Emerging Role of Interleukins for the Assessment and Treatment of Liver Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaliya L. Ali ◽  
Namrata P. Nailwal ◽  
Gaurav M. Doshi
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Alcoholic Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Clinical Trial Data ◽  
Trial Data ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Assessment And Treatment

Background: The most common liver diseases are fibrosis, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty disease, viral hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. These liver diseases account for approximately 2 million deaths per year worldwide, with cirrhosis accounting for 2.1% of the worldwide burden. The most widely used liver function tests for diagnosis are alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, serum proteins, serum albumin, and serum globulins, whereas antivirals and corticosteroids have been proven to be useful for the treatment of liver diseases. A major disadvantage of these diagnostic measures is the lack of specificity to a particular tissue or cell type, as these enzymes are common to one or more tissues. The major adverse effect of current treatment methods is drug resistance. To overcome these issues, interleukins have been investigated. The balance of these interleukins determines the outcome of an immune response. Interleukins are considered interesting therapeutic targets for the treatment of liver diseases. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding interleukins in the diagnosis, treatment, and pathogenesis of different acute and chronic liver diseases. Objective: To understand the role of interleukins in the assessment and treatment of different types of liver diseases. Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Science Direct, and NCBI with the following keywords: Interleukins, Acute Liver Failure, Alcoholic Liver Disease, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Liver Fibrosis, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Inflammation, Liver injury, Hepatoprotective effect. Clinical trial data on these interleukins have been searched on Clinicaltrials.gov. Results: Existing literature and preclinical and clinical trial data demonstrate that interleukins play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-22, IL-35, and IL-37 are involved in the progression and control of various liver conditions via the regulation of cell signaling pathways. However, further investigation on the involvement of these interleukins is necessary for their use as a targeted therapy in liver diseases.

Phytosterols and Triterpenoids for Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic-related Liver Diseases and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Sánchez-Crisóstomo ◽  
Eduardo Fernández-Martínez ◽  
Raquel Cariño-Cortés ◽  
Gabriel Betanzos-Cabrera ◽  
Rosa A. Bobadilla-Lugo
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Sexual Hormones ◽  
Steroid Nucleus ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

Background: Liver ailments are among the leading causes of death; they originate from viral infections, chronic alcoholism, and autoimmune illnesses, which may chronically be precursors of cirrhosis; furthermore, metabolic syndrome may worsen those hepatopathies or cause Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) that may advance to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Cirrhosis is the late-stage liver disease and can proceed to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Pharmacological treatment options for liver diseases, cirrhosis, and HCC, are limited, expensive, and not wholly effective. The use of medicinal herbs and functional foods is growing around the world as natural resources of bioactive compounds that would set the basis for the development of new drugs. Review and Conclusion: Plant and food-derived sterols and triterpenoids (TTP) possess antioxidant, metabolic-regulating, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as they are recognized as anticancer agents, suggesting their application strongly as an alternative therapy in some chronic diseases. Thus, it is interesting to review current reports about them as hepatoprotective agents, but also because they structurally resemble cholesterol, sexual hormones, corticosteroids and bile acids due to the presence of the steroid nucleus, so they all can share pharmacological properties through activating nuclear and membrane receptors. Therefore, sterols and TTP appear as a feasible option for the prevention and treatment of chronic metabolic-related liver diseases, cirrhosis, and HCC.

Role of Radiation Therapy and Fluoropyrimidines in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Malignancies

1996 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-328
Author(s):  
William W. Wong ◽  
Steven E. Schild ◽  
James A. Martenson
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Clinical Trial Data ◽  
Trial Data ◽  
Combined Chemotherapy ◽  
Gastrointestinal Malignancies ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Benefits ◽  
Positive Results

Background The use of combined chemotherapy and radiation for gastrointestinal malignancies has several theoretical advantages, and clinical trials to determine the type and extent of clinical benefits have been performed. Methods The basic science and clinical trial data evaluating such combinations are reviewed, with an emphasis on the interactions between fluoropyrimidines and radiation. Results Improved outcomes from chemoradiotherapy have been demonstrated in patients with selected stages of anal, esophageal, rectal, and pancreatic cancer. Conclusion Despite these positive results, further work is needed to demonstrate even more effective and less toxic treatment regimens.

scholarly journals Data on Adiponectin from 2010 to 2020: Therapeutic Target and Prognostic Factor for Liver Diseases?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misaq Heydari ◽  
María Eugenia Cornide-Petronio ◽  
Mónica B. Jiménez-Castro ◽  
Carmen Peralta
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Scientific Controversies

The review describes the role of adiponectin in liver diseases in the presence and absence of surgery reported in the literature in the last ten years. The most updated therapeutic strategies based on the regulation of adiponectin including pharmacological and surgical interventions and adiponectin knockout rodents, as well as some of the scientific controversies in this field, are described. Whether adiponectin could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of liver diseases and patients submitted to hepatic resection or liver transplantation are discussed. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical data on the mechanism of action of adiponectin in different liver diseases (nonalcoholic fatty disease, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma) in the absence or presence of surgery are evaluated in order to establish potential targets that might be useful for the treatment of liver disease as well as in the practice of liver surgery associated with the hepatic resections of tumors and liver transplantation.

The impact of immunotherapy education on GI cancers.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 479-479
Author(s):  
Kinjal Parikh ◽  
Katie Lucero ◽  
Charlotte Warren ◽  
Emily Sherene Van Laar ◽  
Patrick Kugel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Clinical Trial Data ◽  
Trial Data ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
Cancer Subtypes ◽  
Gi Cancers ◽  
The Impact

479 Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are a heterogeneous group of cancers with varying underlying pathophysiology and distinct treatment paradigms. Immunotherapy (IO) is unique in each of the subtypes and biomarkers utility varies. With the expansion of IO in each cancer subtypes, education remains essential to optimize patient outcomes through integration of the latest evidence-based data at point of care. Through the partnership between Medscape Oncology and the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer, 2 educational activities were designed to increase the knowledge and competence of oncologists surrounding the role of IO in patients with advanced GI cancers. Methods: The 2 educational activities included a text based online activity with 3 chapters focused on gastroesophageal cancers, colorectal cancers, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and a 30-minute online, video discussion with 3 faculty and synchronized slides on HCC. Educational effectiveness was assessed with repeated paired pre/post assessment where learners served as their own controls. A chi-square test was used to identify statistical significance in proportion of correct responses. The first activity launched 11/27/2019 and the second activity launched on 5/8/20. Data were collected and reported through 8/25/2020. Results: A total of 8433 learners, including 1543 oncologists, participated from 11/2019 through 8/2020. Participation in education resulted in significant relative improvements among oncologist learners on IO in GI cancers in (n = 641): 110%: role or eligibility of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) (p < .001) 38%: clinical trial data of ICIs (p < .001) Subsequent education on unresectable HCC demonstrated a significant relative improvement in both knowledge and competence for oncologist learners (n = 902): 19%: regarding clinical trial data in unresectable HCC (p = .073) 19%; competence identifying role of ICIs in unresectable HCC (p < .05) 59%: competence managing irAEs in unresectable HCC (p < .001). Conclusions: These 2 online CME-certified educational activities resulted in statistically significant gains in oncologist knowledge surrounding the use of IO in advanced GI cancers Follow-up education on HCC demonstrated the value and benefit of multi-modal and sequential activities on improving competence among oncologists caring for patients with unresectable HCC There remains a need for continuous education as more oncologists utilize IO in their practice while the understanding and availability of clinical data continues to expand and evolve in the varying GI cancer subtypes. More than 50% of learners continued to demonstrate a need in understanding the clinical trial data or role of IO in metastatic GI cancers with more than 40% of the learners demonstrating continued need on clinical trial data or role of IO in HCC specifically.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Alcoholic Liver Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongqing Wu ◽  
Huaqing Zhu ◽  
Hua Wang
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Alcoholic Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

As the largest vital solid organ in the body, liver is consisting of multiple types of cells including hepatocytes, Kupffer cell, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), and other immune cells. The communication between these cells is critical in maintaining liver function homeostasis, and dysregulation of such communication contributes to the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and ectosomes, act as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication. EVs can be produced and uptaken by a wide range of cells including all types of cells in the liver. Growing evidences show that EVs are involved in the development of liver diseases, especially non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD). In this review, we will summarize recent advance in how EVs production are altered in NAFLD and ALD and how the changes of EVs quantity and cargos influence the progression of these diseases. The therapeutic and diagnostic potential of EVs in NAFLD and ALD will be also discussed in this review.

scholarly journals Clinical-morphological parallels of the PNPLA3 gene polymorphism in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-88
Author(s):  
A S Tikhomirova ◽  
V A Kislyakov ◽  
I E Baykova ◽  
I G Nikitin
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, and its detection in the general population has reached a global scale. Despite the fact that in the early stages the disease is characterized by a relatively mild period, the development during its natural course of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma causes deterioration of long-term forecast. Growing evidence indicates that NAFLD is a complex, multifaceted etiology, involving many factors, including genetic. In the present review, we focused on the genetic component of NAFLD, namely, the role of the PNPLA3 gene polymorphism in the development and course of the disease, and States its progression, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

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