The double and triple role of L-(+)-tartaric acid and dimethyl urea: A prevailing green approach in organic synthesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashid Ali ◽  
Ajay Kumar Chinnam ◽  
Vikas R. Aswar
Keyword(s):  
Tartaric Acid ◽  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Organic Transformations ◽  
Green Approach ◽  
Dimethyl Urea ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
The One ◽  
Near Future

: The deep eutectic mixtures (DESs), introduced as novel alternative to usual volatile organic solvents for organic transformations has attracted a tremendous attention of the research community because of their low cost, negligible vapour pressure, low toxicity, biodegradability, recyclability, insensitive towards moisture, and readily availability from bulk renewable resources. Although, the low melting mixture of dimethyl urea (DMU)/L-(+)-tartaric acid (TA) is still infancy yet much effective as it play double and triple roles such as solvent, catalyst and/or reagent in a same pot for many crucial organic transformations. These unique properties of DMU/TA mixture prompted us to provide a quick overview of where the field stands presently, and where it might be going in near future. To our best knowledge, no review dealing with the applications of a low melting mixture of DMU/TA appeared in the literature except the one published in 2017 describing only the chemistry of indole systems. Therefore, we intended to reveal the developments of this versatile low melting mixture in the modern organic synthesis since its first report in 2011 by Köenig’s team to till date. Hopefully, the present review article will be useful to the researcher working not only in the arena of synthetic organic chemistry but also to the scientists working in other branches of science and technology.

scholarly journals Low Melting Mixture of L-(+)-Tartaric Acid and N,N′-Dimethyl Urea: A New Arrival in the Green Organic Synthesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashid Ali
Keyword(s):  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Tartaric Acid ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Synthetic Chemistry ◽  
Organic Transformations ◽  
First Report ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Dimethyl Urea ◽  
Reaction Media

After the first report of deep eutectic mixtures by the team of Abbott in 2003, the advent of green synthesis has been progressively changing the way synthetic chemistry is thought and also taught. Since then, a plethora of efforts worldwide have been taken to stretch the ideas of sustainable as well as environmentally benign approaches to do the crucial synthetic organic transformations under operationally simple yet effective conditions. Although, till date, several green synthetic strategies for examples ultrasound, microwaves, flow as well as grindstone chemistry etc., and green reaction media (e.g. ionic liquid, water, scCO2, and so forth) have successfully been invented. But a low melting mixture of L-(+)-tartaric acid (TA) and N,N′-dimethylurea (DMU), usually plays a double and/or triple role (solvent, catalyst, and/or reagent), though still infancy but enjoys several eye-catching properties like biodegradability, recyclability, non-toxicity, good thermal stability, tunable physiochemical properties, low vapor pressure as well as reasonable prices in addition to the easy preparation with wide functional groups tolerance. To this context, keeping the importance of this novel low melting mixture in mind, we intended to reveal the advancements taken place in this wonderful area of research since its first report by the Köenig’s group in 2011 to till date. In this particular chapter, firstly we would disclose the importance of the green synthesis followed by a brief description of deep-eutectic solvents (DESs) particularly emphasizing on the role of L-(+)-TA and DMU from modern synthetic chemistry perspective.

scholarly journals Metal-Based Catalysts in Organic Synthesis

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1429
Author(s):  
Manas Sutradhar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Organic Transformations

The role of catalysts is extremely important for various organic transformations and the synthesis of organic compounds [...]

scholarly journals Biotechnology Applications of Cell-Free Expression Systems

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1367
Author(s):  
August Brookwell ◽  
Javin P. Oza ◽  
Filippo Caschera
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Free Expression ◽  
Expression Systems ◽  
Genetic Circuits ◽  
Growth Cycles ◽  
Platform Technology ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Cell Free Protein Synthesis

Cell-free systems are a rapidly expanding platform technology with an important role in the engineering of biological systems. The key advantages that drive their broad adoption are increased efficiency, versatility, and low cost compared to in vivo systems. Traditionally, in vivo platforms have been used to synthesize novel and industrially relevant proteins and serve as a testbed for prototyping numerous biotechnologies such as genetic circuits and biosensors. Although in vivo platforms currently have many applications within biotechnology, they are hindered by time-constraining growth cycles, homeostatic considerations, and limited adaptability in production. Conversely, cell-free platforms are not hindered by constraints for supporting life and are therefore highly adaptable to a broad range of production and testing schemes. The advantages of cell-free platforms are being leveraged more commonly by the biotechnology community, and cell-free applications are expected to grow exponentially in the next decade. In this study, new and emerging applications of cell-free platforms, with a specific focus on cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS), will be examined. The current and near-future role of CFPS within metabolic engineering, prototyping, and biomanufacturing will be investigated as well as how the integration of machine learning is beneficial to these applications.

Geo Time Travel – An Explosive Adventure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Porta ◽  
Andrea Mazzon ◽  
Cristina Usardi
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Time Travel ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Cultural Challenges ◽  
Doing School ◽  
The One ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Near Future

<p>The recent legislative and ministerial standards require to the teachers to change the way of "doing school" and to put “emphasising on the needs in order to build, through dialogue between the different disciplines, a coherent and unified profile of cultural meanings”. The National Guidelines regarding OSA (specific objectives of learning) formulated on the European directives based on the “knowledge society”, recommend to improve interdisciplinary connections. The predominantly linear path of disciplinary knowledge, found in text books, consents an internal order in the mind rather than to induce the “ability to connect”, encouraging the development of complex thought. This methodology created over time a superficial knowledge that leads to permanence of “commonplaces” and “misconception”.</p><p>These are the questions: is theatre foreign to science? Is it possible to promote scientific knowledge through drama? This tool indicates the separation or the link between 'two cultures'?</p><p>Our proposal was to produce a training module. We realized a scientific script with didactic value titled “Geo Time Travel – An Explosive Adventure”.</p><p>The plot tells of a near future, where the most technically advanced school classes will have the opportunity to confront each other in breathtaking cultural challenges in order to win the coveted prize up for grabs. Just before the start of the semifinals we know the science teacher who will accompany her most brilliant students during the test. The group is informed that the next test is timed and will consist of a journey through time, so in a few seconds the team is preparing to start. It is precisely the haste to be a bad adviser: in a cloud of smoke, the participants find themselves in a completely different era from the one they have planned. How far back have they gone? How will the group get away with gladiators, famous naturalists, mysterious traders and Sibylline prophecies? Will students be able to move on to the final phase?</p><p>The procedure predicted:</p><ul><li>- the analysis of pedagogical needs</li> <li>- the analysis of the misconceptions or prior knowledge</li> <li>- the selection of the focalised scientific concepts</li> <li>- the application of the new knowledge</li> </ul><p>The teacher, in this case a scriptwriter, composed the script, inserting interdisciplinary topics, developing a good plot to capture the attention but being careful not to trivialize main concepts. It was important to introduce playful scenes in order to make the show more dramatic and a little less academic.</p><p>The role of the teacher changed: she was the director or was joined by the director. Each student received a role: who the actor, who the prompter, who the lighting or audio technician.</p><p>We created the schedules to observe before, during and at the end of the experience.</p><p>It was important to change the traditional way to evaluate the performances of students.</p><p>We’ll represent the drama in theatre and the research will focus on understand the reaction of both a general public and a public of students. The data collected will be analysed with different statistic methods.</p>

[AcMIM]FeCl4: A Magnetically Separable Organocatalyst for the Clean Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran Derivatives

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arijit Saha ◽  
Soumen Payra ◽  
Archana Asatkar ◽  
Ashok Raj Patel ◽  
Subhash Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Reusable Catalyst ◽  
Organic Transformations ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Green Approach ◽  
Clean Synthesis ◽  
Magnetically Separable ◽  
The One ◽  
High Spin Iron

Background: Recently, organic synthesis using ionic liquids (ILs) via green approach has attracted considerable attention to address the problem associated with environmental pollution. Magnetization of ILs provides added advantages of separation by external magnet. This can be accomplished by incorporation of high-spin iron(III) in the form of tetrachloro or tetrabromoferrate( III). Thus, synthesis of novel magnetically separable ILs for organic transformations is highly desirable. Results: [AcMIm]FeCl4 ionic liquid showed excellent catalytic activity in the one pot threecomponent synthesis tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives at room temperature in excellent yields (94-98 %) within short reaction time (15-20 min.). The ILs were recovered and reused for at least six times with the minimum loss of catalytic activity. Methods: Here, we have demonstrated the excellent catalytic activity of acid functionalized magnetic Ils, [AcMIm]FeCl4 in one-pot multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of biologically important tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives. Conclusion: A facile and convenient methodology has been developed for the synthesis of bio-active tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives using [AcMIm]FeCl4 ionic liquid as an sufficient and reusable catalyst under environment-benign conditions.

scholarly journals The Role of Biosurfactants in the Continued Drive for Environmental Sustainability

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibukun Olasanmi ◽  
Ronald Thring
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Waste Reduction ◽  
Industry Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Microbial Products ◽  
Near Future

Biosurfactants are microbial products that have been increasingly researched due to their many identified advantages, such as low toxicity and high activity at extreme temperatures, but more importantly, they are biodegradable and compatible with the environment. Biosurfactants are versatile products with vast applications in the clean-up of environmental pollutants through biodegradation and bioremediation. They also have applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and other industries. These advantages and wide range of applications have led to the continued interest in biosurfactants. In particular, there is a growing discussion around environmental sustainability and the important role that biosurfactants will increasingly play in the near future, for example, via the use of renewable by-products as substrates, waste reduction, and potential reuse of the treated waste. This has resulted in increased attention on these microbial products in industry. Research highlighting the potential of biosurfactants in environmental sustainability is required to drive efforts to make biosurfactants more viable for commercial and large-scale applications; making them available, cheaper and economically sustainable. The present review discusses the unique relationship between biosurfactants and environmental sustainability, especially the role that biosurfactants play in the clean-up of environmental pollutants and, therefore, increasing environmental protection.

Emerging Role of Green Oxidant I2/DMSO in Organic Synthesis

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 815-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedavenkatagari Narayana Reddy ◽  
Basireddy V. Subba Reddy ◽  
Pannala Padmaja
Keyword(s):  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Sustainable Chemistry ◽  
Dmso System ◽  
Oxidative Transformations ◽  
Lewis Acid Catalyst ◽  
Catalyzed Reactions ◽  
Oxidative System

Background: I2/DMSO oxidative system catalyzed reactions have received considerable attention because they represent the advantages of being greener, efficient, atom-economical, low-cost, with mild conditions and ecofriendliness that meet with the requirements of sustainable chemistry. In recent times, the I2/DMSO oxidative system has been successfully applied in different types of organic reactions. Objective: The aim of this review is to highlight the synergistic effect of the combined use of iodine and DMSO in organic synthesis. Conclusion: It is clear from the review of the topic that a vast amount of work has been done in this area, employing an I2/DMSO system for diverse types of oxidative transformations as well as C-C and C-X bond formation reactions. In these reactions, iodine acts as a mild Lewis acid catalyst and DMSO servers as an oxidant, solvent and oxygen source. The role of iodine, DMSO as well as key intermediates involved in these reactions is discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of Pr and Yb Dual Doping on the Thermoelectric Properties of CaMnO3

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuiqin Li ◽  
Qianlin Chen ◽  
Yunan Yan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Figure Of Merit ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Thermoelectric Figure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Low Toxicity

There has been research on CaMnO3 with natural abundance, low toxicity, and low cost as promising candidates for n-type thermoelectric (TE) materials. In this paper, Ca1−2xPrxYbxMnO3 with different Pr and Yb contents (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05) were synthesized by means of coprecipitation. With X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), researchers characterized the phase structure and morphology of all the samples. The oxidation states of manganese were determined by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). The role of Ca-site dual doping in the TE properties was also investigated. Increasing the Pr and Yb contents leads to decreases in the electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient, leading to a power factor of 3.48 × 10−4 W·m−1·K−2 for x = 0.04 at 773 K, which is its maximum. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity (κ) decreases with increasing x, and κ = 1.26 W m−1·K−1 is obtained for x = 0.04 at 973 K. Ca0.92Pr0.04Yb0.04MnO3 exhibit a ZT (thermoelectric figure of merit) value of 0.24 at 973 K, approximately 3 times more than that of the pristine CaMnO3. Thus, the reported method is a new strategy to enhance the TE performance of CaMnO3.

scholarly journals Multicomponent Synthesis of 2-(2,4-Diamino-3-cyano-5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)malonic Acids in DMSO

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 6839
Author(s):  
Yuliya E. Ryzhkova ◽  
Michail N. Elinson ◽  
Oleg I. Maslov ◽  
Artem N. Fakhrutdinov
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Multicomponent Reactions ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Multicomponent Synthesis ◽  
2D Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Low Toxicity

Dimethyl sulfoxide is a widely used solvent in organic synthesis and in the pharmaceutical industry because of its low cost, stability, and low toxicity. Multicomponent reactions are an advanced approach that has become an efficient, economical, and eco-friendly substitute for the conventional sequential multi-step synthesis of various biologically active compounds. This approach was adopted for the synthesis of previously unknown 2-(2,4-diamino-3-cyano-5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)malonic acids via transformation of salicylaldehydes, malononitrile dimer, and malonic acid. It was shown that the use of DMSO at room temperature makes it possible to synthesize previously unavailable compounds. The investigation of the reaction mechanism using 1H-NMR monitoring made it possible to confirm the proposed mechanism of the transformation. The structure of synthesized 5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridines was confirmed by 2D-NMR spectroscopy.

Pleural Effusions: Pathophysiology and Management with Intrapleural Tetracycline

1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Oszko
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Pleural Effusion ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pleural Space ◽  
Pleural Effusions ◽  
First Line ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Ready Availability ◽  
Low Toxicity

Chronic or recurrent pleural effusions are a consequence of a variety of disease states and may produce significant pain or discomfort in a patient. Both surgical and pharmacological attempts to control pleural effusions have been tried, with moderate success. This article reviews the pathophysiology of pleural effusion and the role of intrapleural tetracycline in its management. Irritating chemicals, when instilled into the pleural space, are known to produce adhesion of the pleural membranes. Tetracycline has been shown in both animal and human studies to be effective in preventing the recurrence of a pleural effusion while producing only minor side effects, such as fever and pleuritic pain. Studies involving tetracycline in treating pleural effusions are reviewed, and guidelines for the preparation and administration of intrapleural tetracycline are presented. Because of its efficacy, low toxicity, ease of preparation, ready availability, and low cost, tetracycline deserves strong consideration as a first-line agent in the management of recurrent pleural effusions.

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