Medicine and healing in the pre-Socratic thought. A brief analysis of magics and rationalism in ancient herbal therapy.

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Santacroce ◽  
Skender Topi ◽  
Kastriot Haxhirexha ◽  
Shkelqim Hidri ◽  
Ioannis Alexandros Charitos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Development ◽  
Medical Culture ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Herbal Therapy ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Greek World

Background: Medicine has gone through many thought processes until it has arrived in our days. At the beginning, it was based on the religion, superstition and magic plants for therapy. This has been for many centuries until arrived a period of cultural development. This will happen in the Greek world and new theories about nature (physiokratia) and humans advance. From the various mythical traditions, we passed to understand the natural phenomena that surround the universe, thanks to the knowledge of the “hidden causes” by the philosophy. Methods: The contribution to Western medicine of the ancient Greeks was the development of a rational system of thought that was transmitted in medical culture. This attempt to interpret was called philosophy. Hippocrates, with the arrival of the pre-Socratics, changes the old method of approach to the sick and the sick itself. So, he changed the approach to medicine and healing, influencing the therapy of other ancient popular cultures before and after the arrival of the preSocratics. We have researched ancient texts to determine the common roots between myth and therapy and religious separation from other medical cultures before Hippocrates. Results: This study is focused, particularly, on the period from the age before and during the world of pre-Socratic thought, showing that there are many similarities in the approach of therapy of various diseases. The ancient Greeks were influenced by the other civilizations on therapy, especially with plants with a different mythological view. Despite rationalism, remained the supernatural beliefs while the use of herbs does not remain in the magic myth. The first detachment of the magical therapy will happen later with the father of medicine, Hippocrates. Conclusion: The ancient Greeks invented rationalist doctrine for the medicine. The birth of the philosophy, crossing many stages, influenced the therapy models, especially with the medicinal herbs.

Causality Then and Now

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-177
Author(s):  
Karen Harding
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Mechanical Model ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Way

Ate appearances deceiving? Do objects behave the way they do becauseGod wills it? Ate objects impetmanent and do they only exist becausethey ate continuously created by God? According to a1 Ghazlli, theanswers to all of these questions ate yes. Objects that appear to bepermanent are not. Those relationships commonly tefemed to as causalare a result of God’s habits rather than because one event inevitably leadsto another. God creates everything in the universe continuously; if Heceased to create it, it would no longer exist.These ideas seem oddly naive and unscientific to people living in thetwentieth century. They seem at odds with the common conception of thephysical world. Common sense says that the universe is made of tealobjects that persist in time. Furthermore, the behavior of these objects isreasonable, logical, and predictable. The belief that the univetse is understandablevia logic and reason harkens back to Newton’s mechanical viewof the universe and has provided one of the basic underpinnings ofscience for centuries. Although most people believe that the world is accutatelydescribed by this sort of mechanical model, the appropriatenessof such a model has been called into question by recent scientificadvances, and in particular, by quantum theory. This theory implies thatthe physical world is actually very different from what a mechanicalmodel would predit.Quantum theory seeks to explain the nature of physical entities andthe way that they interact. It atose in the early part of the twentieth centuryin response to new scientific data that could not be incorporated successfullyinto the ptevailing mechanical view of the universe. Due largely ...

scholarly journals Intricate Coalescence of Nature and Philosophy in Coelho’s world: Ruminations from The Alchemist

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
L. Monica Lilly
Keyword(s):  
Common Language ◽  
Human Species ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Human Psyche ◽  
Egyptian Desert ◽  
The Universe

 In The Alchemist, Paulo Coelho projects Santiago communicating with Nature which he refers to as the common language of the world. A study of The Alchemist will reveal how Santiago, an Andalusian shepherd boy who yearns to travel in search of a bounty treasure explores the wisdom of life. His quest for the treasure buried near the Pyramids propels him to enter an unchartered territory from his homeland in Spain to the Egyptian desert. This paper aims to explore the ecological reflections mired with concepts of slants in philosophy. Ecology on one hand is considered as a branch of science but, despite providing erudition on the subject it is understood that it provides sagacity to understand the universe better. This paper rightly discusses the amalgamation of nature and literature. It is indeed a manifestation of the recurrently believed ideologies that connect human psyche and platitudes of the cosmos. The logos that interrelates the existing connection between the non human and the human species require an exceptional mastery. This paper will analyze and depict the emotions connected with nature from the spectacle of the Protagonist Santiago in The Alchemist.

A New Quarrel

On Universals ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 96-120
Author(s):  
Étienne Balibar
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Philosophical Anthropology ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Unity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
To Come ◽  
Question Today ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Universe

This chapter assesses the new “quarrel of universals” that now occupies philosophy and other overlapping disciplines. In this new quarrel, the question today is not only whether one is for or against the universal; the question is also how one defines the universal—a term whose surprising equivocity has become increasingly clear. Still more fundamentally, the question is how one should articulate the relationship between three related but heterogeneous terms whose widespread use has prompted conflicting claims: the universal, universality, and universalisms. The chapter begins by situating the question of the universal and its variations within the field that seems to constitute the strategic site of intersecting domains: philosophical anthropology, understood as the analysis of the historical differences of the human and of the problem that those differences pose to their bearers. It then outlines the difficulties which can be identified in every philosophical and political usage of the universal and its “doubles” according to three aporias. The first is the aporia of the multiplicity of the “world,” or of the universe as multiversum; the second is that of Allgemeinheit or All(en)gemeinheit, in other words, the irreducible gap between the universal and the common (or community); and, finally, that of co-citizenship, the form of belonging to a political unity to come, a unity whose law of belonging (membership) would be the heterogeneity within equality or the political participation of those foreign to the community.

scholarly journals About Distinction Between Conditions of the World Before and After the Fallin Works of Russian Theologians and Religious Thinkers XIX - Early XX Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-48
Author(s):  
Николай Серебряков
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Biblical Narrative ◽  
Philosophical Literature ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Entire Universe ◽  
Entire Cosmos ◽  
The Universe

В статье рассматриваются мнения русских богословов и религиозных философов XIX - начала ХХ в. о характере и масштабах влияния грехопадения первых людей на состояние всего мира. Показано, что для русского богословия указанного периода характерно признание катастрофического влияния грехопадения по отношению ко всему мирозданию. Это влияние объясняется теснейшей связью человека со всем космосом. Однако эта очевидная богословская истина практически не была учтена в естественнонаучно-апологетической литературе этого периода при обсуждении проблемы соотнесения библейского повествования о творении мира и человека с научными данными. Более того, в начале ХХ в. появляются представления, что грехопадение в объективном плане никак не повлияло на состояние мира, а только изменило человека и его взгляд на мир. Лишь в русской религиозно-философской литературе начала ХХ в. идея о теснейшей связи человека и космоса нашла свой отклик, и на основании этой идеи была дана критическая оценка способности естественных наук проникнуть в мир до события грехопадения. The article describes the views of the Russian theologians and religious philosophers of XIX - early XX centuries about a character and scales of influence of the fall on a condition of the world. We show that the Russian theology of this period recognizes the catastrophic influence of the fall on the entire universe. This influence is due to the close connection of man with the entire cosmos. However, this obvious theological truth was practically ignored in the discussion of the problem of the correlation of the biblical narrative about the creation of the world and man and scientific data in the natural science and apologetic literature in this period. Moreover, at the beginning of the ХХ century there are ideas that the fall in objective terms did not affect the state of the world, but that it changed only the nature of a man and man's view of the world. Only in the Russian religious philosophical literature at the beginning of the XX century the idea about the closest connection of a man and the universe got the response. On the basis of this idea religious philosophers gave a critical assessment of the ability of sciences to get into the world prior to the fall.

scholarly journals Special Features of the Spiritual Leadership of St. Theofan the Recluse

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
Михаил Степанович Иванов
Keyword(s):  
Spiritual Leadership ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Common Misconception ◽  
The World ◽  
Spiritual Tradition ◽  
The Common ◽  
Historical Basis ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Church ◽  
True Relationship

Статья посвящена специфике аскетической практики известного русского подвижника благочестия епископа Феофана (Говорова). В начале статьи даётся историческое обоснование диалектическому противостоянию между миром и монастырём, которое разрешается в одну из благодатных форм христианской жизни. Далее проводится различение между понятиями «мир Божий», как сотворённая Богом Вселенная, и «мир греха», как господство зла, вторгшегося в окружающий мир по вине человека. Это различение помогает снять распространённое заблуждение относительно монашеского отречения от мира и выявить подлинные отношения, которые рождает человек, ставший на монашеский путь духовного возрождения. Развивая эти отношения, монах входит в целостное, органическое, духовное и благодатное единство с миром Божиим, что позволяет ему установить основанное на любви ко всему божественному творению подлинное отношение ко всем обитателям тварного мира. На этом основополагающем принципе монашеской жизни, как пишет епископ Феофан, Затворник Вышенский, как раз и нужно строить архипастырское руководство всеми членами Церкви - не только монашеским братством, но и мирскими людьми, тем самым продолжая духовную традицию русского старчества. The article is devoted to the specifics of the ascetic practice of the famous Russian devotee of piety, Bishop Theofan (Govorov). At the beginning of the article, a historical basis is given for the dialectical confrontation between the world and the monastery, which is resolved into one of the blessed forms of Christian life. Further, a distinction is made between the concepts of «the world of God», as the universe created by God, and the «world of sin», as the rule of evil that invaded the surrounding world through the fault of man. This distinction helps to remove the common misconception about monastic renunciation of the world and to reveal the true relationship that a person gives birth to when he embarks on the monastic path of spiritual rebirth. Developing these relationships, the monk enters into an integral, organic, spiritual and grace-filled unity with the world of God, which allows him to establish a genuine relationship based on love for the entire divine creation with all the inhabitants of the created world. On this fundamental principle of monastic life, as Bishop Theofan, the Recluse of Vyshensky writes, it is precisely necessary to build the archpastoral leadership of all members of the Church - not only the monastic brotherhood, but also the secular people, thereby continuing the spiritual tradition of the Russian eldership.

scholarly journals Design Principles of Early Stone Pagodas in Ancient Korean Architecture: Case Studies on the Stone Pagodas at Chŏngnimsa and Kamŭnsa Buddhist Temples

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhwan Cha ◽  
Young Kim
Keyword(s):  
Design Principle ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Creative Thought ◽  
The World ◽  
Korean Architecture ◽  
The Universe

Ancient books on East Asian mathematics introduced to the Korean Peninsula enrich our understanding of the arithmetic notions that mold the creative thought processes of the ancients. They believed that all objects in the universe could be composed of circles and squares and all items could be expressed in terms of geometrical profiles. Through the combination of circles and squares, the ancient East Asians expressed the order of the world and unraveled it mathematically. These principles are evident in the construction principles of early Korean stone pagodas. In particular, the square root of 2 (√2) is a very important number in the delineation represented in the consolidation of inscribed and circumscribed circles with squares. Further, the square root of 2 is applied as a design principle in the construction of the stone pagodas at the temples Chŏngnimsa and Kamŭnsa. This article demonstrates that the ancients on the continuous impact of the Jiuzhang Suanshu and the Zhoubi Suanshu constructed the pagodas complying with design principles based on the arithmetic and geometric proportional systems of √2 times, which are intended to adjust compositional proportions and the gradual decrease in length to shape the tripartite partition of the foundation, the pagoda body, and the finial in stone pagodas.

Pythagoreanism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermann S. Schibli
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Cosmological Context ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Structural Principles ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Universe

Pythagoreanism refers to a Greek religious-philosophical movement that originated with Pythagoras in the sixth century bc. Although Pythagoreanism in its historical development embraced a wide range of interests in politics, mysticism, music, mathematics and astronomy, the common denominator remained a general adherence among Pythagoreans to the name of the founder and his religious beliefs. Pythagoras taught the immortality and transmigration of the soul (reincarnation) and recommended a way of life that through ascetic practices, dietary rules and ethical conduct promised to purify the soul and bring it into harmony with the surrounding universe. Thereby the soul would become godlike since Pythagoras believed that the cosmos, in view of its orderly and harmonious workings and structure, was divine. Pythagoreanism thus has from its beginnings a cosmological context that saw further evolution along mathematical lines in the succeeding centuries. Pythagorean philosophers, drawing on musical theories that may go back to Pythagoras, expressed the harmony of the universe in terms of numerical relations and possibly even claimed that things are numbers. Notwithstanding a certain confusion in Pythagorean number philosophy between abstract and concrete, Pythagoreanism represents a valid attempt, outstanding in early Greek philosophy, to explain the world by formal, structural principles. Overall, the combination of religious, philosophical and mathematical speculations that characterizes Pythagoreanism exercised a significant influence on Greek thinkers, notably on Plato and his immediate successors as well as those Platonic philosophers known as Neo-Pythagoreans and Neoplatonists.

I. Observations on the solar spots.

1774 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Moon ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Universe ◽  
True System

When the great Copernicus had revived the true system of the world, it was objected against it, that the planet Venus ought to be seen with different phases like the moon; to which he answered, that some time or another that very thing would perhaps come to pass. Who then would have thought, that this prophecy was so near being fulfilled, and that, by means of combining a convex and a concave glass, the common uses of which had been known for near 300 years before, the sight of man was to be extended almost to the remotest parts of the universe? This instrument, with nothing but its being so common hinders us from regarding with the greatest wonder, was invented, about 170 years ago, by one of those happy accidents, to which we owe many of the finest discoveries.

scholarly journals The Fall as a Worldwide Catastrophe and the Problem of Elaboration a Language for Its Description

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-79
Author(s):  
Михаил Андреевич Скворцов
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Global Catastrophe ◽  
Rational Knowledge ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Fallen World

В статье основное внимание уделяется одной из ключевых проблем, находящейся на грани библейской и светских наук, - познание состояния мира до и после грехопадения. При описании последствий грехопадения были выработаны три подхода, имеющие своих характерных представителей: еп. Василия (Родзянко), считавшего, что между первозданным и падшим миром нет никаких корреляций; прот. Леонида Цыпина - катастрофа грехопадения не изменила кардинальным образом законы мироздания; диак. Николая Серебрякова - глобальная катастрофа грехопадения категорически сказалась на состоянии мира, однако полностью не уничтожила его преемственности с первозданным миром. Также уделяется внимание гносеологическому вопросу: может ли привести рациональное познание к Богу? The article focuses on one of the key problems on the verge of biblical and secular sciences - knowledge of the state of the World before and after the Fall. In describing the consequences of the Fall, three approaches have been developed that have their own characteristic representatives: bishop Basil (Rodzianko), who believed that there are no correlations between the primordial and the fallen World; archpriest Leonid Tsypin - the catastrophe of the Fall did not radically change the laws of the universe; deacon Nicholay Serebryakov - the global catastrophe of the Fall had a categorical effect on the state of the World, but did not completely destroy its continuity with the primordial World. Attention is also paid to the gnosiological question: could it be possible to bring rational knowledge to God?

Art and mythology of William Blake in the context of the "Dead Man" by Jim Jarmush.

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
T.A. Dmitrieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Art History ◽  
William Blake ◽  
Common Features ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Songs Of Experience ◽  
Songs Of Innocence ◽  
Dead Man ◽  
The Universe

The presented article is devoted to the study of the image of creativity and mythology of William Blake in the film by J. Jarmusch "Dead Man". The author has carried out a detailed philosophical and art analysis of the film "Dead Man" and graphic works by William Blake, in particular, the series of engravings “Heads of Ghosts”, engravings “Ghost of the Flea” and “The Lost Boy”. The author also examined poetry and mythology in the work of William Blake based on the material of the works "The Marriage of Hell and Eden" (1973), "Songs of Innocence" (1789) and "Songs of Experience" (1973). Having conducted a comparative analysis of the works of W. Blake and the film by J. Jarmusch, the author revealed the similarities among the characters, mythology, plot and attitude in the movie "Dead" by J. Jarmusch and the works of W. Blake, interpreted the reason for citing the works of W. Blake in the movie "Dead Man" ... As a result, a conclusion was made about the commonality of the worldview attitudes of the work of J. Jarmusch "Dead Man" and the work of W. Blake. The article highlights the common features of the investigated works and the film: quotations from works of other authors, acquiring new meaning (citing the works of John Milton and Dante W. Blake correlates with the quotation of W. Blake in the film "Dead Man"); initiation motive; wandering motive; the idea of the wrongness of the world and the dualism of the universe. The author notes that the main artistic ideas of the works under consideration by William Blake are reflected in the film "Dead Man" by J. Jarmusch. In synthesis, they acquire a new meaning – the path of the soul to salvation through the overcoming of false ideas, vices, knowledge of the truth. This work uses the method of philosophical and art history analysis, developed by the Siberian art history school.

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