Importance of Root, Shoot, and Seed Exposure on the Herbicidal Activity of EPTC

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reed A. Gray ◽  
Andre J. Weierich
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Barrier Method ◽  
Triticum Vulgare ◽  
Root Exposure ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

A charcoal barrier method was devised to prevent the movement of S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) in the soil in order to expose certain parts of the plant without exposing the rest of the plant. Exposing the roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare L., var. Blue Mariot), oats (Avena sativa L., var. California Red), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli L. Beauv.), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), wheat (Triticum vulgare L.), rice (Oryza sativa L., var. Belle Patna), cotton (Gossypium peruvianum Cav.), and yellow nutgrass (Cyperus esculentus L.) caused more injury than shoot exposure, while shoot exposure caused slightly more injury than root exposure to Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense Pers.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers., hybrid Amak R-10), and peas (Pisum sativum L.). Seed exposure caused severe injury in some plant species but not others. The results obtained by this method disagree with published reports which claimed that only shoot exposure to EPTC led to injury. In numerous experiments with barley seeds accurately planted in a vertical position in a ½-inch layer of charcoal between two 1-inch layers of soil, root exposure always injured the plants more than shoot exposure. Exposing all parts (seeds, roots, and shoots) to EPTC caused the most injury to barley followed by exposing only the seeds, a combination of roots and shoots, roots, and shoots in decreasing order of injury symptoms. Similar results were obtained with oats when the depth of the treated soil above or below the seed was 1 inch, but increasing this depth to 1.5 inches or more resulted in more injury by shoot exposure than root exposure. The importance of root exposure was confirmed using another method of testing in which only the roots were exposed to the herbicide in nutrient solutions. Concentrations as low as 1 ppm of EPTC applied to the roots in nutrient solutions inhibited shoot growth of oats, barley, sorghum, and corn, while the growth of the roots was enhanced in some cases.

scholarly journals 57 Effects of Diploid and Tetraploid Annual Ryegrass Cultivars on Cattle Performance, Herbage Mass, and Nutritive Value

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 20-20
Author(s):  
Sarah M Montgomery ◽  
Brandi Karisch ◽  
Jane A Parish ◽  
Jesse Morrison ◽  
Brian Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) can be divided into two cytotypes: diploid (2n = 2x) and tetraploid (2n = 4x). Polyploid versions of a given plant species result in increased seedling vigor, more robust growth and, potentially, greater yield. While most data suggest no difference in yield between diploid and tetraploid cultivars, there is still potential for weight gain advantages thanks to increased non-structural carbohydrates in tetraploid cells. The objectives of this study were to compare weight gain of cattle grazing either diploid or tetraploid cultivars of annual ryegrass. Two diploid annual ryegrass cultivars (Marshall and Tam 90) and two tetraploid cultivars (Jumbo and Nelson) were planted in 0.81-ha pastures, each replicated four times. Four steers (mean initial BW = 214 kg) were randomly assigned to each pasture for an 82-d grazing period. Body weights were recorded starting at d0 then every 28 days throughout the season. Data were analyzed in the GLM procedure of SAS using a significance level of α = 0.05. There were significant differences between cytotypes with respect to seasonal yield with diploids (9547.90 kg/ha) yielding greater than tetraploids (7762.00 kg/ha). As expected, ADF and NDF fractions were significantly less for tetraploids (ADF; 31.39%, NDF; 31.39%) compared to diploids (ADF; 33.75%, NDF; 53.25%). Tetraploids also contained significantly greater crude protein (13.50%) than diploids (12.90%). Cytotype had no effect on final average daily gain (ADG) (P = 0.9427). However, final ADG was significantly impacted by cultivar (P = 0.0134). Final ADG for Tam 90 (1.10 kg/d) was greater than Marshall (0.92 kg/d). Cattle grazing Nelson (1.04 kg/d) and Jumbo (0.99 kg/d) did not differ. Results show that regardless of differences in seasonal yield and nutritive value between cytotypes, there were no advantages in ADG for cattle grazing either cytotype.

scholarly journals Metabolism or behavior: explaining the performance of aphids on alkaloid-producing fungal endophytes in annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)

Oecologia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 185 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Bastias ◽  
Andrea C. Ueno ◽  
Cristina R. Machado Assefh ◽  
Adriana E. Alvarez ◽  
Carolyn A. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Annual Ryegrass

Phytotoxicity of Glyphosate to Italian Ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum)and Red Clover(Trifolium pratense)

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Segura ◽  
S. W. Bingham ◽  
C. L. Foy
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Clover Seed

The phytotoxicity of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] on seeds (protected or non-protected with soil) and seedlings of Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorumLam.) and red clover(Trifolium pratenseL.) was studied in the greenhouse. Percent germination of Italian ryegrass seeds covered with soil was significantly reduced with glyphosate applied at 4 kg/ha. The direct treatment over the seeds on the soil surface was more toxic, reducing the number of established seedlings at dosages of 3 and 4 kg/ha. In the two red clover seed treatments, germination was significantly reduced with 2 kg/ha of herbicide. Even though germination was reduced at intermediate rates of glyphosate, shoot growth and tillering were improved and yields of dry weight were equivalent to that of untreated plants. Postemergence applications of glyphosate were phytotoxic to both species with the effects becoming more pronounced at increasing dosages. However, at equal dosage, red clover was less susceptible than Italian ryegrass. The patterns of foliar absorption and translocation of14C from14C-glyphosate was similar in Italian ryegrass and red clover.14C was translocated throughout the plants and exhibited apoplastic and symplastic movement.

scholarly journals Comparative Physiological and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Mechanisms of Improved Osmotic Stress Tolerance in Annual Ryegrass by Exogenous Chitosan

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao ◽  
Pan ◽  
Zhou ◽  
Yang ◽  
Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Intact Cell ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Osmotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
The Impact

Water deficit adversely affects the growth and productivity of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). The exogenous application of chitosan (CTS) has gained extensive interests due to its effect on improving drought resistance. This research aimed to determine the role of exogenous CTS on annual ryegrass in response to water stress. Here, we investigated the impact of exogenous CTS on the physiological responses and transcriptome changes of annual ryegrass variety “Tetragold” under osmotic stress induced by exposing them to 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000. Our experimental results demonstrated that 50 mg/L exogenous CTS had the optimal effect on promoting seed germination under osmotic stress. Pre-treatment of annual ryegrass seedlings with 500 mg/L CTS solution reduced the level of electrolyte leakage (EL) as well as the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX) under osmotic stress. In addition, CTS increased soluble sugars and chlorophyll (Chl) content, net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), water use efficiency (WUE), and transpiration rate (E) in annual ryegrass seedlings in response to three and six days of osmotic stress. Transcriptome analysis further provided a comprehensive understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms of CTS impact. To be more specific, in contrast of non-treated seedlings, the distinct changes of gene expressions of CTS-treated seedlings were shown to be tightly related to carbon metabolism, photosynthesis, and plant hormone. Altogether, exogenous CTS could elicit drought-related genes in annual ryegrass, leading to resistance to osmotic stress via producing antioxidant enzymes and maintaining intact cell membranes and photosynthetic rates. This robust evidence supports the potential of the application of exogenous CTS, which will be helpful for determining the suitability and productivity of agricultural crops.

scholarly journals Lolium multiflorum seeds in the soil: I. Soil seed bank dynamics in a no til system

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Costa Maia ◽  
Manoel de Souza Maia ◽  
Renée M. Bekker ◽  
Rogério Previatti Berton ◽  
Leandro Sebastião Caetano
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Seed Population ◽  
Seed Bank Dynamics ◽  
One Year

The objective of the study was to characterize annual ryegrass seed population dynamics, managed for natural re-sowing, in no til systems in rotation with soybean, in different chronosequences An area was cultivated for two years with soybean, left as fallow land for the next two years and then cultivated again with soybean for the next two years. The four chronosequences represented different management periods, two with soybean (6 and 8 years old) and the other two resting (3 and 9 years old). Soil samples were taken every month during one year and divided into two depths (0-5 and 5-10 cm). Vegetation dynamics were also evaluated (number of plants, inflorescences and seedlings). Soil seed bank (SSB) dynamics showed structural patterns in time, with a "storage period" in summer, an "exhausting period" during autumn and a "transition period" in winter and spring. Pasture establishment by natural re-sowing was totally dependent on the annual recruitment of seeds from the soil. The influence of the management practices on the SSB was more important than the number of years that these practices had been implemented. Places where soybean was sown showed the largest SSBs. Most of the seeds overcame dormancy and germinated at the end of the summer and beginning of the autumn, showing a typically transitory SSB, but with a small proportion of persistent seeds

Uptake and Translocation of Nitrofen and Oxyfluorfen

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omosuyi Fadayomi ◽  
G.F. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Root Exposure ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Species Translocation ◽  
Test Plants ◽  
Pot Technique

The site of uptake of nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether) and oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene] was studied using a double pot technique. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘RS610′] and pea (Pisum sativumL. ‘Alaska’) were the test plants. Herbicidal activity measured by the reduction in fresh weight of the roots and shoots of treated plants showed that exposure of the shoot zone to the herbicides caused much more injury to the plants than root exposure. Translocation of both compounds from root applications to tops of pea and sorghum was studied using14C-labeled herbicides. There was very little movement of the compounds from the roots of both species. Translocation of the compounds from foliage application was studied using greenbean (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Spartan Arrow’) and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr ‘Wayne’]. Almost all of the applied14C-herbicides remained at the point of application.

scholarly journals Corn silage supplementation for dairy cows grazing annual ryegrass at two pasture allowances

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 1037-1046
Author(s):  
M.F. Miguel ◽  
R. Delagarde ◽  
H.M.N. Ribeiro-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Strip Grazing

ABSTRACT Corn silage supplementation for dairy cows grazing in temperate annual pastures has rarely been investigated. The aim of this study is to compare two supplementation levels (0 and 4kg dry matter [DM]/day of a 7:1 mixture of corn silage and soybean meal) in dairy cows strip-grazing annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) at two pasture allowances (PA, low= 25 and high = 40kg DM/d at ground level). The study was carried out according to an incomplete 4 × 3 Latin square design, using 12 cows and three experimental periods of 12 days. The green leaves allowances were only 4.9 and 8.5kg DM/d at the low and high PA, respectively. The total DM intake and milk production increased in supplemented cows compared to un-supplemented cows at the low PA, but were similar between supplementation levels at the high PA. The PI was unaffected by the PA, whereas the substitution rate was 0.68 in cows at the low PA and 1.35 in cows at the high PA. Corn silage supplementation may improve the total DM intake and milk production of dairy cows grazing in temperate annual pastures, but only at a low PA.

scholarly journals Tilletia walkeri on Annual Ryegrass in Wheat Fields in the Southeastern United States

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (7) ◽  
pp. 685-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry M. Cunfer ◽  
Lisa A. Castlebury
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Karnal Bunt ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Tilletia Indica ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
South Central ◽  
Low Levels

Surveys for Tilletia walkeri on annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) were conducted during 1997 and 1998 in the southeastern United States, where suspect teliospores of the Karnal bunt fungus, Tilletia indica, were found in USDA-APHIS surveys of wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed in 1996. T. walkeri is morphologically similar to T. indica. Annual ryegrass is a common weed in wheat fields in the southeastern United States. Between April and June 1997, ryegrass seed samples were collected from 190 fields of wheat in 47 counties in Georgia and from 26 fields in 17 counties in Alabama and south-central Tennessee. In 1998, 70 samples were collected from 40 counties in the same regions of the three states. The teliospores from these samples were 23 to 45 μm in diameter (average about 33 μm) and ranged from light brown to dark reddish brown. They had coarse, widely spaced cerebriform ridges on the surface and were surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. The ryegrass bunt was identified as the recently described species T. walkeri, occurring on ryegrass seed from Australia and Oregon. In 1997, teliospores of T. walkeri were found in 13 samples from eight counties in central Georgia and from one field in Tennessee. In 1998, more teliospores and bunted seeds were found, possibly due to frequent rain in the region throughout the flowering period for ryegrass. Teliospores were found in 26/70 of the samples, and among these, only a small number of bunted seed were found in 12 of 13/70 samples. In one wheat field in Morgan County, Georgia, about 50% of the ryegrass seed collected was partially bunted, and a small percentage was completely bunted. Fields with teliospores were widely distributed and generally matched the locations where teliospores were found in APHIS wheat seed surveys in 1996 to 1998. T. walkeri occurs at very low levels on ryegrass in the Southeast and is the source of teliospores, initially identified as those of T. indica, associated with wheat seed in APHIS surveys. No bunted wheat seeds or teliospores of T. indica were found in the survey.

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