scholarly journals Analysis of Pharyngeal Airway Using Lateral Cephalogram vs CBCT Images: A Cross-sectional Retrospective Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pegah Bronoosh ◽  
Leila Khojastepour
Keyword(s):  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Initial Examination ◽  
Lateral Cephalogram ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Pharyngeal Airway ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
Orthodontic Patients ◽  
And Function

Background : As the basic biological relationship of form and function, changes in the normal pattern of nasopharyngeal space can profoundly affect the development of the craniofacial growth. The lateral cephalogram, part of the patient’s normal records for orthodontic treatment, may show some of these changes either at the initial examination or later during treatment. The validity of the information the lateral cephalogram may present, have been questioned previously. The aim of this study was to assess correlation between the area and the volume measurements of pharyngeal airway size in a lateral cephalogram and a 3-dimensional (3D) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan in adolescent subjects. Materials and Methods : CBCT scan and a lateral cephalogram of 35 subjects which were taken within 1 week were included in this study. Airway area of the region of interest from the lateral cephalogram and airway volume over the same of region of interest from the CBCT scan were assessed for all patients. The correlation between the area and the volume measurements were evaluated statistically by Pearson’s correlation coefficient test. Mann Whitney U Test was used for comparing the area and the volume measurements in different sex. Results : Strong correlation was found between lateral cephalogram and CBCT measurements of pharyngeal airway. (r=0.831). Conclusion : Pharyngeal airway area on a lateral cephalogram is correlated strongly with volumetric data on CBCT images. Henceforth the use of CBCT images for volume measurements in orthodontic patients can aid in the better evaluation of airways and acted as a diagnostic instrument in this area.

scholarly journals CT examination of the head of the Baikal seal (Phoca sibirica)

1999 ◽  
Vol 194 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
HIDEKI ENDO ◽  
HIROYUKI SASAKI ◽  
YOSHIHIRO HAYASHI ◽  
EVAGENY A. PETROV ◽  
MASAO AMANO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Cranial Cavity ◽  
Caudal Part ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Ct Examination ◽  
Frontal Sinuses ◽  
And Function ◽  
Pterygoid Muscles

We carried out a computerised tomographic (CT) examination to elucidate the modifications in the head related to orbital enlargement in the Baikal seal. Transverse CT images showed that (1) the external frontal contours and the frontal sinuses are compressed medially and ventrally by the orbital enlargement; (2) the caudal part of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx are compacted ventrally; and (3) the cranial cavity is displaced caudally. The neurocranium is obviously separated from the facial part in the transverse plane at the caudal region of the orbit. The disposition of the mandible, zygomatic arch, temporal bone, and the masseter, temporal, digastric and pterygoid muscles is changed by the enlarged orbit in the 3-dimensional reorganisation of the head in this species. It is suggested that adaptation for the Lake Baikal environment primarily resulted in orbital enlargement, and that the altered orbital design may subsequently have influenced the form and function of the masticatory and respiratory system.

scholarly journals Gonial Angle by Lateral Cephalogram in Orthodontic Patients of a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (237) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manju Bajracharya ◽  
Anjana Rajbhandari ◽  
Resina Pradhan ◽  
Pushkar Manandhar ◽  
Surendra Maharjan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Lateral Cephalogram ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gonial Angle ◽  
Orthodontic Patients ◽  
The Mean

Introduction: The Gonial angle is an important parameter of the craniofacial complex for growth Patterns prediction. The gonial angle on lateral cephalometric radiograph represents the mandibular morphology concerning mandibular body and ramus. The objective of this study was to find out the mean value of gonial angle in lateral cephalometric radiographs of patients of orthodontic department in a tertiary care center. Methods: The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among patients from the Department of Orthodontics at People’s Dental College and Hospital between 8th December 2020 to 8th February 2021 at People’s Dental College and Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal after obtaining Ethical approval (Reference Number. 01, CH100 09,2077/2078) by the Institutional Review Committee. A convenience sampling technique was used to collect 166 pre-treatment lateral cephalograms radiographs of patients between 17-30 years. Data were collected and entered using Statistical Package of Social Science 16. Results: The mean value of gonial angle on lateral cephalogram radiographs was 132.84±3.70 in hyperdivergent, 119.94±5.57 in hypodivergent and 124.06±3.88 in normodivergent vertical skeletal patterns and between male and female were 132.52±4.32, 133.07±3.28 in hyperdivergent, 121.46±3.78, 119.14±6.42 in hypodivergent and 123.74±5.14, 123.94±3.90 in normodivergent vertical skeletal patterns of Orthodontic Patients. Conclusions: The gonial angle value on lateral cephalometric radiographs was greater in hyperdivergent than hypodivergent and normodivergent vertical skeletal patterns. The hyperdivergent vertical skeletal pattern of female was greater than of male patient’s lateral cephalometric radiographs while hypodivergent and normodivergent vertical skeletal patterns of males were greater than female lateral cephalogram radiographs of Nepalese orthodontic patients.

scholarly journals The Precision of the Human Hand: Variability in Pinch Strength and Manual Dexterity

Symmetry ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Ameline Bardo ◽  
Katie Town ◽  
Tracy L. Kivell ◽  
Georgina Donati ◽  
Haiko Ballieux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hand Function ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Pinch Strength ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Motor Movement ◽  
Pinch Grip ◽  
Index Ratio ◽  
And Function

Changes in hand morphology throughout human evolution have facilitated the use of forceful pad-to-pad precision grips, contributing to the development of fine motor movement and dexterous manipulation typical of modern humans. Today, variation in human hand function may be affected by demographic and/or lifestyle factors, but these remain largely unexplored. We measured pinch grip strength and dexterity in a heterogeneous cross-sectional sample of human participants (n = 556) to test for the potential effects of sex, age, hand asymmetries, hand morphology, and frequently practiced manual activities across the lifespan. We found a significant effect of sex on pinch strength, dexterity, and different directional asymmetries, with the practice of manual musical instruments, significantly increasing female dexterity for both hands. Males and females with wider hands were also stronger, but not more precise, than those with longer hands, while the thumb-index ratio had no effect. Hand dominance asymmetry further had a significant effect on dexterity but not on pinch strength. These results indicate that different patterns of hand asymmetries and hand function are influenced in part by life experiences, improving our understanding of the link between hand form and function and offering a referential context for interpreting the evolution of human dexterity.

scholarly journals A comparative Cross-Sectional study of Two Aesthetic Restorative options for class III caries in primary Anterior Teeth

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL3) ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Maria Anthonet Sruthi ◽  
Deepa Gurunathan ◽  
Vignesh Ravindran
Keyword(s):  
Primary Teeth ◽  
Composite Resin ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
Composite Resin Restoration ◽  
Suitable Treatment ◽  
And Function

Early childhood caries shows its first signs of manifestation in maxillary anterior teeth which poses as a hindrance to and may induce psychological complications in young children. Though restoration of in the primary teeth is challenging, all efforts must be taken to restore the tooth to its normal form and function. This study aims to infer a suitable treatment option exclusively for class III caries in primary teeth by comparing two restorative techniques, namely direct composite restoration and strip crowns. The database searched was Dental Information Archiving Systems and a total of 297 restorative procedures were analyzed using descriptive statistics on SPSS Software. Among 297 treatment procedures, 76.1% of the anterior teeth were restored as direct composite resin restoration and 23.9% were restored with strip crowns. Direct composite resin restoration was considerably used to restore class III caries in primary teeth. However, owing to recent trends in , strip crown restoration may be an ideal choice.

scholarly journals Reliability of Panoramic Radiography for Vertical Facial Pattern Assessment Assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Waqar Jeelani ◽  
◽  
Maheen Ahmed ◽  
Shakeel Ahmed ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Lateral Cephalogram ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gonial Angle ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms ◽  
Orthodontic Patients ◽  
Facial Pattern ◽  
Dental Screening

The orthopantomogram (OPG) is a common dental screening radiograph that has multiple implications. However, lateral cephalogram is the investigation of choice for the assessment of vertical facial pattern. Objective: The aim of the current study was to investigate the validity of an OPG parameter i.e. panoramic gonial angle (PGoA) for the assessment of the vertical facial pattern. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on the pretreatment OPG and lateral cephalograms of 200 orthodontic patients aged 15-40 years. The PGoA was measured on both sides and an average was used for statistical analysis. The Pearson’s correlations of PGoA were measured with cephalometric gonial angle (CGoA), SN-GoGn, MMA, FMA, LAFH/TAFH% and PFH/TAFH%. The diagnostic test statistics were applied for PGoA against gold standard “definitive diagnosis (DD)” derived from SN GoGn and FMA. A p-value ofResults: The mean CGoA was 121.18º ± 5.16º which was significantly different (pConclusion: The current study identifies PGoA as a valid tool for the assessment of vertical facial pattern of orthodontic patients with its normal value 116º±3º in our sample.

scholarly journals Ontogenetic scaling of hydrostatic skeletons: geometric, static stress and dynamic stress scaling of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (12) ◽  
pp. 1871-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
KJ Quillin
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Dynamic Stress ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
Static Stress ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dynamic Stresses ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function

Soft-bodied organisms with hydrostatic skeletons range enormously in body size, both during the growth of individuals and in the comparison of species. Therefore, body size is an important consideration in an examination of the mechanical function of hydrostatic skeletons. The scaling of hydrostatic skeletons cannot be inferred from existing studies of the lever-like skeletons of vertebrates and arthropods because the two skeleton types function by different mechanisms. Hydrostats are constructed of an extensible body wall in tension surrounding a fluid or deformable tissue under compression. It is the pressurized internal fluid (rather than the rigid levers of vertebrates and arthropods) that enables the maintenance of posture, antagonism of muscles and transfer of muscle forces to the environment. The objectives of the present study were (1) to define the geometric, static stress and dynamic stress similarity scaling hypotheses for hydrostatic skeletons on the basis of their generalized form and function, and (2) to apply these similarity hypotheses in a study of the ontogenetic scaling of earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris, to determine which parameters of skeletal function are conserved or changed as a function of body mass during growth (from 0.01 to 8 g). Morphometric measurements on anesthetized earthworms revealed that the earthworms grew isometrically; the external proportions and number of segments were constant as a function of body size. Calculations of static stresses (forces per cross-sectional area in the body wall) during rest and dynamic stresses during peristaltic crawling (calculated from measurements of internal pressure and body wall geometry) revealed that the earthworms also maintained static and dynamic stress similarity, despite a slight increase in body wall thickness in segment 50 (but not in segment 15). In summary, the hydrostatic skeletons of earthworms differ fundamentally from the rigid, lever-like skeletons of their terrestrial counterparts in their ability to grow isometrically while maintaining similarity in both static and dynamic stresses.

The Tongue Thrust Controversy: Background and Recommendations

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Mason ◽  
William R. Proffit
Keyword(s):  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Open Bite ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Pharyngeal Airway ◽  
Swallowing Therapy ◽  
Planning Treatment ◽  
And Function ◽  
Tongue Thrust ◽  
Delayed Transition

This article reviews oral form and function interactions pertinent to tongue thrust and provides guidelines for selecting cases and planning treatment. Anterior tongue positioning during speech and swallowing, commonly called tongue thrusting, is seen in about 50% of normal eight-year-old children. Open bite malocclusion, the most frequent related dental problem, occurs in about 4%. Both percentages decline with advancing years. Certain anatomical conditions, particularly related to pharyngeal airway dimensions, predispose normal children to anterior tongue positioning which disappears during puberty. In these children, the tongue thrust is a normal, if delayed, transition stage. In other children, it is a necessary adaptation. Swallowing therapy is not indicated in the absence of speech or dental problems, and, in our view, is not indicated before puberty. If tongue thrust and an associated malocclusion persist to puberty, swallowing therapy may be indicated. The therapy then is most effective when combined with orthodontic treatment to reposition teeth, rather than preceding orthodontic treatment. Articulation therapy techniques involving phonetic placement may be particularly helpful in modifying speech errors in tongue thrusters while also repositioning the tongue tip posteriorly.

SLA Models and Issues: Acquisition of Semantics

1988 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 54-71
Author(s):  
Norbert dittmar
Keyword(s):  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Communication Situations ◽  
Second Language Acquistion ◽  
Explicit Teaching ◽  
And Function ◽  
Present Standard

Semantic aspects of learner varieties have only recently gained the interest of second language acquistion [SLA] researchers. This is partly a consequence of some shifts in SLA theory and partly due to the discussion of “form” and “function” and the notions “pragmatics” and “semantics” in linguistic theory. There are two corollaries in recent SLA research: interlanguages should be described on the basis of their use in real communication situations, and the process of learning (strategies and stages in course of acquisition) should be the focus of empirical work. (For a discussion of process and product cf., Dittmar 1984.) As a matter of fact, the present standard paradigm in SLA is the description of learner varieties “outside the classroom” with a focus on “learning without explicit teaching” (also known by the somewhat misleading term undirected learning ) under natural conditions of communication with an emphasis on cross-sectional studies in the seventies (cf., Klein and Dittmar 1979) and on longi- tudinal research in the eighties (cf., Perdue 1982).

The Co-occurrence of Non-suicidal Self-injury and Attempted Suicide Among Adolescents Hospitalized in Clinic for Mental Disorders “Dr Laza Lazarevic”

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S221-S222
Author(s):  
D. Randjelovic ◽  
S. Mihajlovic ◽  
D. Randjelovic ◽  
D. Nikolic Dimitrijevic
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Female Adolescent ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Clinical Interviews ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
And Function

IntroductionThe phenomenon of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) as an act of deliberate destruction of body tissue without suicidal intent is common in adolescence. NSSI and suicide attempts (SA), although distinct behaviors differing in intent, form and function, often co-occur in the same individual.Objective and aimsRecent studies investigate the association between SA and NSSI among adolescent, as well as risk factors associated with these phenomenon. We investigated the co-ccurrence of NSSI and SA among adolescents treated in hospital during the previous year.MethodWe conducted a cross-sectional study among hospitalized adolescents in the Clinic for mental disorde “Dr Laza Lazarevic”, aged 14 to 18 years, in the period from 01.01.2015 to 01.01.2016. The data were obtained from clinical interviews of patients.ResultsStudy included 146 adolescents, 51.4% male and 48.6% female, average age 15.5. We found a statistically significant difference of NSSI (c2 = 9.951, P = 0.002, phi = 0.276) and SA (c2 = 4.517, P = 0.034, fi = 0.192) among female adolescent. The co-occurrence of NSSI and SA was found in 4.8% of adolescents, which does not indicate a statistically significant difference (c2 = 1.009, P = 0.315, phi = –0.101) compared to the total population of hospitalized adolescents.ConclusionAlthough our study did not confirmed a higher incidence of SA in adolescent with NSSI, understanding of what percentage of those engaging in NSSI also make SA, and how they are related have great significance in their prevention taking into account the dangerousness and lethality of those behavior.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Form and function of fetal and neonatal pulmonary arterial bifurcations

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (6) ◽  
pp. H3047-H3057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen H. Bennett ◽  
Marlowe W. Eldridge ◽  
Daniel Zaghi ◽  
Shaaron E. Zaghi ◽  
Jay M. Milstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Flow ◽  
Parent Vessel ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vascular Connection ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Arterial Circulation ◽  
Stress Amplification ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
And Function

Bifurcation is a basic form of vascular connection. It is composed of a parent vessel of diameter d 0, and two daughter vessels, d 1 and d 2, where d 0 > d 1 ≥ d 2. Optimal values for the bifurcation area ratio, β = ( d 1 2 + d 2 2)/ d 0 2, and the junction exponent, x, in d 0 x = d 1 x + d 2 x , are postulated to be universal in nature. However, we have hypothesized that the perinatal pulmonary arterial circulation is an exception. Arterial diameters were measured in pulmonary vascular casts of a fetal lamb (140 days gestation/145 days term) and a neonatal lamb (1 day old). The values for β and x were evaluated in 10,970 fetal and 846 neonatal bifurcations sampled from the proximal and intermediate arterial regions. Mean values and confidence intervals (CI) for the fetus were β = 0.890 (0.886–0.895 CI) and x= 1.75 (1.74–1.76 CI); and for the newborn were β = 0.913 (0.90–0.93 CI) and x = 1.79 (1.75–1.82 CI). These values are significantly different from Murray's law (β > 1, x = 3) or the West-Brown-Enquist law (β = 1, x = 2). Therefore, perinatal pulmonary bifurcation design appears to be distinctive and exceptional. The decreasing cross-sectional area with branching leads to the hemodynamic consequence of shear stress amplification. This structural organization may be important for facilitating vascular development at low flow rates; however, it may be the origin of unstable reactivity if elevated blood flow and pressure occurs.

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