scholarly journals Telework in BRICS: Legal, Gender and Cultural Aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-66
Author(s):  
M. Chudinovskikh ◽  
N. Tonkikh
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Employment Contracts ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Regulation Model

With the rapid development of digital technologies and globalization, telework is becoming increasingly common. For the BRICS countries, the formation of a modern legal regulation model for telework is of great importance. In drafting legislation, it is essential to take into account economic and cultural factors, as well as the need to ensure gender equality. This article presents an analysis of current trends in telework development in the BRICS countries. Its findings reveal various reasons for a growing need to regulate telework. For Brazil, the issue of ecology plays an important role; for China and India, the possibility of integration into the world economy; in Russia, the focus is still on the procedural issues concerning the conclusion and termination of employment contracts; in South Africa, the issue of ensuring not only gender equality, but also racial equality is acute. The analysis gives the authors grounds to conclude that the BRICS countries are still lagging behind the United States and the European Union in the area of telework labor law, despite its widespread prevalence. The BRICS countries do not yet produce the necessary statistics on the prevalence of telework. Issues relating to BRICS's deepening integration require the development of common approaches to regulating the work of teleworkers. The harmonization of legislation between Russia and China is of particular importance due to the territorial factor.

scholarly journals Balanced Investment Treaties and the BRICS

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congyan Cai
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Investment Treaty ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Investment Treaties ◽  
Emerging Powers ◽  
Bretton Woods Institutions

Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (the BRICS) have emerged as a new hub of power in international relations. They have begun to speak out jointly on a wide range of issues and to explore cooperating collectively. For instance, they strongly urge the Bretton Woods institutions to address their legitimacy deficits by transferring substantial voting power to emerging powers, and suggest that failure to do so will “run the risk of seeing [those institutions] fade into obsolescence.” The investment treaty regime may be another field in which they can exert influence, but the investment treaty policies of BRICS countries are diverging now more than ever. In particular, India and South Africa have taken significant measures, such as terminating investment treaties, that cast doubt on whether the BRICS can play a collective role in reforming such treaties. In this essay, I make two arguments. First, the recent investment treaty policies of some BRICS (India, South Africa, and to some extent Brazil) have shifted from one imbalanced approach that is too protective of foreign investors to another that is too protective of host states and is likely to be rejected by major powers such as the European Union, the United States, and China. Second, the BRICS together have the ability to craft approaches to investment treaties that encourage greater balance in the regime overall, including by remedying some of the defects inherent in the traditional investment treaties.

scholarly journals Integration of Ukraine into European Union securities market

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-178
Author(s):  
M. Savchenko
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Stock Markets ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Securities Market ◽  
Stock Exchanges ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Eu

The paper deals with the main parameters of the Ukrainian securities market at the current stage, identifies its functioning problems, gives a set of measures for the effective implementation of Ukraine's desire to integrate the national stock market into the European Union. Compared with the stock markets of the EU countries, the domestic securities market is underdeveloped, poorly regulated and illiquid, therefore there is the need to develop it and implement the European legislative initiatives. The paper covers the basic laws in the field of legal regulation of the Ukrainian and EU securities market. The investigation includes the results of the research of the current experience in leading European countries in terms of capitalization of the largest stock exchanges in Europe. The classification of 5 largest European stock exchanges is given and the influence of COVID-19 virus on their activity is analyzed. The main trends in the field of securities investment market of the largest stock exchanges in Europe and Ukraine are led. While examining statistical data concerning the capitalization of European stock exchanges in comparison with the PFTS of Ukraine in 2019, the LSE (London Stock Exchange) ranks 1st with €3.86 bn., 2nd place is taken by Euronext – €3.4 bn., 3rd place by Deutsche Börse having capitalization volume at the level of €1.9 bn., and PFTS Ukraine – €0.17 bn., which indicates that Ukrainian securities market is insufficiently elaborated. Nowadays, the Ukrainian securities market repeats European historical development trends, and at this stage it largely depends on the directions of development that international stock markets can take. Changes in European securities markets are extremely rapid and require competent response from regulatory structures. The rapid development of the European stock market, accompanied by the emergence of advanced technologies in the field of securities and new financial instruments, make it necessary to monitor all the changes and innovations that happen in the Ukrainian securities market in order to develop more effective recommendations for improving its functioning and regulation. In addition, integration with the European Union requires deeper and more radical reforms of the domestic state administration, macroeconomic regulation, property relations, and anti-corruption policy. Only a large-scale and complete reform will enable progressive renewal and effective, socially responsible integration into the EU countries, taking into account national interests.

scholarly journals Genome-Editing and Biomedical Cell Products: Current State, Safety and Efficacy

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Goryaev ◽  
M. V. Savkina ◽  
K. M. Mefed ◽  
V. P. Bondarev ◽  
V. A. Merkulov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Antigen Receptors ◽  
Current State ◽  
Cd34 Cells

Advances in ex vivo technologies of human genome editing have made it possible to develop new approaches to the treatment of genetic, oncological, infectious and other diseases, which may involve the use of biomedical cell products. However, despite the rapid development of these technologies and a large number of clinical trials conducted in many countries around the world, only 4 products (Strimvelis, Zalmoxis, Kymriah and Yescarta) containing ex vivo genetically modified human cells are authorised for use in the European Union and the United States of America. This paper considers three promising technologies (ZFN, TALEN and CRISPR) that allow for easy and effective editing of the genome at the sites of interest, thereby creating a platform for further development of the genetic engineering of human cells. It describes the technology of engineering chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). It also provides data on the efficacy and safety of the approved products: Strimvelis which contains autologous CD34+ cells transduced ex vivo with a retroviral vector containing adenosine deaminase gene, Zalmoxis which contains modified allogeneic T-cells, and two products: Kymriah and Yescarta which contain autologous T-cells with CARs to CD19 antigen, intended for the treatment of CD19+ hematological malignancies.

scholarly journals LEGAL REGULATION OF THE APPLICATION OF ECONOMIC MECHANISMS FOR ENSURING THE RATIONAL USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES: THE EXPERIENCE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Yuliia Leheza ◽  
Olena Surilova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Economic Mechanisms ◽  
State And Local

The purpose of the study is to determine the most optimal ways to solve the problems of financing the implementation of environmental protection measures formulated based on the positive experience of foreign countries in the field of ensuring the rational use of natural resources. Methodology. The method of comparative legal research was used to analyse foreign experience in the application of economic mechanisms for ensuring the rational use of natural resources, and the methods of modelling, analysis, and synthesis allowed determining the directions of increasing the efficiency of economic incentive use in Ukraine. Research results. Based on the studied experience of legal regulation of the application of economic mechanisms for ensuring the rational use of natural resources in the countries of the European Union, the United States of America, Great Britain, Canada, and other foreign countries, it was concluded on the expediency of its implementation in Ukraine. The author determined the appropriateness of the introduction of tax privileges of economic activity of entities that promote the use of advanced technologies, which contribute to reducing the negative impact on the environment. The expediency of application in Ukraine of an extensive system of taxation of activities associated with the use of natural resources by means of activating the introduction of direct taxes paid directly by natural users is substantiated. The practicability of inclusion of payments for obtaining appropriate special permits (licenses), which are granted not only for the use of natural resources but also for the activities related to environmental pollution, in the system of economic mechanisms for ensuring the rational use of natural resources is substantiated. The practical importance of the study. The expediency of introducing in Ukraine the approach of financial substantiation of national and regional programs in the sphere of natural resources utilization, which are realized at the expense of state and local budgets and successfully applied in foreign countries, is proved. The originality of the research. The results and conclusions of th e research can be used in the process of improving the legal regulation of the application of economic mechanisms for ensuring the rational use of natural resources.

scholarly journals Special aspects of legal regulation of fixed-term employment contracts of some European countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 286-290
Author(s):  
Sergiy Savchuk
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Employment Contracts ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Labour Legislation ◽  
Energy Community

The article is devoted to the study of foreign experience in legal regulation of fixed-term employment contracts. Fixed-termemployment contracts should be considered as one of the earliest and, accordingly, the oldest forms of non-standard employment. Tur -ning to the concept of the application of fixed-term employment contracts in Ukraine in the near future, it seems appropriate to consider the possibility of their further development through the prism of studying European experience. Indeed, in many European countriesthe fixed-term contracts are quite common and therefore analysis of both positive and negative examples of their legal regulation willbe useful for the future development of labour legislation in Ukraine.The article features an analysis of the relevant legislation of the United Kingdom, Estonia, Italy, Poland and France. It is concludedthat the membership of these states in the European Union has had a significant impact on the evolution of national labour le -gislation. This also applies to the United Kingdom, which had been part of this economic and political union for a long time.The transposition of EU legislation into national law by these countries predetermines the existence of common features betweenthem in the legal regulation of fixed-term employment contracts. This common features include: clear time limits of the employmentcontract, maximum allowable number of renewals enshrined in law, compliance with the principle of non-discrimination, etc.In turn, the implementation of fixed-term employment relationships in each country differs in its uniqueness, which is due to thedomestic tradition of their implementation. For example, in the United Kingdom, the dismissal of an employee due to the expiration ofthe employment contract is considered through the lens of fairness of the employer’s actions, while in Italy the number of fixed-termemployment contracts with a particular employer cannot exceed 30 %.The above circumstances should be taken into account by Ukraine when reforming labour legislation. Indeed, the need to implementCouncil Directive 1999/70/EC is clearly provided for in clauses 1139 and 1140 of the Action Plan for the implementation of theAssociation Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and theirmember states, on the other hand, approved by Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 1106, of 25.10.2017.

scholarly journals The role of cryptography in ensuring cybersecurity and protecting information about technologies of strategic and advanced development in the context of protection of sci-tech achievements in the BRICS countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-62
Author(s):  
Ksenia Michailovna Belikova
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Technical Data ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Advanced Development

The subject of this research is the role of cryptography in ensuring cybersecurity and protecting information about technologies of strategic and advanced development in the context of protection of sci-tech achievements in the BRICS countries. The relevance of the selected topic is substantiated by the fact that modern countries, for example, the founder of computer industry – the United States along with the BRICS member-states, realize the importance and practical significance of cryptography in different spheres (military, civil) and aim to develop the means and systems of information security, establishing legal regulation for various aspect of its application. Such approach needs elaboration on the development and implementation of cryptography from the perspective of supranational and international law. It is determined that the currently used encryption methods are essentially based on the methods that use special mathematical algorithms built in computer software. Such methods are a substantial  but surmountable obstacle for acquiring copyright and patent protection. The examined legal orders evolve by encouraging the development of national cryptographic and software systems, and ensuring its protection by patent law under certain conditions and based on a number of principles that are taken into account in national legislation of the BRICS countries. Correlation of the effectiveness of ensuring information security using only patented encryption or with application of additional protection based on the provisions on commercial secret, demonstrated futility of using the latter. From the perspective of international (or supranational) law, cryptographic software is controlled within the framework of international agreements on distribution of technical data, military and dual-purpose products.

scholarly journals Serbian agricultural cooperatives and their path towards the European Union: Legal aspect

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-190
Author(s):  
Gordana Ljubojević ◽  
Nina Maksimović-Sekulić
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Sustainable Rural Development ◽  
New Eu Members ◽  
The Eu

The association of farmers as a model of sustainable rural development is a significant factor in the rapid development of agriculture and the improvement of the position of agricultural producers. The economic importance of cooperatives in the world and Europe is continuously growing, especially in the conditions of global and regional economic and financial crises, when cooperatives show a high degree of resistance to the shocks of these crises and a high percent of survival on the market. The European Union recognizes the growing role of cooperatives. The European Commission define the cooperative sector as protector and promoter of the European model of social economy, and as an extremely important factor in building and preserving local "social capital" - trust, mutual assistance and horizontal ties between citizens and organizations. New EU members and candidate countries preparing to join the EU, including the Republic of Serbia, should promote cooperatives as a key aspect of economic development and social policy. The aim of this paper is to analyze the current legal position of agricultural cooperatives in Serbia, and to determine the degree of harmonization with EU regulations and comparative analysis of their legal regulation in the EU Member States. Based on the conducted analysis, recommendations will be proposed in order to improve the legislative framework of agricultural cooperatives in Republic of Serbia in order their future successful functioning on the EU market.

scholarly journals GROWTH LIMITS AND EUROPEAN FIDUCIARY MONEY

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (27) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Petrović ◽  
Ivan Mirović
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Western World ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Moral Category ◽  
Monetary Economy ◽  
The World ◽  
Growth Limits ◽  
Global World

Тhis paper considers the phenomenon of global growth, emphasizing the slowdown and (limits) of the Western GDP growth. By comparing the United States as the most mature economy in the world, China as the new hegemon, the OECD countries, the BRICS countries, and the rest of the world, we show the growth and unequal development of the five "regional futures" of the global world. In addition to the imminent economic reasons for the backwardness of Western economies and societies, the crisis of the structure and functioning of the democratic capitalist system, and the ecological limits of sustainability, we emphasize two non-economic moments: the end of liberalism as a fundamental ideology of the Western world, and the loss of trust, which is a fundamental moral category. According to futurist forecasts, the West has slowed down, the financial system has been damaged, and the recovery is slow and uncertain. The following subjects are being considered: the growth paradigm, the belief in lasting progress, the end of liberalism and the loss of confidence, the recovery of Western economies, some monetary policy measures, and European fiduciary money and the slowdown of the growth in the Eurozone. The monetary economy of the euro as an agreed single currency has caused strong changes in the Eurozone and has “trapped” the European Union. The euro economy, among other things, is responsible for the sharp division of the Eurozone member states into surplus and deficit countries, and the Eurozone crisis, stagnation, and slowdown in economic (non- economic) growth.

Some features of the legal regulation of ensuring economic security in the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-55
Author(s):  
Vladimir Vladimirovich Kudinov ◽  
Elena Gennadievna Mukhina
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Border Crossing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Stability

The article examines the features of the legal regulation of ensuring economic security in the United States, shows the infl uence of threats in the fi eld of economic security on the social development of social relations, living conditions of people, the activities of state executive authorities. Highlighted the main powers of the US executive authorities to ensure economic stability within the state. The main areas of activity of the executive authorities in the fi eld of ensuring economic security was the promotion of American interests in the international arena. At the same time, to protect its geopolitical interests on the economic security of other states, the United States uses such forms of infl uence as tariffi ng, fi nancial restrictions on exports and imports, organized boycotts, asset freezes, economic sanctions, bans on trade, technology transfer and border crossing, embargoes, no-fl y zones and blockades, provoking and inciting armed confl icts. The conclusion is substantiated that economic security is the basis for the stability of any state and serves as the foundation for national institutions and state authorities that ensure it. At the same time, in order to ensure the economic security of the country, the Russian Federation must not only take into account the aggressive US policy in this area, but also actively build and strengthen relations within the framework of economic associations of partner states (for example, ASEAN, EAEU, CIS, BRICS, SCO) and China with the purpose of protecting state interests in the fi eld of ensuring economic security, as well as with the countries of the European Union, and primarily with Germany.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document