THE THEME OF THE GERMAN SUBMARINES’ACTIVITIES COVERED IN THE PRESS PROPAGANDA ON THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES OF UKRAINE (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF “SUMY HERALD” IN 1941-1943)

The materials of the newspaper “Sumy Herald” published during the period of the German occupation in the city of Sumy and devoted to the German submarines’ activities are analyzed in the article. The objective of the publication is to highlight the usage of this theme by the German propaganda to influence the Ukrainian population through the local press. The author has come to the conclusion that newspapers were the most widespread and effective form of propaganda at that time on the occupied territories of the USSR and Ukraine. In comparison to the radio and cinema they were able to cover the considerable part of the rural and urban population. The reports concerning the conduct of military operations were produced centrally and did not take into consideration the specific nature of perceiving this sort of information by the local population. They reports were overloaded with digital, geographic data and specific terms. Only in the second half of 1942 the articles, maps and charts meant to explain certain issues of the undersea war were produced. The greatest attention to the German submarines’ activities was paid by the propaganda in the period from February to September 1942. This is related to the successful actions of the German troops at the Eastern coast of the North Africa. The information concerning this theme was generally published on the first page. It was printed in the headings or subheadings, the bold font was used in the text of the article. Sometimes some illustrations in the form of photos and cartoons were used. The latter were not very common in the newspapers of that period. The information about the undersea war was provided quite promptly and in general was accurate. Except the loses of Britain and its allies in separate military operations the general data concerning the tonnage of sunk ships was published. The information about the German submarines loses was not given in contrast to the loses of the planes, for example. The reports references to the names of the submarines’ captains without providing any information about their personalities had no “personification” effect. Perhaps, it might be compensated by other sources of propaganda, for example by “Die Deutsche Wochenschau” series in the cinemas. But the latter covered a considerably lesser audience in comparison to the newspapers.

VASYLVASYLIOVYCH ANDRIYEVSKY DURING THE PERIOD OFTHE UKRAINIAN REVOLUTION IN 1917-1921 IN CHERNIHIV REGION (based on the materials of Vasyl Andriyevsky’s archive-investigation file)

The lack of the scientific literature concerning Vasyl Vasyliovych Andriyevsky’s participation in the Ukrainian revolution in 1917-1921 in Chernihiv region is stated. His surname (as the leader of such immigrant organizations as Ukrainian Society Prosvita, Ukrainian Community, the Union of Ukrainian Organizations in Yogoslavia) is mentioned in solitary publications about the Ukrainian political immigration in the period between two world wars. The documents and materials of Vasyl Andriyevsky’s archiveinvestigation file used by the authors are kept in the Sectoral State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine. They are representational and fill the gap in the issue concerning his participation in the revolutionary events in Chernihiv region in 1917-1921. The main directions of Vasyl Andriyevsky’s activities while holding the positions of the commissar in Borzna county and the instructor-organizer of the Ukrainian National Rada in Sosnytsia county are covered. The attention to Vasyl Andriyevsky’s participation in the Ukrainian province (Chernihiv) and county congresses (Borzna, Novgorod-Siversky, Sosnytsia), in relevant Ukrainian committees, in founding the detachments of “Ukrainian free Cossacks” is updated. His work in the institutions that ensured functioning of the Labour Congress in Kyiv is emphasized. Vasyl Andriyevsky’s achievements in the field of creative writing and journalism are characterized. The information concerning his publications on the pages of such periodical issues as “Ohni”, “Mayak”, “Muraveinik” (Kyiv) and “Chernihivska Zemska Hazeta” is mentioned. In the author’s opinion the studies of Vasyl Andriyevsky’s immigration period, participation in the immigrant unifying movement and literature efforts are promising.

MEMOIRS OF MEMBERS OF UKRAINIAN MILITARY FORMATIONS IN THE GERMAN ARMED FORCES AS A SOURCE FOR STUDYING THE DAILY LIVES OF SOLDIERS OF WORLD WAR II

The article deals with how the memoirs highlight the peculiarities of everyday life of Ukrainian servicemen who were members of Ukrainian military formations in the German armed forces during the Second World War. Ukrainian combatants published a large number of memoirs, which highlighted the reasons that led them to combine their own destiny with service to a foreign country, described the social and construction conditions in which they found themselves, relations between soldiers, the attitude of Germans to Ukrainians, hopes for future Ukrainian revival. . These memoirs are an important source for studying the daily lives of soldiers during World War II. Although the issue of everyday life of Ukrainian soldiers was considered in the works of researchers, it is of secondary importance. Because of this, there is a problem of a more detailed study of the daily life of soldiers who found themselves in various formations of the German armed forces during World War II, and whose activities were not criminalized by the international community. Significant factual material on this issue provides an analysis of the memories of Ukrainian combatants. The publication provides a critical analysis of the memoirs of P. Hrytsak, M. Kalba, V. Ketsun, R. Kolisnyk, T. Krochak, R. Lazurko, K. Malyi, I. Nahaievskyi, E. Pobihushchyi and others. It was found that the memoirs cover in detail the domestic aspects of the service (military training, leisure, material support, cultural life, morale and mood of the soldiers), relations with the German personnel of the units. The authors’ memoirs contain numerous descriptions of the daily life of soldiers during military training, redeployment and participation in hostilities. Eyewitnesses described the soldiers’ equipment, the content of the instructors’ lectures and talks, the arrangement and plan of the camp, the relations between the Ukrainians and the relations with the Germans, and the peculiarities of the soldiers’ leisure. It is important to describe the transformation of the mood of the Ukrainian soldiers of the Division “Galicia”. These sentiments transformed from optimistic to a complete loss of confidence and growing dislike for German uniforms. Studies of this historical issue indicate that the authors of the memoirs describe the predominantly superior attitude of German personnel towards Ukrainians. It is investigated how the memoirs provide information about relations with the local population in the areas where the Ukrainian units were located. The publication highlights how the memoirs characterize the role of the church and priests in the life of Ukrainian units, which consisted not only in the religious and spiritual care of soldiers, but also in everyday life.

THE WAY UKRAINIANS LEARNT THE CZECH LANGUAGE IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA OR UKRAINIAN INTERWAR IMMIGRATION IN THE NEW LINGUISTIC FIELD (1918-1939)

The phenomenon of cross-linguistic homonymy is the result of closely related languages’ interaction, confusing the same or similar sounding words which have different meanings in different languages. The Ukrainian immigrant community in the interwar Czechoslovakia is no exception. The life of the people of Ukrainian origin in the interwar Czechoslovakia can be conditionally divided into four periods. The first one dates back to 1918-1921 when the detachments of Ukrainian Galicia Army entered the territory of the First Czechoslovak Republic: “Hirska Brygada”, “Stary Tabir”, “Hlyboka”, “Krukenychy”. This first period for the people of Ukrainian origin in the interwar First Czechoslovak Republic is characterized by the lack of interest in learning the Czech language in general as far as most of the campers, who had conversational fluency in German and Polish, were waiting for settling the status of Eastern Galicia, the fate of the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic and solving the conflict in Cieszyn Silesia. The second period dates back to 1921-1925 when the majority of antibolshevik immigration arrived in the interwar First Czechoslovak Republic. Especially this period is characterized by the active learning of the Czech language. The immigrants had two ways of mastering the language. The official way was acquiring the high education in the Czech and Ukrainian educational establishments. However, the most widespread way was the unofficial one, when the language was learnt in the shops, restaurants, bars or other working places where unskilled manual labour was required (for example, at Tomash Batia’s shoe factory, different plants and enterprises); right in the streets after all within different communication situations. The third period in the life of the people of Ukrainian origin on the territory of the interwar First Czechoslovak Republic took place in 1925-1929 and was called “povorontnytstvo”. During this period there was no way of speaking about mastering the Czech language and using cross-linguistic homonyms. In the 1930s due to the world economic crisis and shutting down the access to the Czechoslovak labour market for the people of Ukrainian origin the issue of learning the Czech language was not raised at all. The majority of the people of Ukrainian origin who stayed in Prague and its suburbs or moved to Transcarpathia had already mastered the Czech language by that time. Thus, on the one hand the provocative similarity created a number of obstacles, misunderstandings, it caused tragic and sometimes comic situations. On the other hand, it spiced up the everyday lives of the people of Ukrainian origin.

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION OFAGRICULTURAL PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS OF UKRAINIAN PROVINCES OFTHE RUSSIAN EMPIRE (EARLY 20TH CENTURY)

The purpose of the article is to study the international cooperation of agricultural societies and its impact on the modernization of Ukrainian provinces. The author used comparative, chronological, problem and analytical research methods. On the basis of archival documents and the press of that time the author described and systematized new materials about the international activity of agricultural societies of the Ukrainian provinces. The author proves that it took various forms and contributed to the borrowing of useful foreign experience. It was found that international activities had developed from personal ties to mutual cooperation. The public’s tasks include holding numerous events. The author reconstructs the process of participation of members of agricultural organizations in various international events, including exhibitions. It was emphasized that these contacts were of mutual interest. They provided an opportunity for members of voluntary associations to learn from foreign experience. It is important that the experience was taken consciously. Considerable attention is paid to the initiatives of individuals – members of agricultural societies. The trips contributed to positive changes in society and the modernization of the region in general. The article examines the issue of conducting tours, practices for local landowners abroad by agricultural associations. The expediency of such forms of cooperation was realized by members of agricultural societies. The public understood the need for change. We drew attention to a wide range of countries with which representatives of agricultural societies cooperated. The public of the Ukrainian provinces was interested in foreign governmental and public institutions in the field of agriculture. There was a search for new forms of work, among which is the creation of the socalled American agency. Foreign relations of Volyn hop growers should be called indicative. The joint work of representatives of the Volyn Hop Society was carried out together with government experts, foreign partners, including Ukrainian cooperatives in London. The initiative of agrarian public organizations received government assistance, and export chambers were established. Agricultural societies became their active participants and co-founders. It is concluded that the adoption of foreign experience and contacts with foreign organizations and professionals have contributed to qualitative changes in society.

THE UKRAINIANS’ NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COVERED IN SYMON PETLІURA’S PUBLICISTIC HERITAGE (1902-1917)

The journalistic works written by Simon Petliura during the period of his political views’ formation (1902-1917) are analyzed in the article. The issues concerning the development of the Ukrainian people’s language, education, science, culture, spirituality were covered on the pages of those publications. The article considers the way S. Petliura’s socialist ideology influenced the methods of solving the national question suggested by him. S. Petliura emphasized the importance of the Ukrainian school, theater, scientific institutions for the further development of the Ukrainian nation. It has been found out that the national component was important for S. Petliura’s worldview paradigm. However, it correlated with the social-democratic views. The article states the fact that during the mentioned stage of his socio-political activities S. Petliura considered the Ukrainian people’s further national development through the prism of social-democratic postulates. The article notes that S.Petliura’s outlook of that period had a religious component which was not typical for the early twentieth century Ukrainian socialists. At the same time S. Petliura set socially determined tasks for the Ukrainian science, art and book publishing. Thus, national issues dominated S. Petliura’s early publications. According to the author, the Ukrainian school, science, literature, theater and journalism should promote the Ukrainians’ national self-consciousness development, awareness of the need to achieve Ukraine’s autonomy within the broader Ukrainian community. The same applied to the workers’ and peasants’ class struggle. In accordance with S. Petliura’s views, the humanitarian component of the social process had to be socially determined to meet the needs of the Ukrainian people’s national revival and the establishment of socialist ideals.

EUROPEAN VECTOR IN UKRAINIAN FOREIGN POLICY (2010)

The research focuses on the relationship between Ukraine and European Union during the first year of Victor Yanukovych presidency. It highlights the attempts of the new Ukrainian government to establish the dialogue with the leaders of EU, including Josй Manuel, President of the European Commission Barroso, Herman Van Rompuy, President of the European Council, Jerzy Buzek, President of the European Parliament, and Catherine Ashton, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, First Vice President of the European Commission. This was the motive put behind the first international visit of Victor Yanukovych to Brussels, March 1st, 2010. The author proves the idea of keen interest of Ukrainian top authorities to aspire visa-free travel regime with EU, that was supposed to later score more electoral points during the upcoming elections. Still, the terms of Ukraine-EU Association Agreement seemed for the representatives of the Party of Regions too difficult to implement, and, therefore, in their opinion, had limited perspectives. However, in public domain, both President Victor Yanukovych and his political teammates kept consistently demonstrating their commitment to European integration ideas. The Cabinet of Mykola Azarov, basing on the list of eighteen EU reforms, devised their own plan of integration into European legal, economic and information framework. According to this plan, from October 15th, 2010 the administration was to complete the provisions for signing association and the visa liberalization agreements. Ukraine was represented in EU by experienced diplomat Kostiantyn Ieliseyev. The research points out the existing controversies between Ukrainian and European parties in the question of establishing an extensive and far-reaching free trade area. It draws special attention to the progress made in the area of Ukraine-Europe cooperation in the sphere of power industry, endorsement of the law “Fundamentals for Natural Gas Market Development” and Ukraine becoming a member of Energy Community.

DIGTYARI WEAVING PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL IN 1926-1929

For the first time, the activity of the weaving vocational school in the village Digtyari (modern Chernihiv region) is analyzed. It was the leading educational institution of the middle level of vocational education of the Ukrainian SSR in the second half of the 1920s, in which the creators of traditional textiles studied. The students learned the skills of making carpets, embroidered shirts, and kerchiefs. On the basis of archival sources, the histories, educational process, composition of the teaching and student groups of the school during 1926-1929 are covered. Established in the fall of 1926, the institution was to train qualified master practitioners for the factory and handicraft arts industry, who had formed an artistic taste. The teaching staff initially consisted of local general education teachers and visiting instructors and teachers of special subjects (O. Reisfeld and M. Dyachenko). The institution was headed by uneducated communists Yu. Kozelev and S. Lutayenko. The students of the first set were mostly non-locals, orphans. But the second set already consisted mostly of children of local peasants and artisans. The school had a significant material base, which remained from the textile educational institutions that operated in Digtyary during the first quarter of the twentieth century. The main rooms were located on the right-wing of the main building of the palace complex of the Galagan estate. As a result of the study of the materials of the minutes of the meetings of the school council, the conflict situations that constantly arose between the managers and their supporters and visiting specialists and led to the departure of the latter from Digtyary were analyzed. The initial stage of the existence of the Digtyari weaving professional school, problems in relations between staff, and the originality of the contingent of the first set of students influenced the quality of their training. As it is clear from the available sources, during the first and the beginning of the second school year students worked both theoretically and practically, but due to lack of raw materials they could not produce a significant amount of full-fledged products. The school’s workshop worked on “factory” and, in part, “peasant” raw materials. At the end of the second year of study, students were already making work suitable for sale. The school operated in two directions. The visiting instructor, an experienced artist M. Dyachenko brought a new vision of teaching graphic literacy into the educational process. Weaving and embroidery instructors who either graduated from the textile schools previously existing in Digtyary (A. Reisfeld, V. Nikolskaya) or worked there for a long time (G. Tsybuleva) broadcast local traditions. During the years under study, about 100 students studying at the institution, and one graduation took place. Troubles in the personal relationship between teachers and school management and insufficient funding have affected the quality of education. But even in such conditions, students not only mastered special and general education subjects but also participated in exhibitions, made marketable products, engaged in research work. Curricula developed by M. Dyachenko and O. Reisfeld became a model for other craft educational institutions. And the textbook was written by O. Reisfeld - the first Ukrainian-language textbook on the technology of folk weaving. Keywords: Digtyari weaving professional school, Mykhaylo Dyachenko, Pryluky region.

CREATING TARAS SHEVCHENKO’S CULT ON THE TERRITORY OFTHE SUMY REGION DURING THE PERIOD OF THE UKRAINIAN REVOLUTION (1917-1921)

Within the article, an attempt is made to trace the process of creating quasi-religious Taras Shevchenko’s cult on the territory of the Sumy region at the turning point of history for the Ukrainian nation - national liberation struggle during 1917-1921. The fact is admitted that within Taras Shevchenko’s cult the ways of the reality mythical perception manifest distinctly. Its main methods of functioning are identified: celebrating holidays and holding demonstrations, erecting the monuments, naming natural and cultural objects after the Kobzar, using his image in book publishing. Shevchenko’s holiday phenomenon is reconstructed on the example of celebrations in the towns of Sumy and Konotop, also in the villages of Perekopivka and Vedmezhe (Romny county). The point is stressed that erecting the monuments (busts) to Shevchenko and performing sacred rituals of worshipping nearby constitute a symbolic action of forming the sense of collective unity of Ukrainians. As an example, the history of creating the monument to the Kobzar in the town of Romny and the bust in the township of Voronizh is considered. The attention is paid to the precedents of naming after Shevchenko numerous new points of the cultural landscape during the period of reconstructing the symbolic space at the time of the Revolution on the territory of the Sumy region. Specific examples in the sphere of toponymy are cited. The role of “Prosvita” fellowship centres is emphasized. They played the part of either organizers or participants of the majority of commemorative practices for honoring the figure of Shevchenko. Some facts of establishing the book publishing by “Prosvita” fellowship centers in the Sumy region are given. The Kobzar’s figure and creative heritage were often popularized by means of those books and brochures (Konotop, Okhtyrka, and Pidlypne). The specificities of Shevchenko’s image interpretation within the Bolshevik ideology are covered in the article. Unlike Ukrainians, who paid more attention to the national character of Shevchenko’s creative heritage, the Bolsheviks underscored its class and revolutionary features. The absence of antagonistic differences and the presence of numerous points of agreement in Kobzar’s image interpretation by “nationalists” and communists should also be emphasized. The conclusion is drawn about the importance of Shevchenko’s cult on the territory of the present-day Sumy region for spreading Ukrainian national and Socialist ideologies in broad masses’ consciousness. Keywords: Taras Shevchenko, cult, the Sumy region, national identity

COVERAGE OF PRIMARY EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT IN 1941-1943 BYTHE LOCAL PRESS (ON THE EXAMPLE OFTHE NEWSPAPER "REVIVAL" OF ROMNY)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the local press publications of the primary school formation and development in the military zone during the occupation period. The analysis is based on the example of the newspaper “The Renaissance”. The main types of publications are identified and characterized. It was found out that the newspaper “The Renaissance” used to publish primary education data on a regular basis. The amount of the data was increasing gradually at the end and beginning of every academic year. In fact, all the given information covered the local aspect of the issue. The suggested educational concept of primary school is described. It is established that the authors of the publications emphasized the importance of national-patriotic and religious education use. Hygiene and the environment were considered. The formation of the image of the teacher was of great importance. Both public praise and criticism were used for this purpose. The block of materials consisted of best practices, advanced training, etc. It was also determined that the problem of providing new textbooks played an important role. The newspaper published recommendations for teaching in the absence of new textbooks and didactic materials. In addition, the process of editing old textbooks by teachers is described thoroughly. The coverage of the peculiarities of primary education revival and the main problems associated with this process is described. It was found out, that most publications were statistical in nature, thus they were the least being exposed to propaganda. The local authorities’ orders regarding school issues usually published in the newspaper columns were important for describing the peculiarities of the educational process improvement. It was found that there was a hint of both the Soviet education system and Soviet teacher criticism in the vast majority of articles. At the same time, the newspaper’s columns often contained the promotion of the feeling of gratitude and devotion to the German people and the Fuhrer. Keywords: World War II,