scholarly journals Diffuse non-toxic goiter and pregnancy

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
V. V. Potine ◽  
А. В. Loginov ◽  
N. N. Tkathenko
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Toxic Goiter ◽  
And Function ◽  
Second Degree

The aim of this study was to investigate of effect of pregnancy on the thyroid sizes and function at the patients with diffuse non-toxic goiter in a region of marginal iodine deficiency. Materials and methods: 132 pregnant women in the age of 18-39 years, including 110 with diffuse non- toxic goiter and 22 pregnant women with a normal thyroid gland, were examined. 30 patients with diffuse non-toxic goiter of the first degree received 200 мкг per day of KI (iodid- 200), 40 patients with diffuse non-toxic goiter of the second degree received a 25-75 micrograms/day thyroxine (euthyrox). 25 patients with diffuse non-toxic goiter had not received regular therapy. The autoimmune thyroiditis is revealed for 15 women with diffuse non-toxic goiter. They received a 75-100 micrograms/day euthyrox. We estimated volume of the thyroid gland by ultrasound, serum TSH and serum thyroid hormone in each trimester of pregnancy. Results: At the healthy women during pregnancy the percentage increase of volume of a thyroid gland has constituted 24,30,2%. At the patients with diffuse non-toxic goiter, not receiving therapy, the thyroid gland was authentically increased at 37,11,1%. At the pregnant women receiving iodidum the percentage increase of volume of a thyroid gland has constituted 12,30,7%. After of a euthyrox therapy there was a relative decrease of the thyroid volume by 13,70,5%. In the group of healthy women a TSH level has increased inconsiderable from l,30,6mU/l to l,60,2mU/l to the end of pregnancy. During pregnancy in the group of women with diffuse non-toxic goiter without treatment rising the TSH values in a blood from l,40,3mU/I to 2,30,2 mU/l was revealed. The mean TSH levels of the goitrous pregnant group, receiving iodidum, essentially did not vary during pregnancy. In the goitrous pregnant group, receiving euthyrox, a TSH level has decreased considerably from l,80,5mU/l to 0,60,2 mU/l to the end of pregnancy. TSH values and free T4 in all the pregnant women were within the reference range in a blood of the healthy nonpregnant women. Was not observed of differences of pregnancy course and term delivery in compared groups. The high frequency of complications of pregnancy is connected to availability of the not diagnosed autoimmune thyroiditis. Conclusion: These results recommend to usage of iodine at the women with a not enlarged thyroid gland and with diffuse non-toxic goiter of the first degree and nonsupressic doses of thyroxine at the women with diffuse non-toxic goiter of the second degree during pregnancy.

scholarly journals Hormonal contraception with progestagen desogestrel in women with diffuse non-toxic goiter аnd autoimmune thyroiditis

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Galina Petrovna Pologoyko ◽  
Maria Igorivna Yarmolinskaya ◽  
Tatyana Mihajlovna Lekareva
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Hormonal Contraception ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Toxic Goiter ◽  
And Function

The article represents influence of gestagen desogestrel on size and function of thyroid gland in women of reproductive age. Into the study we included 70 women who were prescribed gestagen desogestrel in a daily dose of 75 mg for a period of 12 months. All the patients were devided into two groups. The first group consisted of 20 women with diffuse nontoxic goiter, the second consisted of 30 women with autoimmune thyroiditis. Control group consisted of 20 women without thyroid gland pathology. Prior to therapy with desogestrel and after 12 month of treatment, serum levels of free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine and thyrotropin releasing hormone, thyroperoxidase antibodies were determined and thyroid gland sonigraphy was performed in all the patients. Obtained data show that gestagen desogestrel doesn’t influence the size and function of thyroid gland in healthy women and in patients with diffuse non-toxic goiter. In women with autoimmune thyroiditis implication of desogestrel significantly decreases blood levels of thyroperoxidase autoantibodies.

scholarly journals Thyroid Morphology and Function in Adults with Untreated Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency

2006 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 860-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Regina Silva Alcântara ◽  
Roberto Salvatori ◽  
Paula Regina Silva Alcântara ◽  
Luciana Michele A. Nóbrega ◽  
Vera Simone Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Hormone Deficiency ◽  
Homozygous Mutation ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Thyroid Morphology ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Function

Abstract Objective: GH influences thyroid function and anatomy. Although goiter is frequent in acromegalic patients, the effects of GH deficiency (GHD) are difficult to assess, because hypopituitaric subjects who lack GH often also have a partial or complete deficit of TSH. Study Design: We studied thyroid morphology and serum levels of thyroid hormones in adult members of a large Brazilian kindred with untreated isolated GHD due to a homozygous mutation in the GHRH receptor gene (GHRHR; nine men and 15 women; GHD group) and compared them to subjects heterozygous for the same mutation (eight men and 10 women; HET group) and subjects homozygous for the wild-type allele [seven men and 11 women; control (CO) group]. Results: GHD subjects had a smaller thyroid volume (TV) than HET and CO. The TV of the HET group was intermediate between those of the GHD and CO groups. When TV was corrected by body surface area, it remained smaller in the GHD and HET groups than in the CO group, but the difference between GHD and HET groups disappeared. The GHD group had lower serum T3 levels than the CO group and higher free T4 levels than HET and CO groups. Conclusions: Individuals with severe untreated GHD due to a homozygous GHRHR mutation and heterozygous carriers of the same mutation have smaller TV than normal subjects, suggesting that GH has a permissive role in the growth of the thyroid gland. In addition, GHD subjects have reduced serum total T3 and increased serum free T4, suggesting a reduction in the function of the deiodinase system.

scholarly journals The influence of diffuse toxic goiter on the course and outcome of pregnancy

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Yulia Sergeevna Lovkova ◽  
Vladimir Vsevolodovich Potin ◽  
Natalya Nikolaevna Tkachenko ◽  
Elisaveta Valeryevna Shelayeva ◽  
Tachira Timurovna Musaeva
Keyword(s):  
Cord Blood ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Umbilical Cord Blood ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Subclinical Hyperthyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Status ◽  
Toxic Goiter ◽  
Preterm Rupture Of Membranes

We have studied peculiarities of pregnancy, delivery and neonatal thyroid status in 58 women with diffuse toxic goiter. During pregnancy patients received thyreostatic therapy (imidazole and thiouracil derivates). Examination consisted of assessment of levels of free thyroxin, TSH, autoantibodies to TSH-receptors and autoantibodies to thyroperoxidasis in the blood of pregnant women and in umbilical cord blood. The group of comparison consisted of 58 women without thyroid pathology and 111 women with autoimmune thyroiditis. In women with diffuse toxic goiter preeclampsia, chronic placental insufficiency, preterm rupture of membranes, fetal hypotrophy and hypoxia were observed more frequently. 17 % of newborns of mothers with diffuse toxic goiter had subclinical hyperthyroidism and 54% of newborns — subclinical hypothyroidism, depending of transplacental pass of thyreostatic medications

scholarly journals Environmental contamination with metals as a risk factor causing developing autoimmune thyroiditis in children in zones influenced by emissions from metallurgic enterprises

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
I.Е. Shtina ◽  
◽  
S.L. Valina ◽  
К.P. Luzhetskiy ◽  
М.Т. Zenina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Regional Background Level

Chemical environmental factors trophic for the endocrine system and its organs produce negative influence on it that becomes apparent through growing incidence and pathomorphism of endocrine diseases. Our test group was made up of 102 children with diagnosed autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) who were chronically exposed to metals (lead, manganese, nickel, chromium, and zinc) being components in emissions from metallurgic enterprises in Perm region. Our reference group included 46 children with AIT who lived beyond zones influenced by the aforementioned enterprises in areas with the sanitary-hygienic situation being relatively favorable. We comparatively analyzed the results of clinical and ultrasound examinations that focused on evaluating children’s thyroidal and immune state. A growth in incidence with thyroiditis amounted to 63.6 % on the test territory over 10 years and it was 1.6 times higher than on average in the region (40.8 %); there was no growth in the indicator detected on the reference territory. Concentrations of chromium, nickel, lead, zinc, and manganese higher than regional background level were 1.7–5.5 times more frequently detected in blood of children from the test group against the reference one. A number of AIT cases was higher among exposed boys (by 2.0 times, p = 0.070); exposed children also had higher Ig A, M, and G contents in blood serum (by up to 2.9 times, p = 0.015–0.056), higher TSH levels (by 2.0 times, p = 0.096), and lower free T4 contents (by 5.4 times, p = 0.057). Diffuse damage to the thyroid gland was by 1.3 times more frequent under exposure to adverse factors created by metallurgic production; AIT combined with other diseases was also more frequent (p = 0.041). Rates and growth in incidence of thyroid gland diseases and thyroiditis are by 1.3–2.3 times higher among children and teenagers living on territories where metallurgic enterprises are located against the same indicators on territories where sanitary-hygienic situation is relatively favorable. We detected less apparent gender-related differences in AIT frequency, a greater number of improper thyroidal state, elevated risks of diffuse changes in the thyroid gland and activation of humoral immune response that was by 2.2–3.4 times more frequent together with concomitant damage to other systems under elevated contents of metals in blood.

scholarly journals Prevalence of iodine deficiency and goitre during pregnancy in east Hungary

2000 ◽  
pp. 479-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Mezosi ◽  
I Molnar ◽  
A Jakab ◽  
E Balogh ◽  
Z Karanyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nodular Goitre

OBJECTIVE: To assess the iodine nutritional status and the prevalence of goitre during pregnancy in a region of Hungary that appeared to be iodine sufficient in previous studies. DESIGN: A cross-sectional voluntary screening study was organized in which 313 pregnant women participated. METHODS: Urine iodine concentration and the volume of the thyroid gland were measured in every woman. In the presence of low urinary iodine concentrations, goitre, or both, thyroid function tests were performed. RESULTS: Iodine deficiency was found in 57.1% of the pregnant women, and was severe in 15.6%. The volume of the thyroid gland was enlarged in 19.2% of individuals. Nodular goitre was found in 17 women (5.4%). The frequency of goitre and the mean thyroid volume were increased in the group of iodine-deficient women. In the 89 cases of iodine deficiency or goitre, thyrotrophin concentrations were in the normal range; however, the free triiodothyronine:free throxine ratio was increased in 97% of them, indicating that the thyroid gland was in a stimulated state in these individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Iodine deficiency with high prevalence of goitre was recognized among pregnant women in an area that previously appeared to be iodine sufficient. An unexpected mild iodine deficiency was also noted in the non-pregnant control group. Reassessment and continuous monitoring of iodine nutritional status is warranted even in populations that are apparently considered to be 'at no risk' of iodine deficiency, especially in pregnant women. Regular administration of iodine, starting at preconception or in early pregnancy and continuing during the period of nursing, is recommended in these regions.

scholarly journals The End-Diastolic Velocity of Thyroid Arteries Is Strongly Correlated with the Peak Systolic Velocity and Gland Volume in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroiditis

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Danilo Bianchini Höfling ◽  
Suemi Marui ◽  
Carlos Alberto Buchpiguel ◽  
Giovanni Guido Cerri ◽  
Maria Cristina Chammas
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Flow Resistance ◽  
Doppler Sonography ◽  
Peak Systolic Velocity ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Peripheral Blood Flow ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Diastolic Velocity

Background. The end-diastolic velocity (EDV) of thyroid arteries reflects peripheral blood flow resistance.Objective. The aim was to evaluate EDV correlations with other Doppler sonography parameters and with clinical and biochemical variables in a sample of patients with hypothyroidism caused by chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAT).Methods. A sample of 48 CAT hypothyroid patients receiving treatment with stable doses of levothyroxine was selected. The participants underwent clinical evaluation and measurement of serum thyrotropin (TSH), total triiodothyronine (T3), total thyroxine (T4), free T4, thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO), and antithyroglobulin antibodies (anti-Tg) and Doppler sonography.Results. The EDV of the inferior thyroid arteries (ITA-EDV) was strongly and positively correlated with the peak systolic velocity of the inferior thyroid arteries (ITA-PSV,r=0.919), thyroid volume (r=0.711), and thyroid visual vascularization pattern (TVP,r=0.687). There was no correlation between ITA-EDV and the clinical variables, hormones, anti-TPO, or anti-Tg.Conclusion. The strong correlation of ITA-EDV with ITA-PSV, TVP, and volume suggests that increased vascularization in CAT may be associated with a reduction in thyroid blood flow resistance, possibly due to an angiogenesis-induced increase in the total vascular cross-sectional area of the parenchyma.

scholarly journals Correlation between Sonographic Findings of Maternal Thyroid Gland and Thyroid Function Tests during Pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maimoona Rasool ◽  
Sarah Maryam ◽  
M. Sohail Anjum Noor ◽  
Mehreen Fatima ◽  
Sultan Ayaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Function Tests ◽  
Maternal Thyroid

Background: Pregnancy has great influence on maternal thyroid gland. It induces significant physiological as well as hormonal changes that alters the maternal thyroid function. Our goal was to determine this pregnancy associated changes in thyroid gland. Objective: To correlate the sonographic findings of maternal thyroid gland with thyroid function tests during pregnancy. Material and methods: 135 pregnant women were recruited in this study, data of TSH, T3 and T4 was obtained and correlated it with the sonographic findings of maternal thyroid gland in each trimester of pregnancy. Results: In the 135 sampled pregnant women, mean thyroid gland volume was 4.08±1.19 cm3. The mean levels of T3, T4 and TSH were v3.37±.44 pmol/L, 14.96±2.49 pmol/L and 1.21±.92 mIU/L respectively. A remarkable correlation between thyroid hormones and thyroid volume was observed. Conclusion: It is concluded that the ultra-sonographic findings is correlated with the thyroid function tests during pregnancy.

Dystyreoz as risk factors for the formation of secondary amenoreyeyi girls who live in low iodine deficiency

2017 ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
S.I. Turchinа ◽  
◽  
T.A. Nachetova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Menstrual Dysfunction ◽  
Normal Thyroid ◽  
Secondary Amenorrhea ◽  
Toxic Goiter

The article highlights new data on the effect of thyroid dysfunction on the formation of secondary amenorrhea in adolescent girls who live for a long time in conditions of weak iodine deficiency. The objective: to determine the state of the thyroid system in girls with SA, taking into account the presence of thyroid disorders. Materials and methods. Under observation were 68 girls aged 14-17 years with SA, living in conditions of weak iodine deficiency in Kharkov and the Kharkov region. The examination provided for an ultrasound of the thyroid gland and determination of the functional state of the pituitary-thyroid system. Girls with SA entered the main group. Depending on the presence of thyreopathy, namely, diffuse non-toxic goiter (DNG), the patients of the main group were divided into two subgroups: 1-st subgroup consists of a girls with SA and normal thyroid volume (n=39); 2-nd subgroup consists of girls with SA and DNG (n=29). The control group included 78 female peers with normal thyroid volume, harmonious physical development and normal menstrual function. Results. The obtained results allowed to establish that the formation of SA in girls living in conditions of low iodine deficiency occurs against a background of thyroid dysfunction, the character of which differs in girls with normal thyroid gland volume and DNG. This can be regarded as a succession of stages of the pathological process when, in conditions of prolonged residence in regions with a mild iodine deficiency, a distearosis is formed which is characterized by an increase in the fT4 conversion in fT3, reflecting an increase in the fT3/fT4 ratio in the vast majority of the girls surveyed. These changes in the thyroid profile negatively affect the development of the reproductive system and can cause menstrual dysfunction even in the absence of thyroid disease. The conclusion. Prevention and treatment of SA in girls living in conditions of low iodine deficiency, provides long-term use of pharmacological drugs potassium iodide in age doses. Key words: girls, thyroid gland, thyroid status, secondary amenorrhea.

scholarly journals The levels of immunoreactive proteins and cytokines in the blood of the patients presenting with autoimmune thyroid diseases

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 10-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
T P Maklakova ◽  
V N Zorina ◽  
T T Shapel’ ◽  
O N Boiko ◽  
R M Zorina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Tnf Alpha ◽  
Hormonal Status ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Ifn Gamma ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Toxic Goiter

We determined the levels of TSH, free T4 (fT4), immunoregulatory proteins (alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2-MG), lactoferrin (LF), alpha-1-antitripsin (α1-AT) , and cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IFN-gamma)) in the blood of 50 women presenting with diffuse toxic goiter (DTG) and 35 women with autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) before and 4-6 months after the treatment. Thirty healthy women served as controls. Hypothyroidism in the outcome of AIT was associated with hypercytokinemia and the enhanced levels of a2-MG and LF, but not a1-AT. The treatment had no effect on these parameters but normalized the TSH and T4 levels. Manifest DTG was associated with the increased IFN-gamma, IL-6, α2-MG, LF, and α1-AT levels . The treatment during 4-6 months resulted in the reduction of the IL-6 and α2-MG levels whereas the hormonal status of the patients became normal. The persistence of certain disturbances suggested that dysfunction of the immune system was not totally corrected despite the normalization of the hormonal status and could be interpreted as the risk factor of a relapse of thyroid pathology.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of endocrine ophthalmopathy

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
T. I. Rodionova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Mild Form ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Endocrine Ophthalmopathy ◽  
Toxic Goiter ◽  
Genetically Determined

Endocrine ophthalmopathy (EO), or orbitopathy, is currently considered as a genetically determined independent autoimmune disease [38, 39]. At the same time, there is a close relationship between EO and autoimmune diseases of the thyroid gland (thyroid gland). In approximately 90% of cases, EO develops in patients with diffuse toxic goiter (DTZ), in 5% in patients with Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis; in 5-10% of patients with EO, thyroid diseases are not detected [66]. The average age of patients with EA at the 1st visit to the doctor is 45-50 years and corresponds to the age of patients with DTZ; in children, EO develops rarely and proceeds, as a rule, in a mild form [51]. Smoking is considered a risk factor for the development of EO: among 85 EO patients, 53 (62%) smokers were found, and only 23% of the patients with DTZ without EO smoked [61, 66].

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