Prospective for diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy

: Diabetic retinopathy is posterior eye disorder in which a damage occurs to the light sensitive retina due to diabetes mellitus, and affects people aged 18 - 64 with type ІІ diabetes. This disease progresses through different pathophysiological pathways. This includes oxidative stress, inflammation, stimulation of the growth factor in the eye’s vasculature, isoforms of protein kinase C, and also the activation of the hexosamine pathway. It starts as micro aneurysms and advances in complicated stage which results in retinal detachment. Treatment of posterior eye diseases has complications which are due to the structural design of the eye and physiological barriers present. The current treatment approach involves use of intravitreal anti-VEGFs, corticosteroids implants, laser and surgery; these treatment methods have drawbacks attributed to them despite their benefits. Development of a robust delivery system with minimal or no invasion to tackle the issues of diabetic retinopathy will be of considerable benefit to patients having diabetic retinopathy; the dependency on ophthalmologists for multiple injections will significantly reduce and provide a promising approach in drug delivery. In this review article, the authors provided information related to existing treatment methods available for diabetic retinopathy, the most significant nanotechnology approach through which local delivery via the ocular route to posterior eye can be achieved. It also possesses the various carriers studied for the non-invasive approach for retinal delivery of medicaments. Non-invasive approach for delivery of drugs can be considered as potential for treatment of diabetic retinopathy.

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Non-invasive multimodal imaging of Diabetic Retinopathy: A survey on treatment methods and Nanotheranostics

Nanotheranostics ◽

10.7150/ntno.56015 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 166-181

Author(s):

Rajkumar Sadasivam ◽

Gopinath Packirisamy ◽

Snehlata Shakya ◽

Mayank Goswami

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Multimodal Imaging ◽

Treatment Methods ◽

Non Invasive

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The Effect of Ruboxistaurin on Visual Loss in Patients With Moderately Severe to Very Severe Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: Initial Results of the Protein Kinase C β Inhibitor Diabetic Retinopathy Study (PKCDRS) Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial

Yearbook of Endocrinology ◽

10.1016/s0084-3741(08)70269-5 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 2006 ◽

pp. 27-28

Author(s):

L. Kennedy

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Protein Kinase C ◽

Protein Kinase ◽

Randomized Clinical Trial ◽

Visual Loss ◽

Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Kinase C ◽

Initial Results

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Review of Various Tasks Performed in the Preprocessing Phase of a Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis System

Current Medical Imaging Formerly Current Medical Imaging Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573405615666190219102427 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 397-426

Author(s):

Muhammad Nadeem Ashraf ◽

Muhammad Hussain ◽

Zulfiqar Habib

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Blood Vessels ◽

Early Stage ◽

Spherical Shape ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Lesion Detection ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Cad System ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Optic Discs

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of blindness in diabetic patients. The increasing population of diabetic patients and difficulty to diagnose it at an early stage are limiting the screening capabilities of manual diagnosis by ophthalmologists. Color fundus images are widely used to detect DR lesions due to their comfortable, cost-effective and non-invasive acquisition procedure. Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) of DR based on these images can assist ophthalmologists and help in saving many sight years of diabetic patients. In a CAD system, preprocessing is a crucial phase, which significantly affects its performance. Commonly used preprocessing operations are the enhancement of poor contrast, balancing the illumination imbalance due to the spherical shape of a retina, noise reduction, image resizing to support multi-resolution, color normalization, extraction of a field of view (FOV), etc. Also, the presence of blood vessels and optic discs makes the lesion detection more challenging because these two artifacts exhibit specific attributes, which are similar to those of DR lesions. Preprocessing operations can be broadly divided into three categories: 1) fixing the native defects, 2) segmentation of blood vessels, and 3) localization and segmentation of optic discs. This paper presents a review of the state-of-the-art preprocessing techniques related to three categories of operations, highlighting their significant aspects and limitations. The survey is concluded with the most effective preprocessing methods, which have been shown to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the CAD systems.

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Salivary cortisol as a non-invasive approach to assess stress in dystocic dairy calves

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-85666-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Levente Kovács ◽

Fruzsina Luca Kézér ◽

Szilárd Bodó ◽

Ferenc Ruff ◽

Rupert Palme ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Body Condition ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Sampling Period ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Birth Process ◽

Invasive Approach ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Saliva Cortisol ◽

Cortisol Levels

AbstractThe intensity and the magnitude of saliva cortisol responses were investigated during the first 48 h following birth in newborn dairy calves which underwent normal (eutocic, EUT, n = 88) and difficult (dystocic, DYS, n = 70) calvings. The effects of parity and body condition of the dam, the duration of parturition, the time spent licking the calf, the sex and birth weight of the calf were also analyzed. Neonatal salivary cortisol concentrations were influenced neither by factors related to the dam (parity, body condition) nor the calf (sex, birth weight). The duration of parturition and the time spent licking the calf also had no effect on salivary cortisol levels. Salivary cortisol concentrations increased rapidly after delivery in both groups to reach their peak levels at 45 and 60 min after delivery in EUT and DYS calves, respectively supporting that the birth process means considerable stress for calves and the immediate postnatal period also appears to be stressful for newborn calves. DYS calves exhibited higher salivary cortisol concentrations compared to EUT ones for 0 (P = 0.022), 15 (P = 0.016), 30 (P = 0.007), 45 (P = 0.003), 60 (P = 0.001) and 120 min (P = 0.001), and for 24 h (P = 0.040), respectively. Peak levels of salivary cortisol and the cortisol release into saliva calculated as AUC were higher in DYS than in EUT calves for the 48-h of the sampling period (P = 0.009 and P = 0.003, respectively). The greater magnitude of saliva cortisol levels in DYS calves compared to EUT ones suggest that difficult parturition means severe stress for bovine neonates and salivary cortisol could be an opportunity for non-invasive assessment of stress during the early neonatal period in cattle.

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The Cat Mandible (II): Manipulation of the Jaw, with a New Prosthesis Proposal, to Avoid Iatrogenic Complications

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11030683 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 683

Author(s):

Matilde Lombardero ◽

Mario López-Lombardero ◽

Diana Alonso-Peñarando ◽

María del Mar Yllera

Keyword(s):

Imaging Techniques ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Prosthesis Design ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Mandibular Fractures ◽

Rigid Fixation ◽

Invasive Approach ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Iatrogenic Complications ◽

Mandibular Body

The cat mandible is relatively small, and its manipulation implies the use of fixing methods and different repair techniques according to its small size to keep its biomechanical functionality intact. Attempts to fix dislocations of the temporomandibular joint should be primarily performed by non-invasive techniques (repositioning the bones and immobilisation), although when this is not possible, a surgical method should be used. Regarding mandibular fractures, these are usually concurrent with other traumatic injuries that, if serious, should be treated first. A non-invasive approach should also first be considered to fix mandibular fractures. When this is impractical, internal rigid fixation methods, such as osteosynthesis plates, should be used. However, it should be taken into account that in the cat mandible, dental roots and the mandibular canal structures occupy most of the volume of the mandibular body, a fact that makes it challenging to apply a plate with fixed screw positions without invading dental roots or neurovascular structures. Therefore, we propose a new prosthesis design that will provide acceptable rigid biomechanical stabilisation, but avoid dental root and neurovascular damage, when fixing simple mandibular body fractures. Future trends will include the use of better diagnostic imaging techniques, a patient-specific prosthesis design and the use of more biocompatible materials to minimise the patient’s recovery period and suffering.

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Holistic description of new deep sea megafauna (Cephalopoda: Cirrata) using a minimally invasive approach

BMC Biology ◽

10.1186/s12915-021-01000-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Alexander Ziegler ◽

Christina Sagorny

Keyword(s):

Minimally Invasive ◽

Dna Barcoding ◽

Deep Sea ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Structural Complexity ◽

Micro Computed Tomography ◽

Invasive Approach ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Additional Support ◽

Holistic Description

Abstract Background In zoology, species descriptions conventionally rely on invasive morphological techniques, frequently leading to damage of the specimens and thus only a partial understanding of their structural complexity. More recently, non-destructive imaging techniques have successfully been used to describe smaller fauna, but this approach has so far not been applied to identify or describe larger animal species. Here, we present a combination of entirely non-invasive as well as minimally invasive methods that permit taxonomic descriptions of large zoological specimens in a more comprehensive manner. Results Using the single available representative of an allegedly novel species of deep-sea cephalopod (Mollusca: Cephalopoda), digital photography, standardized external measurements, high-field magnetic resonance imaging, micro-computed tomography, and DNA barcoding were combined to gather all morphological and molecular characters relevant for a full species description. The results show that this specimen belongs to the cirrate octopod (Octopoda: Cirrata) genus Grimpoteuthis Robson, 1932. Based on the number of suckers, position of web nodules, cirrus length, presence of a radula, and various shell characters, the specimen is designated as the holotype of a new species of dumbo octopus, G. imperator sp. nov. The digital nature of the acquired data permits a seamless online deposition of raw as well as derived morphological and molecular datasets in publicly accessible repositories. Conclusions Using high-resolution, non-invasive imaging systems intended for the analysis of larger biological objects, all external as well as internal morphological character states relevant for the identification of a new megafaunal species were obtained. Potentially harmful effects on this unique deep-sea cephalopod specimen were avoided by scanning the fixed animal without admixture of a contrast agent. Additional support for the taxonomic placement of the new dumbo octopus species was obtained through DNA barcoding, further underlining the importance of combining morphological and molecular datasets for a holistic description of zoological specimens.

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Platelet production estimation in thrombocytopenic patient: a non-invasive or invasive approach?

Nuclear Medicine Communications ◽

10.1097/00006231-200404000-00103 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 422 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Todorovic-Tirnanic ◽

V. Obradovic ◽

N. Suvajdzic ◽

I. Elezovic ◽

M. Rolovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Invasive Approach ◽

Platelet Production ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Thrombocytopenic Patient

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Alterations of 5-hydroxymethylation in circulating cell-free DNA reflect molecular distinctions of subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

npj Genomic Medicine ◽

10.1038/s41525-021-00179-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Brian C.-H. Chiu ◽

Chang Chen ◽

Qiancheng You ◽

Rudyard Chiu ◽

Girish Venkataraman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

B Cell Lymphoma ◽

Cell Free Dna ◽

Invasive Approach ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Signature Genes ◽

Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽

Free Dna ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Circulating Cell Free Dna

AbstractThe 5-methylcytosines (5mC) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL). However, the role of 5-hydroxymethylcytosines (5hmC) that are generated from 5mC through active demethylation, in lymphomagenesis is unknown. We profiled genome-wide 5hmC in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from 73 newly diagnosed patients with DLBCL and FL. We identified 294 differentially modified genes between DLBCL and FL. The differential 5hmC in the DLBCL/FL-differentiating genes co-localized with enhancer marks H3K4me1 and H3K27ac. A four-gene panel (CNN2, HMG20B, ACRBP, IZUMO1) robustly represented the overall 5hmC modification pattern that distinguished FL from DLBCL with an area under curve of 88.5% in the testing set. The median 5hmC modification levels in signature genes showed potential for separating patients for risk of all-cause mortality. This study provides evidence that genome-wide 5hmC profiles in cfDNA differ between DLBCL and FL and could be exploited as a non-invasive approach.

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