Effect of Cabergoline on Cognitive Impairments in Transgenic Drosophila Model of Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1261-1269
Author(s):  
Yasir Hasan Siddique ◽  
Rahul ◽  
Mantasha Idrisi ◽  
Mohd. Shahid
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Alpha Synuclein ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Drosophila Model ◽  
Transgenic Drosophila

Background: Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Introduction: The effects of alpha synuclein, parkin mutation and pharmacological agents have been studied in the Drosophila model. Methods: The effect of cabergoline was studied on the cognitive impairments exhibited by the transgenic Drosophila expressing human alpha-synuclein in the neurons. The PD flies were allowed to feed on the diet having 0.5, 1 and 1.5 μM of cabergoline. Results and Discussion: The exposure of cabergoline not only showed a dose-dependent significant delay in the cognitive impairments but also prevented the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Molecular docking studies showed the positive interaction between cabergoline and alpha-synuclein. Conclusion: The results suggest a protective effect of cabergoline against the cognitive impairments.

Lemon grass extract alleviates oxidative stress and delayed the loss of climbing ability in transgenic Drosophila model of Parkinson’s disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasir Hasan Siddique ◽  
Falaq Naz ◽  
Mantasha I. ◽  
M. Shahid
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Alpha Synuclein ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Lemon Grass ◽  
Drosophila Model ◽  
Climbing Ability ◽  
Transgenic Drosophila

Background: Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is characterized by the aggregation of α-synuclein, formation of Lewy bodies and the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons of mesencephalic substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) with the debilitating motor symptoms. Introduction: The available treatment for PD provides symptomatic relief with no control on the progression of the disease. The treatment is also associated with several side effects. As the neurodegeneration in PD is also associated with the oxidative stress, antioxidants from plants could play an important role in reducing the PD symptoms. With this aim we decided to study the effect of Lemon grass extract (LGE) on the transgenic Drosophila model of PD expressing human alpha synuclein in the neurons. Methods: The PD flies allowed were allowed to feed on different doses of LGE established in diet for 24 days and then assayed for climbing ability and oxidative stress markers. The molecular docking study was also performed for citral (the component of the extract) and human α-synuclein. Results and discussion: A dose dependent significant improvement in the climbing ability and reduction in oxidative stress was observed in the PD flies exposed to LGE. In our earlier study on LGE, citral was found to be the main component of the extract by GC-MS analysis. The docking results also support the positive interaction between citral and human α-synuclein. Conclusion: The results suggests that LGE is potemnt in reducing the PD symptoms being mimicked in transgenic Drosophila.

scholarly journals Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation in Parkinson's Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Srinivasan ◽  
G. Chandrasekhar ◽  
P. Chandrasekar ◽  
K. Anbarasu ◽  
A. S. Vickram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Alpha Synuclein ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Vulnerability Factors ◽  
Alpha Synuclein Aggregation

Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by distinct aging-independent loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) region urging toward neuronal loss. Over the decade, various key findings from clinical perspective to molecular pathogenesis have aided in understanding the genetics with assorted genes related with PD. Subsequently, several pathways have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of PD, involving mitochondrial dysfunction, protein aggregation, and misfolding. On the other hand, the sporadic form of PD cases is found with no genetic linkage, which still remain an unanswered question? The exertion in ascertaining vulnerability factors in PD considering the genetic factors are to be further dissevered in the forthcoming decades with advancement in research studies. One of the major proponents behind the prognosis of PD is the pathogenic transmutation of aberrant alpha-synuclein protein into amyloid fibrillar structures, which actuates neurodegeneration. Alpha-synuclein, transcribed by SNCA gene is a neuroprotein found predominantly in brain. It is implicated in the modulation of synaptic vesicle transport and eventual release of neurotransmitters. Due to genetic mutations and other elusive factors, the alpha-synuclein misfolds into its amyloid form. Therefore, this review aims in briefing the molecular understanding of the alpha-synuclein associated with PD.

scholarly journals Gender biased neuroprotective effect of Transferrin Receptor 2 deletion in multiple models of Parkinson’s disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Milanese ◽  
Sylvia Gabriels ◽  
Sander Barnhoorn ◽  
Silvia Cerri ◽  
Ayse Ulusoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Iron Overload ◽  
Transferrin Receptor ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Alpha Synuclein ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Transferrin Receptor 2

AbstractAlterations in the metabolism of iron and its accumulation in the substantia nigra pars compacta accompany the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Changes in iron homeostasis also occur during aging, which constitutes a PD major risk factor. As such, mitigation of iron overload via chelation strategies has been considered a plausible disease modifying approach. Iron chelation, however, is imperfect because of general undesired side effects and lack of specificity; more effective approaches would rely on targeting distinctive pathways responsible for iron overload in brain regions relevant to PD and, in particular, the substantia nigra. We have previously demonstrated that the Transferrin/Transferrin Receptor 2 (TfR2) iron import mechanism functions in nigral dopaminergic neurons, is perturbed in PD models and patients, and therefore constitutes a potential therapeutic target to halt iron accumulation. To validate this hypothesis, we generated mice with targeted deletion of TfR2 in dopaminergic neurons. In these animals, we modeled PD with multiple approaches, based either on neurotoxin exposure or alpha-synuclein proteotoxic mechanisms. We found that TfR2 deletion can provide neuroprotection against dopaminergic degeneration, and against PD- and aging-related iron overload. The effects, however, were significantly more pronounced in females rather than in males. Our data indicate that the TfR2 iron import pathway represents an amenable strategy to hamper PD progression. Data also suggest, however, that therapeutic strategies targeting TfR2 should consider a potential sexual dimorphism in neuroprotective response.

Levodopa Therapy for Parkinson's Disease: History, Current Status and Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 572-583
Author(s):  
Helle Bogetofte ◽  
Arezo Alamyar ◽  
Morten Blaabjerg ◽  
Morten Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Muscle Rigidity

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a preferential degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. This results in a profound decrease of striatal dopamine (DA) levels, which in turn leads to the cardinal motor symptoms of PD; muscle rigidity, hypo- and bradykinesia and resting tremor. Even 50 years after its initial use, the DA precursor levodopa (L-dopa), is still the most effective medical therapy for the symptomatic treatment of PD. Long-term L-dopa treatment is however, unfortunately associated with undesirable side effects such as motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. Furthermore, despite the disease alleviating effects of L-dopa, it is still discussed whether L-dopa has a neurotoxic or neuroprotective effect on dopaminergic neurons. Here we review the history of L-dopa, including its discovery, development and current use in the treatment of PD. We furthermore review current evidence of the L-dopa-induced side effects and perspectives of L-dopa treatment in PD compared to other established treatments such as DA-agonists and the inhibitors of catechol-o-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase B.

scholarly journals GardeninA confers neuroprotection against environmental toxin in a Drosophila model of Parkinson’s disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urmila Maitra ◽  
Thomas Harding ◽  
Qiaoli Liang ◽  
Lukasz Ciesla
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Drosophila Model ◽  
Environmental Toxin

AbstractParkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons from the midbrain. Epidemiological studies have implicated exposures to environmental toxins like the herbicide, paraquat (PQ) as major contributors to PD etiology in both mammalian and invertebrate models. We have employed a PQ-induced PD model in Drosophila as an inexpensive in vivo platform to screen therapeutics from natural products. We have identified the polymethoxyflavonoid, GardeninA, with neuroprotective potential against PQ-induced parkinsonian symptoms involving reduced survival, mobility defects, and loss of dopaminergic neurons. GardeninA-mediated neuroprotection is not solely dependent on its antioxidant activities but also involves modulation of the neuroinflammatory and cellular death responses. Furthermore, we have successfully detected GardeninA bioavailability in the fly heads after oral administration using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Our findings reveal a molecular mechanistic insight into GardeninA-mediated neuroprotection against environmental toxin-induced PD pathogenesis for novel therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals Role of neuron specific enolase as a biomarker in Parkinson’s disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 061-068
Author(s):  
Dutta Rajib
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Neuron Specific Enolase ◽  
Alpha Synuclein ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Clinical Image ◽  
Motor Symptoms

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is thought to be the most common neurodegenerative disease with movement disorder. The key motor symptoms are rigidity, tremor, akinesis/hypokinesia/bradykinesia, and postural instability. However, in our day-to-day clinical practice we tend to see several other symptoms which may be motor or non-motor. Non-motor symptoms (NMS) are quite common and debilitating. The pathological hallmarks of PD are loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNPc) and accumulation of unfolded or misfolded alpha-synuclein. Diagnosis of PD is difficult in the pre-motor stage. Late diagnosis renders a substantial loss of dopaminergic neurons in SNPc and spread of disease in other parts of the brain. This may manifest as either full blown symptoms requiring multiple medications or may even lead to life threatening condition due to lack of early diagnostic tools and techniques. Biomarkers are required to diagnose PD at a very early stage when prevention is possible. Hence, we see a lot of interest among researchers involved in finding a biomarker specific to the disease. Biomarkers may be clinical, image based, genetic, and biochemical. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum markers which may correlate with disease pathophysiology are of great significance. One such molecule which recently gained a lot of attention is neuron-specific enolase (NSE). The main aim of this paper is to highlight the role of NSE in predicting neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation ultimately reflecting damage of brain cells in PD.

scholarly journals Alpha-synuclein promotes dopaminergic neuron death in Parkinson’s disease through microglial and NLRP3 activation

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Klein
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nlrp3 Inflammasome ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Alpha Synuclein ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Motor Deficits ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Neuron Death ◽  
Nlrp3 Inflammasome Activation

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that involves the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). After neuronal death, the subsequent reduction of dopamine levels in the brain induces motor deficits characteristic of this hypokinetic disorder. Although there is currently no known cause of PD, alpha-synuclein appears to have a prominent role in both microglial and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The consequential release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) has been demonstrated to be responsible for neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in PD. The present review highlights the role of alpha-synuclein aggregates in Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. The PD alpha-synuclein preformed fibril (PFF) animal model permits the specific targeting of alpha-synuclein-mediated microglial and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in newly designed therapies. Studies using this model suggest MCC950 and its analogs as a potential new treatment to prevent neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease.

scholarly journals Unexpected Implication of SRP and AGO2 in Parkinson’s Disease: Involvement in Alpha-Synuclein Biogenesis

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2792
Author(s):  
Sarah Hernandez ◽  
Elena Tikhonova ◽  
Kristen Baca ◽  
Fanpeng Zhao ◽  
Xiongwei Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Signal Sequence ◽  
Alpha Synuclein ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Hydrophobic Domain

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder classified by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, the region of the brain that is responsible for motor control. Surviving neurons in this region contain aggregated protein alpha-Synuclein (αSyn) in the form of cytoplasmic inclusions, referred to as Lewy bodies. Changes in αSyn expression are also associated with PD and its progression. Previously, we demonstrated that signal recognition particle (SRP) and Argonaute 2 (AGO2) proteins are involved in protein quality control at the ribosome during translation. We also demonstrated that SRP has an mRNA protection function in addition to a protein targeting function, thus controlling mRNA and protein expression. In this study, we tested involvement of these factors in αSyn biogenesis. We hypothesize that loss of these factors may interfere with αSyn expression, and subsequently, be associated with PD. Using depletion assays in human cell culture and analysis of these proteins in the brains of deceased PD patients, we demonstrate that SRP and AGO2 are involved in the control of αSyn expression and AGO2 has reduced expression in PD. We show for the first time that SRP is involved in mRNA protection of αSyn, a protein that does not have a signal sequence or transmembrane span. Our findings suggest that SRP may interact with a hydrophobic domain in the middle of αSyn during translation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling αSyn biogenesis in cells is vital to developing preventative therapies against PD.

scholarly journals Peripheral Delivery of Neural Precursor Cells Ameliorates Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Pathology

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwards III ◽  
Gamez ◽  
Armijo ◽  
Kramm ◽  
Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Alpha Synuclein ◽  
Neuroinflammatory Response ◽  
Impaired Motor Function

: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of motor control due to a wide loss of dopaminergic neurons along the nigro-striatal pathway. Some of the mechanisms that contribute to this cell death are inflammation, oxidative stress, and misfolded alpha-synuclein-induced toxicity. Current treatments are effective at managing the early motor symptoms of the disease, but they become ineffective over time and lead to adverse effects. Previous research using intracerebral stem cell therapy for treatment of PD has provided promising results; however, this method is very invasive and is often associated with unacceptable side effects. In this study, we used an MPTP-injected mouse model of PD and intravenously administered neural precursors (NPs) obtained from mouse embryonic and mesenchymal stem cells. Clinical signs and neuropathology were assessed. Female mice treated with NPs had improved motor function and reduction in the neuroinflammatory response. In terms of safety, there were no tumorigenic formations or any detectable adverse effect after treatment. Our results suggest that peripheral administration of stem cell-derived NPs may be a promising and safe therapy for the recovery of impaired motor function and amelioration of brain pathology in PD.

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