Nitrogen Mustards as Anticancer Chemotherapies: Historic Perspective, Current Developments and Future Trends

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 691-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Diethelm-Varela ◽  
Yong Ai ◽  
Dongdong Liang ◽  
Fengtian Xue
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Nitrogen Mustard ◽  
Alkylating Agents ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Rational Structure ◽  
Nitrogen Mustards ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Active Research ◽  
Therapeutic Profile ◽  
Intense Research

Nitrogen mustards, a family of DNA alkylating agents, marked the start of cancer pharmacotherapy. While traditionally characterized by their dose-limiting toxic effects, nitrogen mustards have been the subject of intense research efforts, which have led to safer and more effective agents. Even though the alkylating prodrug mustards were first developed decades ago, active research on ways to improve their selectivity and cytotoxic efficacy is a currently active topic of research. This review addresses the historical development of the nitrogen mustards, outlining their mechanism of action, and discussing the improvements on their therapeutic profile made through rational structure modifications. A special emphasis is made on discussing the nitrogen mustard prodrug category, with Cyclophosphamide (CPA) serving as the main highlight. Selected insights on the latest developments on nitrogen mustards are then provided, limiting such information to agents that preserve the original nitrogen mustard mechanism as their primary mode of action. Additionally, future trends that might follow in the quest to optimize these invaluable chemotherapeutic medications are succinctly suggested.

Nitrogen Mustards as Alkylating Agents: A Review on Chemistry, Mechanism of Action and Current USFDA Status of Drugs

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1080-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghansham S. More ◽  
Asha B. Thomas ◽  
Sohan S. Chitlange ◽  
Rabindra K. Nanda ◽  
Rahul L. Gajbhiye
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Nitrogen Mustard ◽  
Alkylating Agents ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Nitrogen Mustards ◽  
Information Leaflets ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Approved Drugs

Background & Objective: :Nitrogen mustard derivatives form one of the major classes of anti-cancer agents in USFDA approved drugs list. These are polyfunctional alkylating agents which are distinguished by a unique mechanism of adduct formation with DNA involving cross-linking between guanine N-7 of one strand of DNA with the other. The generated cross-linking is irreversible and leads to cell apoptosis. Hence it is of great interest to explore this class of anticancer alkylating agents.Methods::An exhaustive list of reviews, research articles, patents, books, patient information leaflets, and orange book is presented and the contents related to nitrogen mustard anti-cancer agents have been reviewed. Attempts are made to present synthesis schemes in a simplified manner. The mechanism of action of the drugs and their side effects are also systematically elaborated.Results::This review provides a platform for understanding all aspects of such drugs right from synthesis to their mechanism of action and side effects, and lists USFDA approved ANDA players among alkylating anticancer agents in the current market.Conclusion: :Perusing this article, generic scientists will be able to access literature information in this domain easily to gain insight into the nitrogen mustard alkylating agents for further ANDA development. It will help the scientific and research community to continue their pursuit for the design of newer and novel heterocyclic alkylating agents of this class in the coming future.

The Squire Law Library at Cambridge: the Historical Development and Current Status of the International Law Collections

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley Dingle
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Public International Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Law Library

AbstractIn this paper Lesley Dingle provides a detailed account of the historical development of the public international law collections at the Squire Law Library in Cambridge. She explains the close involvement of the academic lawyers and the librarians, past and present, in developing an important collection which reflects the significance of the subject at Cambridge's Faculty of Law. Finally, she brings things up-to-date by detailing the extent of the electronic provision which benefits the modern scholar in this discipline.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Target Tracking Approaches in Wireless Sensor Networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmaa Ez-Zaidi ◽  
Said Rakrak
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Target Tracking ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Intense Research

Wireless sensor networks have been the subject of intense research in recent years. Sensor nodes are used in wide range of applications such as security, military, and environmental monitoring. One of the most interesting applications in wireless sensor networks is target tracking, which mainly consists in detecting and monitoring the motion of mobile targets. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of target tracking approaches. We then analyze them according to several metrics. We also discuss some of the challenges that influence the performance of tracking schemes. In the end, we conduct detailed analysis and comparison between these algorithms and we conclude with some future directions.

Insanity and Divorce

1892 ◽  
Vol 38 (162) ◽  
pp. 378-382
Author(s):  
A. Wood Renton
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

In view of the interest which the subject is at present arousing, a critical analysis of the historical development of the law of insanity in its relation to divorce may be neither inopportune nor uninstructive.

scholarly journals The History of the Walled (Formal) Garden at Benmore Botanic Garden

2019 ◽  
pp. 201-236
Author(s):  
David Gray
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Botanic Garden ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

The 2.02 ha site containing the Category B listed Walled Garden at Benmore is currently the subject of a major redesign proposal and active fundraising programme. The purpose of this article is to raise the profile of the project by investigating and highlighting the historical development of the site. This retrospective study is also intended as a support to contemporary redevelopment plans and as a demonstration of how the past underpins and informs the future.I am frankly and absolutely for a formal garden … It is a small piece of ground enclosed by walls … There is not the least attempt to imitate natural scenery (Phillpotts, 1906, p. 54).

scholarly journals Historical development of linguistics’ bibliography in Russia (1860-2013)

Bibliosphere ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
V. V. Goncharova
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Linguistic Resources ◽  
Slavic Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rich Information ◽  
Subject Areas ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Language Norms ◽  
Further Development

The interdisciplinary character of the science of language causes great difficulties in bibliographic support in this field. The object of bibliographing in linguistics is not only literature on the language, but also a variety of linguistic resources, which represent a special object to study a branch of linguistics - lexicography. Bibliography of linguistics is the least studied field by specialists among humanitarian bibliographic complexes. The paper first studied the array of domestic bibliographic sources for more than 150 years; the most significant of them are shown. The subject of research is national bibliographic resources in the linguistics field. The objective is to characterize the historical development of the linguistic bibliography in Russia. To achieve this goal we had to solve a number of tasks: identify existing sources for ongoing historical research; to trace the history of forming bibliographic sources, bibliography of bibliographies of linguistics; to form and analyze the body of bibliographic materials; to characterize the problematic areas in the bibliographic software of linguistics. Using the bibliometric analysis it was studied an array of bibliographic products published between 1860 and 2013, the dynamics of bibliographic resources formation was determined, the degree of bibliographic support of some topics and issues in linguistic science and prior directions of their development were revealed. The main results of the study should be considered: 1. The nuclear of fundamental indices on general and applied linguistics is singled out in analyzed literature sources covering the period 1918-1977, as well as in Slavic linguistics for 1825-1981. The complex of current and retrospective bibliographic products was formed and replenished in the country in 1963-1988. 2. The largest share of bibliographic sources in linguistics is presented by book and article bibliography (over 70%), many of which remain bibliographically unrecorded and unused. 3. The following subject areas of linguistics are considered to be bibliographically supported: inter-linguistics, culture of speech and language norms, lexicography, linguistic geography, linguistics regional geography, onomastics. 4. An obvious need to continue the index or database of bibliographic aids in the field of linguistics over the past 50 years is marked. 5. Further development of the linguistics bibliography is impossible to imagine without creating an electronic guide on the bibliographic resources of linguistics, which would reflect the diversity of bibliographical resources and provide their rich information potential for professionals and remote users

scholarly journals Cultural Variables and Instructional Engineering

2011 ◽  
pp. 274-295
Author(s):  
Christine Simard ◽  
Josianne Basque
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environments ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Computer Based Learning ◽  
Cultural Variables ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Diverse Cultures

This chapter discusses how cultural variables can be taken into account when designing computer-based learning environments (CLEs). Its purpose is to identify concrete recommendations to guide instructional engineering of computer-based learning for diverse cultures through a review of the literature on the subject. First, this chapter describes the background in which such recommendations have emerged, and identifies some of the issues underlying instructional design for diverse cultures. Then it introduces models and guidelines on how cultural variables can be taken into account when designing CLEs. Specific recommendations are organized using a method of instructional engineering for CLEs called MISA (Paquette, 2003) as a frame of reference. This is followed by a discussion on future trends and future research directions.

scholarly journals Financial control between Rashidun Caliphs and the late 11th century

Khatulistiwa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Bassem Mohammad Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Financial Control ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Descriptive Approach

Many modern concepts of financial control and its types that are now adopted have already existed in the Islamic state from Prophet Muhammad message through the Rashidun Caliphs and then the Umayyad and Abbasid through establishing Baitul Mal. This article try to investigate the concept of financial control and types in Islam and the historical development of financial control in Islam. Also clarify the principles of financial control in Islam. The research based on the descriptive approach through the use of scientific studies which dealt with the subject of research, in addition to the historical approach through the use of historical evidence in the way enhancing the opinions presented by the research in the rooting of its themes from the Islamic point of view. This paper give an attention to the behavioral principle and self-control of individuals when working in different areas of life in general and financial in particular, as they have direct causes of increased efficiency and effectiveness financial control system.

VI. Excavations at Fountains Abbey, North Yorkshire, 1979–80: the Early Development of the Monastery

Archaeologia ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 147-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gilyard-Beer ◽  
Glyn Coppack
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Complete Survey ◽  
The Subject

The Cistercian abbey of St. Mary of Fountains has been the subject of extensive antiquarian and archaeological study for some two centuries, begining with John Martin's excavation of the chapter house in 1790–91. Three major studies in the nineteenth century, starting with the excavations of 1848–54 overseen by J. R. Walbran, who also began the analysis of the extensive documentary archive relating to the house, enhanced by a remarkably complete survey of the ruins begun in 1873 by J. A. Reeve, and culminating with an authoritative summary by Sir William St. John Hope, established the historical and archaeological development of the abbey and demonstrated the importance of the ruins. More recently, a detailed reappraisal by the first writer and limited excavation by Roger Mercer followed the placing of the ruins into the guardianship of what is now the Department of the Environment in 1966, and it was assumed that there was little more to be learned about the historical development of the house.

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