scholarly journals Environmental contamination with metals as a risk factor causing developing autoimmune thyroiditis in children in zones influenced by emissions from metallurgic enterprises

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
I.Е. Shtina ◽  
◽  
S.L. Valina ◽  
К.P. Luzhetskiy ◽  
М.Т. Zenina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Regional Background Level

Chemical environmental factors trophic for the endocrine system and its organs produce negative influence on it that becomes apparent through growing incidence and pathomorphism of endocrine diseases. Our test group was made up of 102 children with diagnosed autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) who were chronically exposed to metals (lead, manganese, nickel, chromium, and zinc) being components in emissions from metallurgic enterprises in Perm region. Our reference group included 46 children with AIT who lived beyond zones influenced by the aforementioned enterprises in areas with the sanitary-hygienic situation being relatively favorable. We comparatively analyzed the results of clinical and ultrasound examinations that focused on evaluating children’s thyroidal and immune state. A growth in incidence with thyroiditis amounted to 63.6 % on the test territory over 10 years and it was 1.6 times higher than on average in the region (40.8 %); there was no growth in the indicator detected on the reference territory. Concentrations of chromium, nickel, lead, zinc, and manganese higher than regional background level were 1.7–5.5 times more frequently detected in blood of children from the test group against the reference one. A number of AIT cases was higher among exposed boys (by 2.0 times, p = 0.070); exposed children also had higher Ig A, M, and G contents in blood serum (by up to 2.9 times, p = 0.015–0.056), higher TSH levels (by 2.0 times, p = 0.096), and lower free T4 contents (by 5.4 times, p = 0.057). Diffuse damage to the thyroid gland was by 1.3 times more frequent under exposure to adverse factors created by metallurgic production; AIT combined with other diseases was also more frequent (p = 0.041). Rates and growth in incidence of thyroid gland diseases and thyroiditis are by 1.3–2.3 times higher among children and teenagers living on territories where metallurgic enterprises are located against the same indicators on territories where sanitary-hygienic situation is relatively favorable. We detected less apparent gender-related differences in AIT frequency, a greater number of improper thyroidal state, elevated risks of diffuse changes in the thyroid gland and activation of humoral immune response that was by 2.2–3.4 times more frequent together with concomitant damage to other systems under elevated contents of metals in blood.

scholarly journals Hygienic assessment of impacts exerted by factors related to educational process and lifestyle on health of schoolchildren attending secondary schools in industrial megacity

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (8) ◽  
pp. 822-828
Author(s):  
Svetlana L. Valina ◽  
Nina V. Zaitseva ◽  
Irina E. Shtina ◽  
Olga Yu. Ustinova ◽  
Dar’ya A. Eisfeld
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Free Radical Oxidation ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Radical Oxidation

Introduction. Negative trends that occur regarding health of contemporary schoolchildren are caused by complex impacts exerted by environmental factors.Material and methods. We examined 178 schoolchildren (the test group) in primary, middle, and high school attending an educational establishment with advanced studies on several subjects. The establishment was located on a territory with phenol concentrations in ambient air being up to 1.7 MPC average daily. Our reference group was made up of children who attended an ordinary secondary school located on an area which was relatively sanitary and hygienically safe.Results. We compared education processes in both establishments and revealed that schoolchildren from the test group had to study more intensely. Exposed children had phenol in their blood in concentrations that were 2.0 times higher than the background level and 1.4 times higher than the same parameter in the reference group. The average group concentration of hydrocortisone was 1.2 times higher in the test group than in the reference one. We revealed an authentic dependence between elevated hydrocortisone concentration in blood in children from the test group and phenol concentrations in their blood being higher than hygienic standards (R2=0.39; F=22.9; p=0.036). Our examination allowed establishing chronic exposure to a chemical factor and intense education process at a school with advanced studies on several subjects to result in by 2.0-9.0 times higher risks of pathologies in the nervous system, height and weight disorders, disrupted physical development, heart rate disorders, the formation of antibodies to thyroid gland tissues, 1.2-4.5 times more intense free radical oxidation, intoxication, negative changes in time gaps of basic mental functions and thyroid gland volume.Conclusion. We established the highest risk of physical development disorders and pathologies in the nervous system caused by complex impacts exerted by environmental factors in the sensitive puberty (OR=2.1-7.32; DI=1.4-33.4; p=0.007-0.05).

scholarly journals Diffuse non-toxic goiter and pregnancy

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
V. V. Potine ◽  
А. В. Loginov ◽  
N. N. Tkathenko
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Toxic Goiter ◽  
And Function ◽  
Second Degree

The aim of this study was to investigate of effect of pregnancy on the thyroid sizes and function at the patients with diffuse non-toxic goiter in a region of marginal iodine deficiency. Materials and methods: 132 pregnant women in the age of 18-39 years, including 110 with diffuse non- toxic goiter and 22 pregnant women with a normal thyroid gland, were examined. 30 patients with diffuse non-toxic goiter of the first degree received 200 мкг per day of KI (iodid- 200), 40 patients with diffuse non-toxic goiter of the second degree received a 25-75 micrograms/day thyroxine (euthyrox). 25 patients with diffuse non-toxic goiter had not received regular therapy. The autoimmune thyroiditis is revealed for 15 women with diffuse non-toxic goiter. They received a 75-100 micrograms/day euthyrox. We estimated volume of the thyroid gland by ultrasound, serum TSH and serum thyroid hormone in each trimester of pregnancy. Results: At the healthy women during pregnancy the percentage increase of volume of a thyroid gland has constituted 24,30,2%. At the patients with diffuse non-toxic goiter, not receiving therapy, the thyroid gland was authentically increased at 37,11,1%. At the pregnant women receiving iodidum the percentage increase of volume of a thyroid gland has constituted 12,30,7%. After of a euthyrox therapy there was a relative decrease of the thyroid volume by 13,70,5%. In the group of healthy women a TSH level has increased inconsiderable from l,30,6mU/l to l,60,2mU/l to the end of pregnancy. During pregnancy in the group of women with diffuse non-toxic goiter without treatment rising the TSH values in a blood from l,40,3mU/I to 2,30,2 mU/l was revealed. The mean TSH levels of the goitrous pregnant group, receiving iodidum, essentially did not vary during pregnancy. In the goitrous pregnant group, receiving euthyrox, a TSH level has decreased considerably from l,80,5mU/l to 0,60,2 mU/l to the end of pregnancy. TSH values and free T4 in all the pregnant women were within the reference range in a blood of the healthy nonpregnant women. Was not observed of differences of pregnancy course and term delivery in compared groups. The high frequency of complications of pregnancy is connected to availability of the not diagnosed autoimmune thyroiditis. Conclusion: These results recommend to usage of iodine at the women with a not enlarged thyroid gland and with diffuse non-toxic goiter of the first degree and nonsupressic doses of thyroxine at the women with diffuse non-toxic goiter of the second degree during pregnancy.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of operative treatment of goiter on background of autoimmune thyroiditis

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
O. P. Kovalov ◽  
O. M. Liulka ◽  
V. I. Liakhovskyi ◽  
I. I. Nemchenko ◽  
A. V. Sydorenko
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Nodular Goiter ◽  
Subtotal Resection ◽  
Retrosternal Goiter

Objective. To determine the peculiarities of operative technique in surgical treatment of patients with nodular goiter on background of autoimmune thyroiditis. Materials and methods. The results of surgical treatment of nodular goiter, basing on data from surgical clinic of the Second Clinical Hospital in City of Poltava through 2003 - 2017 yrs were adduced. There were operated 549 patients, suffering nodular goiter. There were 58 (10.6%) men and 491 (89.4%) women. Unilateral nontoxic nodular goiter was observed in 187 (34.1%) patients, multinodular nontoxic – in 322 (58.7%), multinodular toxic – in 30 (5.5%), thyreotoxic adenoma – in 21 (3.8%) patients. Cervico-retrosternal goiter was in 110 (20.0%) patients. For recurrent goiter 21 (3.8%) patients were operated. Malignant tumors were revealed intraoperatively or after definite histological investigation in 22 (4/0%) patients. Of 108 patients, to whom, basing on the disease clinical signs, laboratory data and preoperative cytological investigation the diagnosis of nodular goiter on background of autoimmune thyroiditis was established, while performing of definite postoperative investigation macromicrofollicular colloidal goiter was revealed in 41 (38%), nodular goiter with the autoimmune thyroiditis – in 51 (47.2%), cancer (papillary, follicular) – in 8 (14.8%) patients. Subtotal resection of thyroid gland was performed in 8 (15.7%) patients, hemithyroidectomy - in 12 (23.5%), extrafascial thyroidectomy – in 23 (45.1%). In patients, suffering thyroidal gland cancer, extrafascial thyroidectomy was performed, while in 3 – with central lymphodissection. Intraoperatively visual macroscopic estimation of thyroid gland and obligatory suboperative cyto- and histological investigations of the specimen obtained were performed. Operative tactics was applied in accordance to actual clinical protocols for treatment of patients, suffering surgical pathology of endocrine system. Results. Some technical measures were proposed to minimize the risk of injury of anatomic structures: lower laryngeal nerve, parathyroidal glands, trachea, the neck vessels. Conclusion. Extrafascial procedure guarantees a visual control in the risk zones and radicality of operation, minimizes the specific complications rate.

scholarly journals Congenital Hypothyroidism – An Update

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
Farzana Rahman Chowdhury ◽  
AKM Matiur Rahman ◽  
Urmi Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Paediatric Endocrinology ◽  
Starting Dose ◽  
Prolonged Jaundice ◽  
Serum Tsh

Hypothyroidism is a common disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. The most cases of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is from thyroid dysgenesis. The worldwide incidence CH is 1:3000- 4000 live births and prevalence rate of CH in Bangladesh is 0.9%. The thyroid gland is the first endocrine structure in fetus. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) appear by 12 weeks of gestation. CH is classified into permanent and transient. Permanent CH requires life-long treatment. Common symptoms of CH are feeding difficulty, prolonged jaundice, lethargy, constipation and not growing well. Newborn with CH will have puffy face, wide posterior fontanelle, wide open sutures and later on umbilical hernia, coarse facies, macroglossia and cold or mottled skin are common signs. Measurement of T4 and TSH as newborn screening are appropriate approach with interpretation of T4 below 10th centile or TSH above 90th centile or absolute cut-offs such as T4 < 6.5 ug/dL and TSH > 20mu/L. The diagnosis of primary CH is confirmed by the finding of an elevated serum TSH level and a low free T4 or total T4. Early T4 replacement in children with CH is crucial for neurological outcome. A high starting dose of 10–15 ìg/kg/day is recommended by AAP and European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE). The T4 levels normalize in first 3 days of initiation of treatment, while TSH levels take up to 1 month for normalization. Routine follow-up with biochemically adjustment of doses of Levothyroxine can completely normalize the children of CH.Bangladesh J Child Health 2017; VOL 41 (2) :110-116

Infants Diagnosed with Athyreosis on Scintigraphy May Have a Gland Present on Ultrasound and Have Transient Congenital Hypothyroidism

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Niamh McGrath ◽  
Colin Patrick Hawkes ◽  
Stephanie Ryan ◽  
Philip Mayne ◽  
Nuala Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Ultrasound ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Median Serum ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Rule Out

Scintigraphy using technetium-99m (<sup>99m</sup>Tc) is the gold standard for imaging the thyroid gland in infants with congenital hypothyroidism (CHT) and is the most reliable method of diagnosing an ectopic thyroid gland. One of the limitations of scintigraphy is the possibility that no uptake is detected despite the presence of thyroid tissue, leading to the spurious diagnosis of athyreosis. Thyroid ultrasound is a useful adjunct to detect thyroid tissue in the absence of <sup>99m</sup>Tc uptake. <b><i>Aims:</i></b> We aimed to describe the incidence of sonographically detectable in situ thyroid glands in infants scintigraphically diagnosed with athyreosis using <sup>99m</sup>Tc and to describe the clinical characteristics and natural history in these infants. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The newborn screening records of all infants diagnosed with CHT between 2007 and 2016 were reviewed. Those diagnosed with CHT and athyreosis confirmed on scintigraphy were invited to attend a thyroid ultrasound. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of the 488 infants diagnosed with CHT during the study period, 18/73 (24.6%) infants with absent uptake on scintigraphy had thyroid tissue visualised on ultrasound (3 hypoplastic thyroid glands and 15 eutopic glands). The median serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration at diagnosis was significantly lower than that in infants with confirmed athyreosis (no gland on ultrasound and no uptake on scintigraphy) (74 vs. 270 mU/L), and median free T4 concentration at diagnosis was higher (11.9 vs. 3.9 pmol/L). Six of 10 (60%) infants with no uptake on scintigraphy but a eutopic gland on ultrasound had transient CHT. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Absent uptake on scintigraphy in infants with CHT does not rule out a eutopic gland, especially in infants with less elevated TSH concentrations. Clinically, adding thyroid ultrasound to the diagnostic evaluation of infants who have athyreosis on scintigraphy may avoid committing some infants with presumed athyreosis to lifelong levothyroxine treatment.

Hypothyrosis syndrome: role of triodthyronine in diagnostics and combination therapy (review of literature)

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 261-265
Author(s):  
I. A. Tsanava ◽  
S. V. Bulgakova ◽  
A. V. Melikova
Keyword(s):  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Serum T3 ◽  
Euthyroid Status ◽  
System Assessment

Hypothyroidism syndrome is one of the most common pathologies of the endocrine system. Assessment of euthyroid status can not always be carried out according to the TSH indicator. In a number of patients with normal TSH levels and a clinical picture of hypothyroidism, the serum T3 concentration is determined at the lower limit of the norm or below it with a high content of free T4 in the blood. In world practice, positive experience has been accumulated in the combined use of preparations of sodium levothyroxine and liothyronine, a synthetic form of exogenous triiodothyronine. A number of studies have noted the advantages of using combination therapy for hypothyroidism over levothyroxine monotherapy in certain groups of patients. Possible reasons for the ineffectiveness of standard treatment for hypothyroidism are described.

scholarly journals Effect of Tabata Methods as Interval Training Variant on Physical Performance of Pedagogical University Students

2015 ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
С. А. Пашкевич ◽  
Н. І. Бондаренко ◽  
Г. Л. Нікуліна
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Output Characteristics

The objective of the research is to develop, substantiate and evaluate the effectiveness of interval training methods during physical training of students of higher educational institutions pursuant to changes in physical performance.Methods.  The reference group (RG) consisted of 20 students (5 male and 15 female), the test group (TG) — 26 (5 male and 19 female). The RG students did fitness during their physical training classes at the university, while the TG students, besides the same program, did Tabata training in class and independently on their own at three levels of intensity four times a week for four weeks.We evaluated the effectiveness by the changes in students’ physical performance. We used χ2 tests (binary variables) to compare the output characteristics in the groups, t–tests (continuous variables) and Mann-Whitney test to compare the distribution of ordinal variables, and Wilcoxon test (related samples).Results. During the month of the forming experiment being conducted, the TG students’ physical performance showed the increase of + 38.9% and was reliably different from the results of the initial period (p < 0.05). The anthropometric indicators did not significantly change in their dynamics, nor was there any difference between the comparison groups.The evaluation of the effectiveness of interval training by the Tabata methods pursuant to the dynamics of the students’ physical performance allowed to objectively prove the positive effect that additional independent training of students has when implemented.

scholarly journals Association between age of first exposure and heavy internet use in a representative sample of 317,443 adolescents from 52 countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubén López-Bueno ◽  
Ai Koyanagi ◽  
Guillermo Felipe López-Sánchez ◽  
Joseph Firth ◽  
Lee Smith
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
International Student ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Student Assessment ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Internet Usage ◽  
International Student Assessment ◽  
Mediterranean Regions

AbstractInternet usage among adolescents has increased substantially over the last years, concurrently with emerging concerns that an abusive use is associated with detrimental health outcomes. Our objective was to examine the association between age of first exposure and heavy Internet usage in different domains. Data from the 2018 wave of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) were retrieved. This included a total of 317,443 participants (49.2% boys) aged 15 and 16 years from 52 countries. Data from both Internet use and age of first exposure were retrieved and used to conduct metanalyses with random effects. Adolescents reporting an age of first exposure of Internet usage at ≥ 13 years old had the lowest odds for heavy Internet use (> 2 h/day) (reference group: ≤ 9 years) during weekends (odds ratio, 0.41 [95% CI, 0.35–0.48]), weekdays (odds ratio, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.37–0.56]), and during school time (odds ratio (odds ratio, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.77–0.96]) even when adjusted for sex, socioeconomic status, and country. A stronger association was observed in adolescents from South and Central America and Eastern Mediterranean regions in the domain of weekends and weekdays. The results indicate that early internet exposure is associated with heavy Internet use, particularly during weekends and weekdays, regardless the geographical region, in a linear fashion. Further research should aim to examine if better education and parental control in specific areas may avoid excessive Internet use that possibly have a negative influence on both mental and physical health.

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