion of forest to agricultural and urban area within the catchment has caused Ringlet Reservoir to suffer severe sedimentation problem and waste dumping. This has caused operational difficulties to the hydropower operator. Based on estimation, sediment inflow into Ringlet Reservoir has increased multiple folds from 25,000 m3/year in 1960s up to between 120,000 m3/year to 200,000 m3/year in 2010. This reduces the total storage capacity of Ringlet Reservoir to almost 50% of its original design value, and subsequently affects Jor and Mahang Reservoirs. Bertam Intake is often choked by the sediment built up within the area, thus limiting the running hours of the plant to generate electricity. Without sediment management strategies, the incoming sediment load into Ringlet Reservoir would increase tremendously and can cause the hydropower scheme to cease operation faster that its design life expectancy. Various mitigation strategies have been implemented such as dredging, construction of check dams and settling basins and flushing from the bottom outlet, resulting to an increase in storage. Despite these efforts which focus within the reservoir, the best solution is by control the sediment and waste at source, through the concept of an integrated catchment management. This requires concerted effort from the local authorities and public to ensure successful implementation. This paper outlines the methods, analyses and results of various mitigation strategies.

scholarly journals Application of quantitative composite fingerprinting technique to identify the main sediment sources in two small catchments of Iran

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 6677-6698 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kouhpeima ◽  
S. Feiznia ◽  
H. Ahmadi ◽  
S. A. Hashemi ◽  
A. R. Zareiee
Keyword(s):  
Function Analysis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Sediment Source ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Sediment Sources ◽  
Reservoir Sediment ◽  
Fingerprinting Technique ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. The targeting of sediment management strategies is a key requirement in developing countries including Iran because of the limited resources available. These targeting is, however hampered by the lack of reliable information on catchment sediment sources. This paper reports the results of using a quantitative composite fingerprinting technique to estimate the relative importance of the primary potential sources within the Amrovan and Royan catchments in Semnan Province, Iran. Fifteen tracers were first selected for tracing and samples were analyzed in the laboratory for these parameters. Statistical methods were applied to the data including nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Differentiation Function Analysis (DFA). For Amrovan catchment three parameters (N, Cr and Co) were found to be not significant in making the discrimination. The optimum fingerprint, comprising Oc, PH, Kaolinite and K was able to distinguish correctly 100% of the source material samples. For the Royan catchment, all of the 15 properties were able to distinguish between the six source types and the optimum fingerprint provided by stepwise DFA (Cholorite, XFD, N and C) correctly classifies 92.9% of the source material samples. The mean contributions from each sediment source obtained by multivariate mixing model varied at two catchments. For Amrovan catchment Upper Red formation is the main sediment sources as this sediment source approximately supplies 36% of the reservoir sediment whereas the dominant sediment source for the Royan catchment is from Karaj formation that supplies 33% of the reservoir sediments. Results indicate that the source fingerprinting approach appears to work well in the study catchments and to generate reliable results.

A Decision Support Tool for Wastewater Catchment Management

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.E. Walters ◽  
D. Savic ◽  
R.J. Hocking
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Decision Support Tool ◽  
Catchment Management ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
South West

The water industry over the years has primarily focussed on upgrading and investing in clean water provision. However, as research into the science and management of clean water services has progressed rapidly, wastewater provision and services has been slower. Focus, though, is now shifting within Industry and Research into wastewater services. The water regulator, Ofwat, for England and Wales demands the Sewerage Undertakers demonstrate efficient management of wastewater systems in order to obtain funding for Capital Investment projects. South West Water, a Water Service Provider and Sewerage Undertaker located in the South West of England, identified a need gap in their asset management strategies for wastewater catchments. This paper will introduce the production of a Decision Support Tool, DST, to help SWW proactively manage their Wastewater Catchments, examining Sewage Treatment Works, Pumping Stations and Networks. The paper will discuss some concepts within the DST, its production, testing and a brief case study. The DST provides a framework for prioritising catchments to optimise investment choices and actions. The Tool ranks catchments utilising Compromise Programming, CP, as well as AHP Pair-wise comparisons for preference weights. The DST incorporates Asset models, a Whole life Costing Module, as well as a Decay and Intervention Module.

scholarly journals Research Progress of Desertification and Its Prevention in Mongolia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6861
Author(s):  
Xiya Liang ◽  
Pengfei Li ◽  
Juanle Wang ◽  
Faith Ka Shun Chan ◽  
Chuluun Togtokh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Development ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
The World ◽  
Impacting Factors ◽  
Decoupling Analysis ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Mongolia is a globally crucial region that has been suffering from land desertification. However, current understanding on Mongolia’s desertification is limited, constraining the desertification control and sustainable development in Mongolia and even other parts of the world. This paper studied spatiotemporal patterns, driving factors, mitigation strategies, and research methods of desertification in Mongolia through an extensive review of literature. Results showed that: (i) remote sensing monitoring of desertification in Mongolia has been subject to a relatively low spatial resolution and considerable time delay, and thus high-resolution and timely data are needed to perform a more precise and timely study; (ii) the contribution of desertification impacting factors has not been quantitatively assessed, and a decoupling analysis is desirable to quantify the contribution of factors in different regions of Mongolia; (iii) existing desertification prevention measures should be strengthened in the future. In particular, the relationship between grassland changes and husbandry development needs to be considered during the development of desertification prevention measures; (iv) the multi-method study (particularly interdisciplinary approaches) and desertification model development should be enhanced to facilitate an in-depth desertification research in Mongolia. This study provides a useful reference for desertification research and control in Mongolia and other regions of the world.

scholarly journals PSIX-1 Altering dietary fiber components mitigates severity of Brachyspira hyodysentariae challenge

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 190-191
Author(s):  
Emma T Helm ◽  
Nicholas Gabler ◽  
Eric R Burrough
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Insoluble Dietary Fiber ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Swine Herds ◽  
And Control

Abstract Swine dysentery (SD) induced by Brachyspira hyodysentariae (Bhyo) has recently become more prevalent in swine herds, renewing research interest regarding dietary mitigation strategies. It has been reported that insoluble dietary fiber such as DDGS influences Bhyo colonization leading to more rapid disease development. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if replacement of insoluble (20% DDGS) with soluble and highly fermentable [sugar beet pulp (BP) and resistant potato starch (RS)] fiber would reduce Bhyo disease expression. At total of 38 pigs (40.9 ± 5.0 kg BW) were selected, confirmed negative for Bhyo, and allocated to dietary treatment groups (13 pigs/trt): 1) Control consisting of 20% DDGS, no BP or RS (0%), 2) 10% DDGS, 5% BP and 5% RS (5%), or 3) 0% DDGS, 10% BP, 10% RS (10%). All diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Diets were fed for 14 days pre-challenge and on days post inoculation (dpi) 0, all pigs were inoculated with Bhyo. Pigs and feeders were weighed weekly for 28 dpi. Overall, ADG was greater in both 5% (0.85 kg/d) and 10% (1.18 kg/d) pigs compared with 0% pigs (0.63 kg/d; P=0.004). The 10% pigs (2.46 kg/d) had greater ADFI compared with the 0% pigs (1.84 kg/d; P=0.024), 5% pigs being intermediate (2.20 kg/d). The 10% pigs also had greater G:F compared with both the 0% and 5% pigs (P< 0.001). In terms of clinical disease presentation, 11/13 0% pigs developed clinical SD compared with 6/13 5% pigs and only 2/13 10% pigs (P=0.002). In conclusion, while not completely protective, reducing insoluble dietary fiber via replacement with soluble and fermentable BP and RS reduced clinical SD and improved pig performance during a 28-day Bhyo challenge. These data suggest such dietary manipulation may reduce usage of antibiotics in SD treatment and control.

scholarly journals Farmer Knowledge in Potato Virus Epidemiology and Control in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Onditi ◽  
Nancy Ng’anga ◽  
Moses Nyongesa ◽  
René van der Vlugt
Keyword(s):  
Potato Virus ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Farmer Knowledge ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Virus Control ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Potato Yields ◽  
And Control

AbstractPotato is an important food security crop in Kenya. High prevalence of potato viruses is one of the major causes of low potato yields. Implementation of effective virus management strategies requires information on farmers’ perceptions and practices on virus epidemiology and control. To better understand farmers’ knowledge and practices in virus control and set possible pathways for intervention, a household survey involving 147 respondents was conducted in two major potato-growing regions in Kenya. Lack of sufficient technical information on potato virus symptoms, vectors and modes of transmission was found to be the major hindrance to farmers’ efforts towards virus control. A spider diagram approach was therefore used to determine the aspect of virus control that required the highest prioritization for immediate intervention by policy makers. Use of virus-resistant cultivars was found to require the most urgent attention compared to other aspects of virus control and was expected to have greater impact in lowering virus prevalence. This study showed that enhancing farmer knowledge needs to be prioritised as this is a key determinant of the success of the virus control strategy to be selected for implementation.

scholarly journals Occurrence, Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Management Strategies of Zearalenone in Food and Feed: A Review

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Dipendra Kumar Mahato ◽  
Sheetal Devi ◽  
Shikha Pandhi ◽  
Bharti Sharma ◽  
Kamlesh Kumar Maurya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Natural Estrogens ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Feed Safety ◽  
And Control ◽  
Different Sources

Mycotoxins represent an assorted range of secondary fungal metabolites that extensively occur in numerous food and feed ingredients at any stage during pre- and post-harvest conditions. Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin categorized as a xenoestrogen poses structural similarity with natural estrogens that enables its binding to the estrogen receptors leading to hormonal misbalance and numerous reproductive diseases. ZEN is mainly found in crops belonging to temperate regions, primarily in maize and other cereal crops that form an important part of various food and feed. Because of the significant adverse effects of ZEN on both human and animal, there is an alarming need for effective detection, mitigation, and management strategies to assure food and feed safety and security. The present review tends to provide an updated overview of the different sources, occurrence and biosynthetic mechanisms of ZEN in various food and feed. It also provides insight to its harmful effects on human health and agriculture along with its effective detection, management, and control strategies.

scholarly journals Robust Estimation of Infection Fatality Rates during the Early Phase of a Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perikles Simon
Keyword(s):  
Robust Estimation ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Serological Testing ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Spanish Influenza ◽  
And Control

AbstractDuring a pandemic, robust estimation of case fatality rates (CFRs) is essential to plan and control suppression and mitigation strategies. At present, estimates for the CFR of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection vary considerably. Expert consensus of 0.1–1% covers in practical terms a range from normal seasonable Influenza to Spanish Influenza. In the following, I deduce a formula for an adjusted Infection Fatality Rate (IFR) to assess mortality in a period following a positive test adjusted for selection bias.Official datasets on cases and deaths were combined with data sets on number of tests. After data curation and quality control, a total of IFR (n=819) was calculated for 21 countries for periods of up to 26 days between registration of a case and death.Estimates for IRFs increased with length of period, but levelled off at >9days with a median for all 21 countries of 0.11 (95%-CI: 0.073–0.15). An epidemiologically derived IFR of 0.040 % (95%-CI: 0.029%– 0.055%) was determined for Iceland and was very close to the calculated IFR of 0.057% (95%-CI: 0.042– 0.078), but 2.7–6-fold lower than CFRs. IFRs, but not CFRs, were positively associated with increased proportions of elderly in age-cohorts (n=21, spearman’s ρ=.73, p =.02).Real-time data on molecular and serological testing may further displace classical diagnosis of disease and its related death. I will critically discuss, why, how and under which conditions the IFR, provides a more solid early estimate of the global burden of a pandemic than the CFR.

scholarly journals Assessing the Dynamics and Control of Droplet- and Aerosol-Transmitted Influenza Using an Indoor Positioning System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Smieszek ◽  
Gianrocco Lazzari ◽  
Marcel Salathé
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensors ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Close Physical Proximity ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Dynamics And Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Indoor Positioning System

ABSTRACTThere is increasing evidence that aerosol transmission is a major contributor to the spread of influenza. Despite this, virtually all studies assessing the dynamics and control of influenza assume that it is transmitted solely through direct contact and large droplets, requiring close physical proximity. Here, we use wireless sensors to measure simultaneously both the location and close proximity contacts in the population of a US high school. This dataset, highly resolved in space and time, allows us to model both droplet and aerosol transmission either in isolation or in combination. In particular, it allows us to computationally assess the effectiveness of overlooked mitigation strategies such as improved ventilation that are available in the case of aerosol transmission. While the effects of the type of transmission on disease outbreak dynamics appear to be weak, we find that good ventilation could be as effective in mitigating outbreaks as vaccinating the majority of the population. In simulations using empirical transmission levels observed in households, we find that bringing ventilation to recommended levels has the same mitigating effect as a vaccination coverage of 50% to 60%. Our results therefore suggest that improvements of ventilation in public spaces could be an important and easy-to-implement strategy supplementing vaccination efforts for effective control of influenza spread.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19: Salient Facts and Strategies to Combat Ongoing Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 1663-1674
Author(s):  
Ranjit Sah ◽  
Nayanum Pokhrel ◽  
Zareena Fathah ◽  
Akihiko Ozaki ◽  
Divya Bhandari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
One Health ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Affected Person ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus – 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an emerging novel coronavirus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has now rapidly spread to more than 215 countries and has killed nearly 0.75 million people out of more than 20 million confirmed cases as of 10th August, 2020. Apart from affecting respiratory system, the virus has shown multiple manifestations with neurological affections and damaging kidneys. SARS-CoV-2 transmission mainly occurs through close contact of COVID-19 affected person, however air-borne route is also now considered as dominant route of virus spread. The virus has been implicated to have originated from animals. Apart from bats, pangolins and others being investigates to play role in transmitting SARS-CoV-2 as intermediate hosts, the recent reports of this virus infection in other animals (cats, dogs, tigers, lions, mink) suggest one health approach implementation along with adopting appropriate mitigation strategies. Researchers are pacing to develop effective vaccines and drugs, few reached to clinical trials also, however these may take time to reach the mass population, and so till then adopting appropriate prevention and control is the best option to avoid SARS-CoV-2 infection. This article presents an overview on this pandemic virus and the disease it causes, with few recent concepts and advances.

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