Cholesterol in Brain Development and Perinatal Brain Injury: more than a Building Block

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuxin Lu ◽  
Donna M Ferriero ◽  
Xiangning Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Cholesterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cholesterol Homeostasis ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Perinatal Brain Injury ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Different Cell Types

: The central nervous system (CNS) is enriched with important classes of lipids, in which cholesterol is known to make up a major portion of myelin sheaths, besides being a structural and functional unit of CNS cell membranes. Unlike in the adult brain where the cholesterol pool is relatively stable, cholesterol is synthesized and accumulated at the highest rate in the developing brain to meet the needs of rapid brain growth at this stage, which is also a critical period for neuroplasticity. In addition to its biophysical role in membrane organization, cholesterol is crucial for brain development due to its involvement in brain patterning, myelination, neuronal differentiation and synaptogenesis. Thus any injuries to the immature brain that affect cholesterol homeostasis may have long-term adverse neurological consequences. In this review, we describe the unique features of brain cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism, cholesterol trafficking between different cell types, and highlight cholesterol-dependent biological processes during brain maturation. We also discuss the association of impaired cholesterol homeostasis with several forms of perinatal brain disorders in term and preterm newborns, including hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Strategies targeting the cholesterol pathways may open new avenues for diagnosis and treatment of developmental brain injury.

Dynamics of PDGFRβ expression in different cell types after brain injury

Glia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenni Kyyriäinen ◽  
Xavier Ekolle Ndode-Ekane ◽  
Asla Pitkänen
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Different Cell Types

Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology

2021 ◽  
pp. 725-852
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Inhibitory Synapses ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Emotion Memory ◽  
Different Cell Types

‘Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology’ covers the anatomy and organization of the central nervous system, including the skull and cervical vertebrae, the meninges, the blood and lymphatic vessels, muscles and nerves of the head and neck, and the structures of the eye, ear, and central nervous system. At a cellular level, the different cell types and the mechanism of transmission across synapses are considered, including excitatory and inhibitory synapses. This is followed by a review of the major control and sensory systems (including movement, information processing, locomotion, reflexes, and the main five senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell). The integration of these processes into higher functions (such as sleep, consciousness and coma, emotion, memory, and ageing) is discussed, along with the causes and treatments of disorders of diseases such as depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, addiction, and degenerative diseases.

Mucopolysaccharidosis in Adults

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian J. Hendriksz ◽  
Francois Karstens
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
System P ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Different Cell Types

There are 8 different types of diseases of the mucopolysaccharides, each caused by a deficiency in one of 10 different enzymes involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Partially degraded GAGs accumulate within the lysosomes of many different cell types and lead to clinical symptoms and excretion of large amounts of GAGs in the urine. Heritability is autosomal recessive except for MPS type II, which is X-linked. The disorders are chronic and progressive and, although the specific types all have their individual features, they share an abundance of clinical similarities. All involve the musculoskeletal, the cardiovascular, the pulmonary and the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Emerging Roles of miRNAs in Brain Development and Perinatal Brain Injury

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenta Hyeon Tae Cho ◽  
Bing Xu ◽  
Cherie Blenkiron ◽  
Mhoyra Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Perinatal Brain Injury

Dynamin Superfamily at Pre- and Postsynapses: Master Regulators of Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity in Health and Disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 107385842097431
Author(s):  
Jorge Arriagada-Diaz ◽  
Lorena Prado-Vega ◽  
Ana M. Cárdenas Díaz ◽  
Alvaro O. Ardiles ◽  
Arlek M. Gonzalez-Jamett
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Master Regulators ◽  
Vesicle Recycling ◽  
Cytoskeleton Remodeling ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Different Cell Types

Dynamin superfamily proteins (DSPs) comprise a large group of GTP-ases that orchestrate membrane fusion and fission, and cytoskeleton remodeling in different cell-types. At the central nervous system, they regulate synaptic vesicle recycling and signaling-receptor turnover, allowing the maintenance of synaptic transmission. In the presynapses, these GTP-ases control the recycling of synaptic vesicles influencing the size of the ready-releasable pool and the release of neurotransmitters from nerve terminals, whereas in the postsynapses, they are involved in AMPA-receptor trafficking to and from postsynaptic densities, supporting excitatory synaptic plasticity, and consequently learning and memory formation. In agreement with these relevant roles, an important number of neurological disorders are associated with mutations and/or dysfunction of these GTP-ases. Along the present review we discuss the importance of DSPs at synapses and their implication in different neuropathological contexts.

Perspectives on the central nervous system toxicity of methylmercury

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1037-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Racz ◽  
Laurie J. S. Vandewater
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Environmental Pollutant ◽  
Central Nervous System Toxicity ◽  
Central Nervous System Damage ◽  
Rate Of Absorption ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Different Cell Types

Methylmercury is a widespread and highly toxic environmental pollutant. The source of the substance in the environment is industrial and agricultural use. Chronic methylmercury poisoning is characterized by peripheral and central nervous system damage. The rate of absorption and distribution of this organomercurial into neural tissue determines the rate of development and the severity of the neural lesion. Furthermore, the rate of metabolism and excretion of an organomercurial will greatly influence its neural toxicity. There are differences in the accumulation of methylmercury in different regions of the brain, as well as by the different cell types in these regions. The significance of this variable accumulation of methylmercury is not known. Methylmercury influences a large number of neurocellular functions ranging from inhibition of membrane integrity to alteration in the synthesis and release of transmitter substances.

Oligodendroglial heterogeneity in time and space (NG2 glia in the CNS)

e-Neuroforum ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leda Dimou ◽  
Michael Wegner
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Population ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Heterogeneous Population ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Similarities And Differences

AbstractNG2 glia represent a neural cell population that expresses the proteoglycan NG2 and is distinct from other cell types of the central nervous system. While they generate oligodendrocytes and a subset of astrocytes during development, their progeny in the adult brain solely consists of oligodendrocytes and further NG2 glia. In the last years, it has become clear that NG2 glia represent a heterogeneous population of cells with different properties and potential. In this review we will first discuss the similarities and differences between NG2 glia of the developing and adult CNS, before we will describe the regulatory mechanisms in these cells to finally concentrate on the heterogeneity of NG2 glia under physiological and pathological conditions.

scholarly journals P2X7 Receptor Signaling in Stress and Depression

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 2778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deidiane Elisa Ribeiro ◽  
Aline Lulho Roncalho ◽  
Talita Glaser ◽  
Henning Ulrich ◽  
Gregers Wegener ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
P2x7 Receptor ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Pyrin Domain ◽  
Pharmacological Targets ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Different Cell Types

Stress exposure is considered to be the main environmental cause associated with the development of depression. Due to the limitations of currently available antidepressants, a search for new pharmacological targets for treatment of depression is required. Recent studies suggest that adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-mediated signaling through the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) might play a prominent role in regulating depression-related pathology, such as synaptic plasticity, neuronal degeneration, as well as changes in cognitive and behavioral functions. P2X7R is an ATP-gated cation channel localized in different cell types in the central nervous system (CNS), playing a crucial role in neuron-glia signaling. P2X7R may modulate the release of several neurotransmitters, including monoamines, nitric oxide (NO) and glutamate. Moreover, P2X7R stimulation in microglia modulates the innate immune response by activating the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, consistent with the neuroimmune hypothesis of MDD. Importantly, blockade of P2X7R leads to antidepressant-like effects in different animal models, which corroborates the findings that the gene encoding for the P2X7R is located in a susceptibility locus of relevance to depression in humans. This review will discuss recent findings linked to the P2X7R involvement in stress and MDD neuropathophysiology, with special emphasis on neurochemical, neuroimmune, and neuroplastic mechanisms.

scholarly journals Laminin N-terminus α31 protein distribution in adult human tissues

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee D. Troughton ◽  
Raphael Reuten ◽  
Conor J. Sugden ◽  
Kevin J. Hamill
Keyword(s):  
Cell Function ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Alveolar Epithelium ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Protein Distribution ◽  
N Terminus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Kidney Liver ◽  
Different Cell Types

AbstractLaminin N terminus α31 (LaNt α31) is a netrin-like protein derived from alternative splicing of the laminin α3 gene. Although LaNt α31 has been demonstrated to influence corneal and skin epithelial cell function, its expression has not been investigated beyond these tissues. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to characterise the distribution of this protein in a wide-array of human tissue sections in comparison to laminin α3. These data revealed widespread LaNt α31 expression. In epithelial tissue, LaNt α31 was present in the basal layer of the epidermis, throughout the epithelium of the digestive tract, and much of the epithelium of the reproductive system. LaNt α31 was also found throughout the vasculature of most tissues, with enrichment in reticular-like fibres in the extracellular matrix surrounding large vessels. A similar matrix pattern was observed around the terminal ducts in the breast and around the alveolar epithelium in the lung, where basement membrane staining was also evident. Specific enrichment of LaNt α31 was identified in sub-populations of cells of the kidney, liver, pancreas, and spleen, with variations in intensity between different cell types in the collecting ducts and glomeruli of the kidney being of particular note. Intriguingly, LaNt α31 immunoreactivity was also evident in neurons of the central nervous system, in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and spinal cord. Together these findings suggest that LaNt α31 may be functionally relevant in a wider range of tissue contexts than previously thought, and provides a valuable basis for investigation into this interesting protein.

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