scholarly journals Laminin N-terminus α31 protein distribution in adult human tissues

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee D. Troughton ◽  
Raphael Reuten ◽  
Conor J. Sugden ◽  
Kevin J. Hamill
Keyword(s):  
Cell Function ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Alveolar Epithelium ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Protein Distribution ◽  
N Terminus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Kidney Liver ◽  
Different Cell Types

AbstractLaminin N terminus α31 (LaNt α31) is a netrin-like protein derived from alternative splicing of the laminin α3 gene. Although LaNt α31 has been demonstrated to influence corneal and skin epithelial cell function, its expression has not been investigated beyond these tissues. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to characterise the distribution of this protein in a wide-array of human tissue sections in comparison to laminin α3. These data revealed widespread LaNt α31 expression. In epithelial tissue, LaNt α31 was present in the basal layer of the epidermis, throughout the epithelium of the digestive tract, and much of the epithelium of the reproductive system. LaNt α31 was also found throughout the vasculature of most tissues, with enrichment in reticular-like fibres in the extracellular matrix surrounding large vessels. A similar matrix pattern was observed around the terminal ducts in the breast and around the alveolar epithelium in the lung, where basement membrane staining was also evident. Specific enrichment of LaNt α31 was identified in sub-populations of cells of the kidney, liver, pancreas, and spleen, with variations in intensity between different cell types in the collecting ducts and glomeruli of the kidney being of particular note. Intriguingly, LaNt α31 immunoreactivity was also evident in neurons of the central nervous system, in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and spinal cord. Together these findings suggest that LaNt α31 may be functionally relevant in a wider range of tissue contexts than previously thought, and provides a valuable basis for investigation into this interesting protein.

scholarly journals Laminin N-terminus α31 protein distribution in adult human tissues

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0239889
Author(s):  
Lee D. Troughton ◽  
Raphael Reuten ◽  
Conor J. Sugden ◽  
Kevin J. Hamill
Keyword(s):  
Cell Function ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Alveolar Epithelium ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Protein Distribution ◽  
N Terminus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Kidney Liver ◽  
Different Cell Types

Laminin N-terminus α31 (LaNt α31) is a netrin-like protein derived from alternative splicing of the laminin α3 gene. Although LaNt α31 has been demonstrated to influence corneal and skin epithelial cell function, its expression has not been investigated beyond these tissues. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to characterise the distribution of this protein in a wide-array of human tissue sections in comparison to laminin α3. The data revealed widespread LaNt α31 expression. In epithelial tissue, LaNt α31 was present in the basal layer of the epidermis, throughout the epithelium of the digestive tract, and in much of the epithelium of the reproductive system. LaNt α31 was also found throughout the vasculature of most tissues, with enrichment in reticular-like fibres in the extracellular matrix surrounding large vessels. A similar matrix pattern was observed around the terminal ducts in the breast and around the alveolar epithelium in the lung, where basement membrane staining was also evident. Specific enrichment of LaNt α31 was identified in sub-populations of cells of the kidney, liver, pancreas, and spleen, with variations in intensity between different cell types in the collecting ducts and glomeruli of the kidney. Intriguingly, LaNt α31 immunoreactivity was also evident in neurons of the central nervous system, in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and spinal cord. Together these findings suggest that LaNt α31 may be functionally relevant in a wider range of tissue contexts than previously anticipated, and the data provides a valuable basis for investigation into this interesting protein.

Measurements of cell adhesion

Development ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 499-509
Author(s):  
Janet E. Hornby
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Random Motion ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Collision Efficiency ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Kidney Liver ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Laminar Shear ◽  
Lyophobic Sols

Cell suspensions were prepared from the kidney, liver and heart of chick embryos of 5 or 8 days of incubation, and from the limb-buds of chick embryos of 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 days of incubation. When these suspensions were aggregated under laminar shear in a Couette viscometer or random motion in a reciprocating shaker they obeyed the theoretical relationships derived for flocculating lyophobic sols. The values of the collision efficiency found for the different cell types under given conditions were used to calculate the force of interaction between cells of each type. The force of interaction ranged between 9 × 10−11 N (8-day heart) and 3 × 10−9 N (8-day liver). The forces of interaction between cells appear to be responsible for aligning the membranes of adjacent cells with a 10–20 nm gap. It is possible to arrange the cell types in a hierarchy based on the forces of interaction between them. The possible role of these forces in cell specificity is considered.

Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology

2021 ◽  
pp. 725-852
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Inhibitory Synapses ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Emotion Memory ◽  
Different Cell Types

‘Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology’ covers the anatomy and organization of the central nervous system, including the skull and cervical vertebrae, the meninges, the blood and lymphatic vessels, muscles and nerves of the head and neck, and the structures of the eye, ear, and central nervous system. At a cellular level, the different cell types and the mechanism of transmission across synapses are considered, including excitatory and inhibitory synapses. This is followed by a review of the major control and sensory systems (including movement, information processing, locomotion, reflexes, and the main five senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell). The integration of these processes into higher functions (such as sleep, consciousness and coma, emotion, memory, and ageing) is discussed, along with the causes and treatments of disorders of diseases such as depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, addiction, and degenerative diseases.

scholarly journals A Fresh Look at the Structure, Regulation, and Functions of Fodrin

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamuna S. Sreeja ◽  
Rince John ◽  
Dhrishya Dharmapal ◽  
Rohith Kumar Nellikka ◽  
Suparna Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Erythroid Cell ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Neuronal Tissues ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Neuronal Disorders

ABSTRACT Fodrin and its erythroid cell-specific isoform spectrin are actin-associated fibrous proteins that play crucial roles in the maintenance of structural integrity in mammalian cells, which is necessary for proper cell function. Normal cell morphology is altered in diseases such as various cancers and certain neuronal disorders. Fodrin and spectrin are two-chain (αβ) molecules that are encoded by paralogous genes and share many features but also demonstrate certain differences. Fodrin (in humans, typically a heterodimer of the products of the SPTAN1 and SPTBN1 genes) is expressed in nearly all cell types and is especially abundant in neuronal tissues, whereas spectrin (in humans, a heterodimer of the products of the SPTA1 and SPTB1 genes) is expressed almost exclusively in erythrocytes. To fulfill a role in such a variety of different cell types, it was anticipated that fodrin would need to be a more versatile scaffold than spectrin. Indeed, as summarized here, domains unique to fodrin and its regulation by Ca2+, calmodulin, and a variety of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) endow fodrin with additional specific functions. However, how fodrin structural variations and misregulated PTMs may contribute to the etiology of various cancers and neurodegenerative diseases needs to be further investigated.

Mucopolysaccharidosis in Adults

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian J. Hendriksz ◽  
Francois Karstens
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
System P ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Different Cell Types

There are 8 different types of diseases of the mucopolysaccharides, each caused by a deficiency in one of 10 different enzymes involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Partially degraded GAGs accumulate within the lysosomes of many different cell types and lead to clinical symptoms and excretion of large amounts of GAGs in the urine. Heritability is autosomal recessive except for MPS type II, which is X-linked. The disorders are chronic and progressive and, although the specific types all have their individual features, they share an abundance of clinical similarities. All involve the musculoskeletal, the cardiovascular, the pulmonary and the central nervous system.

Cholesterol in Brain Development and Perinatal Brain Injury: more than a Building Block

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuxin Lu ◽  
Donna M Ferriero ◽  
Xiangning Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Cholesterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cholesterol Homeostasis ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Perinatal Brain Injury ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Different Cell Types

: The central nervous system (CNS) is enriched with important classes of lipids, in which cholesterol is known to make up a major portion of myelin sheaths, besides being a structural and functional unit of CNS cell membranes. Unlike in the adult brain where the cholesterol pool is relatively stable, cholesterol is synthesized and accumulated at the highest rate in the developing brain to meet the needs of rapid brain growth at this stage, which is also a critical period for neuroplasticity. In addition to its biophysical role in membrane organization, cholesterol is crucial for brain development due to its involvement in brain patterning, myelination, neuronal differentiation and synaptogenesis. Thus any injuries to the immature brain that affect cholesterol homeostasis may have long-term adverse neurological consequences. In this review, we describe the unique features of brain cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism, cholesterol trafficking between different cell types, and highlight cholesterol-dependent biological processes during brain maturation. We also discuss the association of impaired cholesterol homeostasis with several forms of perinatal brain disorders in term and preterm newborns, including hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Strategies targeting the cholesterol pathways may open new avenues for diagnosis and treatment of developmental brain injury.

Dynamin Superfamily at Pre- and Postsynapses: Master Regulators of Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity in Health and Disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 107385842097431
Author(s):  
Jorge Arriagada-Diaz ◽  
Lorena Prado-Vega ◽  
Ana M. Cárdenas Díaz ◽  
Alvaro O. Ardiles ◽  
Arlek M. Gonzalez-Jamett
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Master Regulators ◽  
Vesicle Recycling ◽  
Cytoskeleton Remodeling ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Different Cell Types

Dynamin superfamily proteins (DSPs) comprise a large group of GTP-ases that orchestrate membrane fusion and fission, and cytoskeleton remodeling in different cell-types. At the central nervous system, they regulate synaptic vesicle recycling and signaling-receptor turnover, allowing the maintenance of synaptic transmission. In the presynapses, these GTP-ases control the recycling of synaptic vesicles influencing the size of the ready-releasable pool and the release of neurotransmitters from nerve terminals, whereas in the postsynapses, they are involved in AMPA-receptor trafficking to and from postsynaptic densities, supporting excitatory synaptic plasticity, and consequently learning and memory formation. In agreement with these relevant roles, an important number of neurological disorders are associated with mutations and/or dysfunction of these GTP-ases. Along the present review we discuss the importance of DSPs at synapses and their implication in different neuropathological contexts.

Perspectives on the central nervous system toxicity of methylmercury

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1037-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Racz ◽  
Laurie J. S. Vandewater
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Environmental Pollutant ◽  
Central Nervous System Toxicity ◽  
Central Nervous System Damage ◽  
Rate Of Absorption ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Different Cell Types

Methylmercury is a widespread and highly toxic environmental pollutant. The source of the substance in the environment is industrial and agricultural use. Chronic methylmercury poisoning is characterized by peripheral and central nervous system damage. The rate of absorption and distribution of this organomercurial into neural tissue determines the rate of development and the severity of the neural lesion. Furthermore, the rate of metabolism and excretion of an organomercurial will greatly influence its neural toxicity. There are differences in the accumulation of methylmercury in different regions of the brain, as well as by the different cell types in these regions. The significance of this variable accumulation of methylmercury is not known. Methylmercury influences a large number of neurocellular functions ranging from inhibition of membrane integrity to alteration in the synthesis and release of transmitter substances.

scholarly journals Modeling Intestinal Stem Cell Function with Organoids

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (20) ◽  
pp. 10912
Author(s):  
Toshio Takahashi ◽  
Kazuto Fujishima ◽  
Mineko Kengaku
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Cholinergic Signaling ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
Efficient Expansion

Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are crucial for the digestive process and nutrient absorption. The intestinal epithelium is composed of the different cell types of the small intestine (mainly, enterocytes, goblet cells, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells, and tuft cells). The small intestine is characterized by the presence of crypt-villus units that are in a state of homeostatic cell turnover. Organoid technology enables an efficient expansion of intestinal epithelial tissue in vitro. Thus, organoids hold great promise for use in medical research and in the development of new treatments. At present, the cholinergic system involved in IECs and intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are attracting a great deal of attention. Thus, understanding the biological processes triggered by epithelial cholinergic activation by acetylcholine (ACh), which is produced and released from neuronal and/or non-neuronal tissue, is of key importance. Cholinergic signaling via ACh receptors plays a pivotal role in IEC growth and differentiation. Here, we discuss current views on neuronal innervation and non-neuronal control of the small intestinal crypts and their impact on ISC proliferation, differentiation, and maintenance. Since technology using intestinal organoid culture systems is advancing, we also outline an organoid-based organ replacement approach for intestinal diseases.

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