Modelling runoff on ceramic tile roofs using the kinematic wave equations

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 2824-2831 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Silveira ◽  
J. R. C. B. Abrantes ◽  
J. L. M. P. de Lima ◽  
L. C. Lira
Keyword(s):  
Ceramic Tile ◽  
Wave Equations ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Kinematic Wave ◽  
Correct Evaluation ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Real Scale ◽  
Peak Discharges

Generally, roofs are the best candidates for rainwater harvesting. In this context, the correct evaluation of the quantity and quality of runoff from roofs is essential to effectively design rainwater harvesting systems. This study aims to evaluate the performance of a kinematic wave based numerical model in simulating runoff on sloping roofs, by comparing the numerical results with the ones obtained from laboratory rainfall simulations on a real-scale Lusa ceramic tile roof. For all studied slopes, simulated discharge hydrographs had a good adjust to observed ones. Coefficient of determination and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency values were close to 1.0. Particularly, peak discharges, times to peak, peak durations and runoff volumes were very well simulated.

scholarly journals A Review of Roof and Pond Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Water Security: The Design, Performance and Way Forward

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3163
Author(s):  
Husnna Aishah Zabidi ◽  
Hui Weng Goh ◽  
Chun Kiat Chang ◽  
Ngai Weng Chan ◽  
Nor Azazi Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
The Many ◽  
Equatorial Climate

Rapid urbanization, population explosion and climate change have threatened water security globally, regionally and locally. While there are many ways of addressing these problems, one of the innovative techniques is the recent employment of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) which include rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS). Therefore, this paper reviews the design and component of two types of RWHS, the namely roof harvesting system (RHS) and the pond harvesting system (PHS). The performance in terms of quantity and quality of collected rainwater and energy consumption for RWHS with different capacities were evaluated, as well as the benefits and challenges particularly in environmental, economic and social aspects. Presently, the RHS is more commonly applied but its effectiveness is limited by its small scale. The PHS is of larger scale and has greater potentials and effectiveness as an alternative water supply system. Results also indicate the many advantages of the PHS especially in terms of economics, environmental aspects and volume of water harvested. While the RHS may be suited to individual or existing buildings, the PHS has greater potentials and should be applied in newly developed urban areas with wet equatorial climate.

Characterization of Atmospheric Bulk Deposition: Implications on the Quality of Rainwater Harvesting Systems in the Semi-Arid City of Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getachew Redae Taffere ◽  
Abebe Beyene ◽  
Said A. H. Vuai ◽  
Janvier Gasana ◽  
Yilma Seleshi
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Bulk Deposition ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Semi Arid

scholarly journals Pengembangan Sistem Pemanenan Air Hujan untuk Penyediaan Air Bersih di Selatpanjang Riau

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Eko Sutrisno ◽  
Yusni Ikhwan Siregar ◽  
Nofrizal Nofrizal
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Potential Availability ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract: The research was conducted from March to June 2015 during the rainy season and the Village were located in four Selatpanjang South Village, East Selatpanjang, Selatpanjang City and West Selatpanjang Tebing Tinggi District of Riau Kepulauan Meranti. The purpose of this study was to analyze the potential availability of rainwater, water needs population in the region Selatpanjang 2030, the development of rainwater harvesting systems and outlines the relationship with environmental, social and economic. The method used in this study was the observation by analyzing rainfall, debit mainstay, drainage coefficient (α), population projections, the ratio of the number of residents with clean water needs as well as rainwater harvesting design. The results showed that the potential of rainwater in the area amounted to an average Selatpanjang 1724.8 mm/year, of the four sub regions Selatpanjang rain water can be harvested amounted to 17.248 billion liters/year. The four village Selatpanjang region in 2030 amounted 49 471 inhabitants population in predicted, so, it is necessary to clean water for 534 286 800 liters for three months. So if managed and well developed, the rain water can meet the need of clean water Selatpanjang community throughout the year. How to manage it is by developing the rainwater harvesting system with a system of individual, communal for three families and communal for five families and build ponds to accommodate the run-off. Economically, the use of rainwater harvesting system is cheaper than buying water each summer, primarily communal system for three families. Socially aspects that bring positive habits and reduce conflicts between neighbors and the environment, with the principle of sustainable utilization of natural resources. The quality of rain water in Selatpanjang meets the criteria for clean water, so it can be used as a source of clean water. 

Rainwater harvesting in rural Trinidad; a cross sectional, observational study

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. E. Dean ◽  
Fredericka Deare ◽  
Keizel Kydd ◽  
Jennie Ward-Robinson ◽  
Paul R. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Potable Water ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
System Use ◽  
The World ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
The Right ◽  
Study Participants

Rainwater harvesting is a well-established practice in many parts of the world. In the right environment it can provide a convenient, inexpensive and sustainable source of potable water. This study explored rainwater collecting system use within rural Trinidadian communities. Data regarding participants' demographic details, water practices, health- and water-related beliefs were collected from six separate regions late in 2009 using a purpose designed questionnaire. The findings, obtained from the 1,523 study participants resident in 292 households were analysed. Almost half (130) of the participating households utilised rainwater as their main supply although some found it necessary to switch to alternative sources during dry periods. The majority of participants (478) who harvested rainwater were very satisfied with the quality of their water and relatively few (212) were concerned that it may pose a risk to their health. Rainwater harvesting systems are well established in Trinidad and are well accepted by those who use them. Further research is needed to establish why more households do not adopt this technology as alternative sources remain inconsistent and inadequate in many respects. These findings will assist individuals and government agencies in making informed decisions when planning and managing water sources on the island.

Importance of maintenance in rainwater harvesting systems: a case study

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju Young Lee ◽  
Hyoungju Kim ◽  
Mooyoung Han
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Proper Operation

In this study, the quality of collected rainwater at a downtown middle school rainwater harvesting system was evaluated by measuring physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), NO3, PO4, total coliform (TC), Escherichia coli , and some metals (i.e. Al, Cr, Mn, Zn, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb) (2003 to 2011). The analysis shows that the collected water quality is poor, which presents health, considering the high levels of bacterial indicators detected in the harvested rainwater, i.e. turbidity (1.4 to 15.5 NTU) and E. coli (120 and 35 CFU/100 mL in 2007 to 210 and 60 CFU/100 mL in 2011). This study shows that deteriorating water quality was caused by system contamination due to the absence of maintenance. Based on this study, proper operation and maintenance are generally the simplest and most effective ways of maintaining water quality.

scholarly journals Dynamic Release of Solutes from Roof Bitumen Sheets Used for Rainwater Harvesting

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 3496
Author(s):  
Uri Nachshon ◽  
Meni Ben-Hur ◽  
Daniel Kurtzman ◽  
Roee Katzir ◽  
Lior Netzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Degradation Processes ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Inorganic Solutes ◽  
The Impact

Bitumen waterproof sheets are widely used to seal building roofs. Previous works have focused on the mechanical-physical properties of bitumen sheets, as well as their aging and degradation processes, and their impact on sealing properties of the buildings. Due to a growing need over recent years to use rooftops in urban environments for rainwater harvesting purposes, it is highly important to better characterize the quality of the harvested water from the bitumen covered roofs, and to shed more light on the impact of bitumen degradation processes on the release of various components to the harvested roof water. In the present study, the extracted organic and inorganic solutes from bitumen-covered roofs by water flow on the bitumen sheets were examined through a series of experiments, including measurements from the roofs of buildings in the center of Israel during the winter of 2019–2020. The results indicated high levels of organic and inorganic solute loads in the roof water during the first flush of the first rain of the winter, with maximal electric conductivity readings at the order of 4 dS/m. However, it was shown that following the first flush, a ~20 mm of cumulative rainfall was sufficient to wash off all the summers’ accumulated solutes from the roof. After this solute flushing of the roof, harvested rainwater along the winter was of good quality, with electric conductivity readings in the range of 0.04–0.85 dS/m. Moreover, it was shown that bitumen sheets which were exposed to direct sun radiation emitted greater loads of solutes, likely a result of elevated aging and degradation processes. The findings of the present research point to the need to find efficient ways to isolate roof bitumen sheets from direct sun radiation and to design rainwater harvesting systems that will not collect the water drained from the first flush.

scholarly journals IIASRH: An Integrative IoT Approach for Smart Rainwater Harvesting

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Praveen Talari ◽  
◽  
Anirudh M ◽  
Sairam M ◽  
K Varun Jebakumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Real World ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Harvesting Systems

Rainwater harvesting is one of the oldest practices used to conserve and optimize water resources. Nowadays, there are a lot of public and private facilities which have well-constructed Rainwater Harvesting systems. Still, they usually can't test the quality of the water preserved and has no mechanism to purify the impure content to make them consumable. Many known techniques are primitive and conventional for today's standards. The existing systems don't provide connective features, water treatment or contingency measures to counteract any problem. Usually, these systems are integrated onto blockchains, AI, and some other domains to innovate a new paradigm. Still, the results are generally considered a gimmick and are not helpful for general usage. This lack of compatibility and features with no effective solution needs to be rectified, and a real-world upgrade is required to construct a connected, safe and effortless system is imminent. Therefore, an integrative domain approach is necessary to facilitate the process to tackle these problems, where one of the major domains in technology, such as IoT, is used. The proposed model addresses the issues native to the conventional method and provides a connective environment with water treatment capabilities to establish an effortless and connected Rainwater Harvesting system through IoT with precise results and scopes that help the said challenges.

scholarly journals Rainwater harvesting systems for a high quality, supplementary water supply in Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Harvesting Systems

Although Nepal is rich in water resources, in 2011 it was estimated that water supply coverage across Nepal is only 80.4 % of which only 17.9 % of water supply systems are considered to be functioning well. Nepal Water for Health (NEWAH) is a Nepali non-government organisation that has implemented several rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS) in the rural hilly regions of Nepal. Hydrological modelling and analysis of NEWAH’s RWHS allowed for the development of a strategy to improve the effectiveness of the systems. RWHS will always be limited in Nepal due to monsoonal rainfall patterns however this high quality water supply should be prioritised for cooking and drinking. Increasing catchment areas to at least 30 m² instead of increasing tank volumes can efficiently increase the water supply. A literature review on the quality of harvested rainwater was completed, and recommendations were made for maintaining the high quality of water throughout collection, conveyance, storage and use. Monitoring and evaluation of installed systems is necessary and recommendations need to be further investigated and considered in Nepal where the social and cultural context can be fully understood. Appropriate use of this technology can provide a high quality supplementary water supply that can directly improve the health of consumers and provide those living in the hilly regions of Nepal with the foundations for further development.

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