Acid Phosphatases Activity and Growth of Barley, Oat, Rye and Wheat Plants as Affected by Pi Deficiency

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Ciereszko ◽  
Honorata Balwicka ◽  
Ewa Żebrowska
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Acid Phosphatases ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Triticum Vulgare ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
Pi Deficit ◽  
Pi Deficiency

Objective: The influence of phosphorus deficit on the growth of plants and acid phosphatases activity in leaves and roots of barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L.), as well as oat (Avena sativa L.), rye (Secale cereale L.) and wheat plants (Triticum vulgare L.) was studied. Method: Plants were cultured three weeks in a nutrient media: complete (control, +P) or without phosphorus (-P). The growth on -P medium significantly affected the inorganic phosphate (Pi) content in plants tissues. Pi deficit decreased shoots growth but ratio of root/shoot was higher for -P plants when compared to control. The root elongation was enhanced under Pi deficiency - in -P oat and barley more intensive elongation was observed than in other plants. On the other hand, inhibition of shoot growth was more pronounced for -P rye and wheat. Pi-deficient plants showed higher activity of acid phosphatases in tissue extracts and in exudates from roots than +P plants. Result: Extracellular acid phosphatases activity increased the most for -P rye and wheat plants. Acid phosphatases secretion was intensive in growing parts of Pi-deficient roots. The activity of enzymes secreted by -P roots of all studied plants was higher than intracellular acid phosphatases. Conclusion: Our results indicated that wheat is more sensitive to the Pi deficiency at the early stage of growth than other plants, whereas oat is rather resistant to Pi deficit. The results suggested that acid phosphatases played an important role in acclimation of studied crop plants to moderate Pi deficiency.

Importance of Root, Shoot, and Seed Exposure on the Herbicidal Activity of EPTC

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reed A. Gray ◽  
Andre J. Weierich
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Barrier Method ◽  
Triticum Vulgare ◽  
Root Exposure ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

A charcoal barrier method was devised to prevent the movement of S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) in the soil in order to expose certain parts of the plant without exposing the rest of the plant. Exposing the roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare L., var. Blue Mariot), oats (Avena sativa L., var. California Red), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli L. Beauv.), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), wheat (Triticum vulgare L.), rice (Oryza sativa L., var. Belle Patna), cotton (Gossypium peruvianum Cav.), and yellow nutgrass (Cyperus esculentus L.) caused more injury than shoot exposure, while shoot exposure caused slightly more injury than root exposure to Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense Pers.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers., hybrid Amak R-10), and peas (Pisum sativum L.). Seed exposure caused severe injury in some plant species but not others. The results obtained by this method disagree with published reports which claimed that only shoot exposure to EPTC led to injury. In numerous experiments with barley seeds accurately planted in a vertical position in a ½-inch layer of charcoal between two 1-inch layers of soil, root exposure always injured the plants more than shoot exposure. Exposing all parts (seeds, roots, and shoots) to EPTC caused the most injury to barley followed by exposing only the seeds, a combination of roots and shoots, roots, and shoots in decreasing order of injury symptoms. Similar results were obtained with oats when the depth of the treated soil above or below the seed was 1 inch, but increasing this depth to 1.5 inches or more resulted in more injury by shoot exposure than root exposure. The importance of root exposure was confirmed using another method of testing in which only the roots were exposed to the herbicide in nutrient solutions. Concentrations as low as 1 ppm of EPTC applied to the roots in nutrient solutions inhibited shoot growth of oats, barley, sorghum, and corn, while the growth of the roots was enhanced in some cases.

scholarly journals Absorption of antisera for studies on specific enzyme turnover

1976 ◽  
Vol 159 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
J H Walker ◽  
S A Betts ◽  
R Manning ◽  
R J Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
General Procedure ◽  
Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Enzyme Turnover ◽  
Monospecific Antisera ◽  
Mammary Gland Differentiation

Antisera were raised to acetyl-CoA carboxylase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from mammary glands of lactating rabbits, and cytochrome oxidase from rat liver. The enzymes were all highly purified but gave rise to multispecific antisera when tested against tissue extracts. Absorption procedures were devised to free the antisera of contaminating antibodies. Antisera to acetyl-CoA carboxylase and cytochrome oxidase were absorbed with fractions discarded during enzyme purification. The antiserum to 6-phospho-gluconate dehydrogenase was absorbed with a tissue extract from an early stage in mammary-gland differentiation. Monospecific antisera are essential for enzyme turnover studies and therefore antisera should be extensively tested and absorbed before use. A general procedure for the absorption of antisera to purified enzymes has been devised on the basis of accepted principles of antisera absorption.

scholarly journals Immunological detection of fructated proteins in vitro and in vivo

1998 ◽  
Vol 336 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuko MIYAZAWA ◽  
Yoshimi KAWASAKI ◽  
Junichi FUJII ◽  
Myint THEINGI ◽  
Ayumu HOSHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Polyol Pathway ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
Lysine Residues ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes

An antibody has been raised against fructated lysine in proteins by immunizing fructated lysine-conjugated ovalbumin in rabbits. The affinity-purified antibody specifically recognized proteins incubated with fructose but not with other reducing sugars such as glucose, galactose or ribose, as judged by immunoblotting and ELISA techniques. Competitive binding to this antibody was observed specifically by fructated lysine but not by glucated lysine, glucose, fructose or lysine. The antibody binds specifically to fructated lysine residues in the protein but not to borohydride-reduced material or advanced glycation end products, indicating that the antibody recognizes only the reducing, carbonyl-containing forms produced in the early stage of the fructation reaction. When BSA was incubated with various concentrations of fructose, the reactivity of the antibody increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. When soluble proteins prepared from either normal or streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat eyes were analysed by ELISA with this antibody, an increase in the reactive components was observed as a function of aging as well as under diabetic conditions. Western blotting analysis showed that lens crystallin reacted highly with this antibody. Because fructose is biosynthesized largely through the polyol pathway, which is enhanced under diabetic conditions, and lens is known to have a high activity of enzymes in this pathway, this antibody is capable of recognizing fructated proteins in vivo. Thus it is a potentially useful tool for investigating two major issues that seem to be involved in diabetic complications, namely the glycation reaction and the polyol pathway.

scholarly journals A phylogenetic study of the members of the MAPK and MEK families across Viridiplantae

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250584
Author(s):  
José Manuel González-Coronel ◽  
Gustavo Rodríguez-Alonso ◽  
Ángel Arturo Guevara-García
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases ◽  
Mapk Kinase ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Phosphorylation Cascade ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
Complicated Task

Protein phosphorylation is regulated by the activity of enzymes generically known as kinases. One of those kinases is Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK), which operate through a phosphorylation cascade conformed by members from three related protein kinase families namely MAPK kinase kinase (MEKK), MAPK kinase (MEK), and MAPK; these three acts hierarchically. Establishing the evolution of these proteins in the plant kingdom is an interesting but complicated task because the current MAPK, MAPKK, and MAPKKK subfamilies arose from duplications and subsequent sub-functionalization during the early stage of the emergence of Viridiplantae. Here, anin silicogenomic analysis was performed on 18 different plant species, which resulted in the identification of 96 genes not previously annotated as components of the MAPK (70) and MEK (26) families. Interestingly, a deeper analysis of the sequences encoded by such genes revealed the existence of putative domains not previously described as signatures of MAPK and MEK kinases. Additionally, our analysis also suggests the presence of conserved activation motifs besides the canonical TEY and TDY domains, which characterize the MAPK family.

scholarly journals Impact of nicosulfuron on biochemical markers of oxidative stress in maize leaves and roots

Biljni lekar ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-217
Author(s):  
Anđela Kuvelja ◽  
Biljana Davidović-Plavšić ◽  
Danijela Lukić ◽  
Nemanja Gajić ◽  
Mirjana Žabić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Maize Leaves ◽  
Markers Of Oxidative Stress ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
The Impact

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important crops. It is the object of many studies, aiming to utilize its full genetic potential and quality, while protecting it from the harmful external factors. Considering that weeds in the early stage of maize development can severely affect the yield, effective weed control is of great importance. As the most significant herbicides in fighting maize weeds, sulfonylurea herbicides are singled out. The aim of this research was to test the impact of different concentrations of nicosulfuron (150 and 250 mg/mL) on the biochemical (oxidative and anti-oxidative) parameters of two maize hybrids (ZP 555 and ZP 606). After treating maize plants with different concentrations of nicosulfuron for five days, concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), phenolic compounds and total chlorophyll were measured, as well as the activity of enzymes Peroxidase Class III (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). The results showed that nicosulfuron significantly impacted the biochemical parameters in the root and leaves of maize. Differences in impact of nicosulfuron at different concentrations and differences in the tolerance of two hybrids to treatment were also observed.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Crater Disease Strain of Rhizoctonia solani

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 366-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Meyer ◽  
F. C. Wehner ◽  
L. H. Nel ◽  
D. E. Carling
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Anastomosis Group ◽  
Agar Surface ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Nuclear Number ◽  
Hyphal Diameter

Crater disease (CD) of wheat is caused by a Rhizoctonia solani strain of ambiguous phylogeny. Anastomosis reactions confirmed placement of CD-causing R. solani in anastomosis group (AG) 6, with results indicating a closer affinity to AG-6 GV than to AG-6 HG. Cultures of CD isolates were initially white to cream, turning a yellowish light brown after 10 days. Concentric rings of dark and light mycelium were evident from an early stage. Mycelium generally was appressed to the agar surface, with sparse aerial growth. A few light-colored, irregularly shaped sclerotia could be discerned after 2 weeks. The mean hyphal diameter of CD-causing R. solani was 7.46 μm (ranging from 5.0 to 10.0 μm), and cells contained a mean number of four (ranging from two to eight) nuclei, compared to a mean hyphal diameter of 8.58 and 8.42 μm and a mean nuclear number of six and four for AG-6 HG and AG-6 GV, respectively. The CD isolates had a slower growth rate (15.3 mm/day) than AG-6 HG (29.1 mm/day) and AG-6 GV (22.6 mm/day) but, like AG-6, were thiamine prototrophic. Conspicuous nodulose swellings were produced by CD-causing R. solani on roots of wheat, and infection resulted in retarded shoot growth. Smaller nodules were evident on bean and soybean roots. Fingerprint patterns generated for the various isolates with four enzymes, HpaII, Sau3AI, TaqI, and CfoI, showed the presence of a unique 610-bp fragment in the pathogen. It is proposed that CD-causing R. solani isolates represent a distinct intersterility group within AG-6 that is more related to subgroup GV than to subgroup HG.

Inflorescence development in Amelanchier alnifolia

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 1680-1688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret W. Steeves ◽  
Taylor A. Steeves
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Vegetative Shoot ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Amelanchier Alnifolia ◽  
Inflorescence Size ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
Terminal Flower ◽  
Foliage Leaf

The morphology and development of the inflorescence of Amelanchier alnifolia, a potential fruit crop, are described. Although racemelike in appearance, the 8- to 12-flowered inflorescence is determinate, and the occasional branching of the basal member indicates its compound nature. This basal member in the axil of a foliage leaf frequently bears three to four bracteoles instead of the two characteristic of the remaining lateral flowers, and an arrested bud may be found in the axil of one or more of the bracteoles. The inflorescence is thus interpreted as a much reduced panicle. The phenology of inflorescence development in relation to seasonal shoot growth has been documented. Transformation of vegetative shoot apices to the flowering condition begins after the differentiation of a set of cataphylls and as the current fruit crop is ripening. It is marked by the accelerated formation of bract primordia with precocious axillary buds, culminating after about 2 weeks with the initiation of a terminal flower. Although the last to be formed, the terminal flower at all subsequent stages is equivalent in development to those at the base of the inflorescence. The buds in the axils of three to five bracts immediately below the terminal flower are arrested at an early stage and variation in inflorescence size may in part be due to variability in their development.

Floral Development in Acacia pycnantha Benth. In Hook

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Buttrose ◽  
WJR Grant ◽  
M Sedgley
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Pollen Development ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Ovule Development ◽  
Floral Buds

Floral buds of Acacia pycnantha were produced in every month of the year on new shoot growth. The buds produced between November and May developed through to flowering but those produced between June and October aborted at an early stage. Differences in the rate of floral development caused buds produced several months apart to flower in the same month in late winter. Developmental stages from newly produced flower heads to anthesis were studied by light microscopy. Pollen development preceded ovule development and the 16-celled polyads were formed 1 month prior to flowering and before development of the embryo sac.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effects of Particle Sizes of Silver Nanoparticles on Various Biological Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8465
Author(s):  
In Chul Kong ◽  
Kyung-Seok Ko ◽  
Dong-Chan Koh
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Biosynthetic Activity ◽  
Bacterial Bioluminescence ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
Biological Methods

Seven biological methods were adopted (three bacterial activities of bioluminescence, enzyme, enzyme biosynthetic, algal growth, seed germination, and root and shoot growth) to compare the toxic effects of two different sizes of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). AgNPs showed a different sensitivity in each bioassay. Overall, the order of inhibitory effects was roughly observed as follows; bacterial bioluminescence activity ≈ root growth > biosynthetic activity of enzymes ≈ algal growth > seed germination ≈ enzymatic activity > shoot growth. For all bacterial activities (bioluminescence, enzyme, and enzyme biosynthesis), the small AgNPs showed statistically significantly higher toxicity than the large ones (p < 0.0036), while no significant differences were observed among other biological activities. The overall effects on the biological activities (except shoot growth) of the small AgNPs were shown to have about 4.3 times lower EC50 (high toxicity) value than the large AgNPs. These results also indicated that the bacterial bioluminescence activity appeared to be an appropriate method among the tested ones in terms of both sensitivity and the discernment of particle sizes of AgNPs.

THE EFFECT OF FORMALIN AND OF L-TARTARIC ACID ON SOME TISSUE ACID PHOSPHATASES

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Delory ◽  
Merle Hetherington
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Tartaric Acid ◽  
Human Tissue ◽  
Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Acid Phosphatases ◽  
Tissue Extracts

The inhibitory effect of 0.5% formalin and of 0.02 ML-tartaric acid has been studied on the acid phosphatase activity of a number of human tissue extracts. It was found that the sum of the formalin resistant and of the tartaric acid resistant enzyme activity closely approximated the activity of the uninhibited enzyme.

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