THE OCCUPANTS AND THE POPULATION OF NORTH-WEST RUSSIA DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
ELENA E. KRASNOZHENOVA ◽  

The war of Germany against the USSR was based on the idea of expanding the "living space" of the German nation, capable of using the resources of the occupied territories of the Soviet republics for the benefit of its own development. The population of the countries destined for conquest must feed the German economy with man power resources, the natural reserves of their former territories will provide the economic needs of the German army and the entire German people. The most important tool for the economic use of the occupied territories was the tax system, the export of production equipment, property of organizations and citizens. For staffing industrial production in the occupied territories, labor exchanges were created, distributing the civilian population to work at local enterprises. The occupation caused enormous damage to the population, economy and economy of the North-West of Russia. The number of the local population, which was destroyed in concentration camps, was subjected to robberies and terror, and was mobilized for defensive and other work, significantly decreased. The population experienced constant hunger, only those who were involved in compulsory work in production received the minimum supply. A significant number of able-bodied citizens of the occupied regions of the North-West were sent to forced labor in Germany. The violent deportation of the population to Germany was accompanied by unprecedented cruelty and brutal reprisals. In the face of intensified repression, the process of mass entry of the rural population into partisan detachments began.

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (11-1) ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
Elena Krasnozhenova

The article shows the content of the Nazi occupation policy in the North-West of Russia during the Great Patriotic war. Features of the German command’s agricultural and tax policy in the occupied territory of the region are presented. To supply Nazi Germany and its armies, the economic resources of the occupied territories were used by exporting raw materials, food, equipment, and other material values. The local population was involved in mandatory work at enterprises, or sent to Germany. The occupation policy led to a significant deterioration of living conditions in the North-West of the Russia. The removal of food and warm clothing from citizens, their eviction from their homes, and the lack of medical care contributed to an increase in morbidity and mortality. The article shows the content of Nazi propaganda in the occupied territory of the North-West of the Russia.


Africa ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Leopold

AbstractThis article outlines the history of a people known as ‘Nubi’ or ‘Nubians’, northern Ugandan Muslims who were closely associated with Idi Amin's rule, and a group to which he himself belonged. They were supposed to be the descendants of former slave soldiers from southern Sudan, who in the late 1880s at the time of the Mahdi's Islamic uprising came into what is now Uganda under the command of a German officer named Emin Pasha. In reality, the identity became an elective one, open to Muslim males from the northern Uganda/southern Sudan borderlands, as well as descendants of the original soldiers. These soldiers, taken on by Frederick Lugard of the Imperial British East Africa Company, formed the core of the forces used to carve out much of Britain's East African Empire. From the days of Emin Pasha to those of Idi Amin, some Nubi men were identified by a marking of three vertical lines on the face – the ‘One-Elevens’. Although since Amin's overthrow many Muslims from the north of the country prefer to identify themselves as members of local Ugandan ethnic groups rather than as ‘Nubis’, aspects of Nubi identity live on among Ugandan rebel groups, as well as in cyberspace.


Author(s):  
Wuchu Cornelius Wutofeh

This article is aimed at evaluating the contributions of community radios to the development of regions. Qualitative and quantitative research designs were adopted added to secondary data (published, unpublished sources and the internet). The data derived was coded and analysed to come out with the following findings that Donga-Mantung community radio has significantly contributed to the local development of the division in the following ways. First, the community radio contributes to improvement in the agricultural activities of the local population. Second, the Donga Mantung community radio helps in promoting the culture of the people as well as the general sensitisation of the people. Third, the station has provided a forum for Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) to reach out to the larger population by undertaking advertisements at very affordable fees. Fourth, the station contributes in sensitising the public on health issues focusing on AIDS prevention, vaccination and family planning.


2021 ◽  
pp. 85-108
Author(s):  
Jens Steffek

This chapter is dedicated to non-liberal varieties of technocratic internationalism. The focus is on two largely forgotten authors who represent technocratic internationalism in the fascist and socialist context. I first consider the international theory of Giuseppe De Michelis, a Geneva-based Italian diplomat who developed a fascist approach to international cooperation. What he proposed in the early 1930s was a system of global economic governance coordinated by a powerful international organization. Projecting Italian corporativism to the international level, De Michelis envisaged a global scheme to allocate capital, labour, and raw materials, with a united ‘Eurafrica’ as avant-garde. The second part of the chapter considers the work of Francis Delaisi, a French political economist and journalist of the same generation. Delaisi was a syndicalist who late in his life came to sympathize with the way the Nazis re-organized the German economy. He was the author of the so-called ‘Delaisi plan’, a scheme of transnational public works intended to unite the European continent. The idea behind this plan, presented in 1931, was to bring together the ‘two Europes’ that he found to co-exist on the same continent: the industrial core in the North-West on the one hand and the far less developed areas in Eastern and Southern Europe on the other.


2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Oliver ◽  
Rebecca J. Laver ◽  
Katie L. Smith ◽  
Aaron M. Bauer

The Australian Monsoonal Tropics (AMT) are one of the largest unbroken areas of savannah woodland in the world. The history of the biota of this region is poorly understood; however, data from fossil deposits indicate that the climate was more mesic in the past, and that biodiversity has been shaped by attenuation and turnover as arid conditions expanded and intensified through the Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene. The giant cave and tree geckos (Pseudothecadactylus) are distributed across three disjunct regions of relatively high rainfall in the AMT (the north-west Kimberley, the ‘Top End’, and Cape York). We present an analysis of the diversity and biogeography of this genus based on mitochondrial (ND2) and nuclear (RAG-1) loci. These data indicate that the three widely allopatric lineages of Pseudothecadactylus diverged around the mid-Miocene, a novel pattern of relatively long-term persistence that has not previously been documented within the AMT. Two Pseudothecadactylus species endemic to sandstone scarps in the west Kimberley Region and ‘Top End’ also include divergent mitochondrial lineages, indicative of deep intraspecific coalescence times within these regions. Pseudothecadactylus is a highly relictual lineage with an extant distribution that has been shaped by a history of attenuation, isolation and persistence in the face of increasingly arid conditions. The low ecological and morphological diversity of Pseudothecadactylus also contrasts with its diverse sister lineage of geckos in New Caledonia, further underlining the relictual nature of standing diversity in the former.


Author(s):  
Cezary Galewicz

This chapter examines ascetic and meditation practices as borne witness to in the ancient scriptures of Hinduism, the Vedas and Upaniṣads. Close to the appearance of Buddhism towards the sixth or fifth century BCE, the already rich textual heritage of the Veda emerged as a canonical collection rearranged for ritual use. Most of its texts had been composed centuries earlier, beginning in the north-west areas of the Greater Punjab, and continued to grow while transmitted orally over a period of several centuries. All that accompanied a slow movement towards east and south of the Vedic tribes and clans. They fought and formed alliances among themselves and with others in the process of growing cultural synthesis. The complex Vedic canon represents a religion which modern scholarship chose to name either Vedism or Vedic Hinduism as preceding that of Brahmanism and later traditions of Hinduism. It also bears witness to a marked emphasis on ritual practice of a decidedly elite character. The late phase of its oral canonization has been recently considered as redefinition in the face either of the universal call of Buddhism or the challenge of the written media of the neighbouring Persian Empire. This chapter examines these developments.


1943 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 34-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. S. Frere

The site to be described was discovered by the writer in a newly cut ditch three miles south of Cambridge on the Hills Road (fig. I). It was revealed in section as a small pit, about 3 ft. across by 2 ft. deep, sunk into the chalk (fig. 2), and investigation showed that the major part of it had already been removed: when cleared the recess was found to extend in plan barely a foot from the face. The spot lies at about 60 ft. above O.D., and the ground rises very gently on three sides, but is level or slightly depressed towards the north-west. The sub-soil is the Lower Chalk, which at this point is overlain by about 8 in. of brown soil and the same depth of dark plough-soil.


Author(s):  
Evgenij Vodyasov

В статье публикуются итоги исследований мусульманских захоронений на могильнике «Тоянов городок», который является одним из самых ранних памятников ислама в Нижнем Притомье. Делается вывод, что в середине – второй половине XVII в. на кладбище сосуществовали две разные группы мусульманских захоронений. Первая группа мусульманских захоронений объединяет безынвентарные погребения с положением умерших головой на северо-запад с доворотом лица направо. Сделан вывод, что эта традиция не характерна для погребального обряда Нижнего Притомья и является привнесенной с территории Тарского Прииртышья. Появление на «Тояновом городке» захоронений с северо-западной ориентацией связано с переселением в окрестности Томска чатских татар в первой трети – середине XVII в. Для второй группы характерно соблюдение киблы положением умершего головой на юго-восток с доворотом лица налево. Инвентарь в этих захоронениях присутствует, что отражает пережитки доисламских верований. Происхождение этой группы захоронений объясняется трансформацией местного погребального обряда. Во второй половине XVII в. происходит исчезновение курганного способа захоронения, и растет количество безынвентарных погребений в связи с укреплением новой веры. При этом в обряде фиксируются пережитки доисламских верований, что само по себе закономерно для распространения любой религии в мире. Автор приходит к заключению, что на рубеже XVII–XVIII вв. исчезает обычай укладывать умерших головой на юго-восток, и «северо-западная» кибла вытесняет местную традицию. В начале XVIII в. в погребальном обряде происходят существенные перемены: окончательно исчезают курганные насыпи, могилы становятся глубже, появляются ниши (подбои), чего не отмечалось в более ранних мусульманских некрополях. Перемены связаны с прибытием мусульманского населения из Поволжья и Предуралья и их расселением в Татарской Слободе. С начала XVIII в. вплоть до рубежа XIX–XX в. мусульманский обряд унифицировался и существовал в неизменном виде.The article presents the results of research on Muslim burials in the hillfort named ‘Toyanov gorodok’ – one of the oldest Islamic sites in the Lower Tom region. The conclusion is drawn that in the middle to the second half of the seventeenth century, two different groups of Muslim burials coexisted here. The first group of the Muslim burials encompasses graves with no inventory, with the deceased placed with their heads to the north-west and their faces turned to the right. It is concluded that this tradition is not consistent with the burial rite spread in the Lower Tom and was brought in from outside, namely, the Tar Irtysh region. The emergence of such burials in the Toyanov Gorodok was associated with the settlement of the Chat Tatars on the outskirts of Tomsk in the first third to the middle seventeenth century. Characteristic of the second group was the placement of the deceased according to the Qiblah, with the head turned to the south-east and the face turned to the left. Some inventory was found in these burials, which is indicative of pre-Islamic beliefs. The origins of this group are accounted for by the transformation of the local burial rite. In the second half of the seventeenth century, the kurgan type of burials disappeared, whereas the number of burials with no inventory grew due to the strengthening of the new faith. At the same time, the vestiges of pre-Islamic beliefs can be seen in the burial rite, which in itself is natural for the spread of any religion in the world. The author concludes that at the turn of the seventeenth to the eighteenth centuries, the rite of placing the deceased with their heads to the south-east ceased to exist, and the ‘Qiblah north-west orientation’ replaced the local tradition. In the early eighteenth century, the burial rite changed significantly: the kurgan type of burials ceased to exist completely, the graves became deeper, and grave niches started to appear which were not reported to be found in older Muslim necropolises. These changes were connected with the arrival of the Muslim population from the Volga and the Ural regions and its settlement in the Tatar Sloboda. From the early eighteenth century up until the turn of the nineteenth to the twentieth centuries, the Muslim rite was consolidated and remained unchanged since.


Author(s):  
V.A. Nesterenko

The materials of the newspaper “Sumy Herald” published during the period of the German occupation in the city of Sumy and devoted to the German submarines’ activities are analyzed in the article. The objective of the publication is to highlight the usage of this theme by the German propaganda to influence the Ukrainian population through the local press. The author has come to the conclusion that newspapers were the most widespread and effective form of propaganda at that time on the occupied territories of the USSR and Ukraine. In comparison to the radio and cinema they were able to cover the considerable part of the rural and urban population. The reports concerning the conduct of military operations were produced centrally and did not take into consideration the specific nature of perceiving this sort of information by the local population. They reports were overloaded with digital, geographic data and specific terms. Only in the second half of 1942 the articles, maps and charts meant to explain certain issues of the undersea war were produced. The greatest attention to the German submarines’ activities was paid by the propaganda in the period from February to September 1942. This is related to the successful actions of the German troops at the Eastern coast of the North Africa. The information concerning this theme was generally published on the first page. It was printed in the headings or subheadings, the bold font was used in the text of the article. Sometimes some illustrations in the form of photos and cartoons were used. The latter were not very common in the newspapers of that period. The information about the undersea war was provided quite promptly and in general was accurate. Except the loses of Britain and its allies in separate military operations the general data concerning the tonnage of sunk ships was published. The information about the German submarines loses was not given in contrast to the loses of the planes, for example. The reports references to the names of the submarines’ captains without providing any information about their personalities had no “personification” effect. Perhaps, it might be compensated by other sources of propaganda, for example by “Die Deutsche Wochenschau” series in the cinemas. But the latter covered a considerably lesser audience in comparison to the newspapers.


2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 147-157
Author(s):  
Nadezhda V. Vinyukova

The article examines the views of the Orthodox priest I.I. Fudel on the position and goals of the Orthodox Church in the North-Western region and on the confessional policy of the Russian Empire in that region. The position of father Joseph, who served in Bialystok for several years, correlates with the opinion of major figures in the public debate on that issue – A.A. Vladimirov, I.P. Kornilov, M.N. Katkov, K.N. Leontiev, – and Slavophil idea. Special attention is paid to the polemics of Fudel and Vladimirov in the «Russian review» journal. The author shows that the idea of «our cause» for father Joseph was precisely the Orthodox mission, which, in turn, would have led to natural, voluntary assimilation of local population. Putting the «religious» above the «national» and «governmental», distinguishing the interests, goals and means of the state and the Church, Fudel did not deny the role of the state principles in the establishment of Orthodoxy in the region, which he saw primarily as imperative of government funding of various Church institutions.


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