Pathophysiology of Acute Respiratory Failure by CoV-2 Infection: Role of Oxidative Stress, Endothelial Dysfunction and Obesity

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to CoV-2 (coronavirus type 2) virus possess a particular risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2)-CoV2 in people with pre-existing conditions related to endothelial dysfunction and increased pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant state. In between these conditions, chronic systemic inflammation related to obese patients is associated with the development of atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension, comorbidities that adversely affect the clinical outcome in critical patients with COVID-19. Obesity affects up to 40% of the general population in the USA and more than 30% of the adult population in Chile. Until April 2021, 1,019,478 people have been infected, with 23,524 deaths. Given the coexistence of this worldwide obesity epidemic, COVID-19 negative outcomes are seriously enhanced in the current scenario. On the other hand, obesity is characterized by endothelial dysfunction observed in different vascular beds, an alteration which can be associated with impaired vasodilation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory events. Emerging evidence shows that obesity-related conditions such as endothelial dysfunction are associated with detrimental outcomes for COVID-19 evolution, especially if the patient derives to Intensive Care Units (ICU). This implies the need to understand the pathophysiology of the infection in the obese population, in order to propose therapeutic alternatives and public health policies, especially if the virus remains in the population. In this review, we summarize evidence about the pathogeny of Cov-2 infection in obese individuals and discuss how obesity-associated inflammatory and prooxidant status increase the severity of COVID-19.

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Role of Vitamin C in Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Introduction

Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development ◽

10.37506/v11/i2/2020/ijphrd/195072 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 1701

Author(s):

Nermien Abd El Rahman Ibraheim ◽

Fatema El Zahraa Sayed Bukhary ◽

Yehia Zakareia Mahmoud ◽

Mahmoud Ragab Mohamed ◽

Salama Rabei Abdel-Rahim

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Endothelial Dysfunction ◽

Vitamin C

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Role of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Skeletal Muscle in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612822666160217142949 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 (18) ◽

pp. 2650-2656 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Noelia Diaz-Morales ◽

Susana Rovira-Llopis ◽

Irene Escribano-Lopez ◽

Celia Bañuls ◽

Sandra Lopez-Domenech ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

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Molecular Mechanisms of Obesity-Linked Cardiac Dysfunction: An Up-Date on Current Knowledge

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10030629 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 629

Author(s):

Jorge Gutiérrez-Cuevas ◽

Ana Sandoval-Rodriguez ◽

Alejandra Meza-Rios ◽

Hugo Christian Monroy-Ramírez ◽

Marina Galicia-Moreno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Cardiac Dysfunction ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator ◽

White Adipocyte ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors ◽

And Oxidative Stress

Obesity is defined as excessive body fat accumulation, and worldwide obesity has nearly tripled since 1975. Excess of free fatty acids (FFAs) and triglycerides in obese individuals promote ectopic lipid accumulation in the liver, skeletal muscle tissue, and heart, among others, inducing insulin resistance, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes (T2D), atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). These diseases are promoted by visceral white adipocyte tissue (WAT) dysfunction through an increase in pro-inflammatory adipokines, oxidative stress, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and adverse changes in the gut microbiome. In the heart, obesity and T2D induce changes in substrate utilization, tissue metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation, leading to myocardial fibrosis and ultimately cardiac dysfunction. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are involved in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, also improve insulin sensitivity, triglyceride levels, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the molecular mechanisms involved in obesity-linked CVD pathophysiology, considering pro-inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and hormones, as well as the role of oxidative stress, inflammation, and PPARs. In addition, cell lines and animal models, biomarkers, gut microbiota dysbiosis, epigenetic modifications, and current therapeutic treatments in CVD associated with obesity are outlined in this paper.

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Regulation of miRNAs by Natural Antioxidants in Cardiovascular Diseases: Focus on SIRT1 and eNOS

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10030377 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 377

Author(s):

Yunna Lee ◽

Eunok Im

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Endothelial Dysfunction ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Sirtuin 1 ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

New Perspective ◽

Oxide Synthase ◽

Endothelial Nitric Oxide

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The potential benefits of natural antioxidants derived from supplemental nutrients against CVDs are well known. Remarkably, natural antioxidants exert cardioprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress, increasing vasodilation, and normalizing endothelial dysfunction. Recently, considerable evidence has highlighted an important role played by the synergistic interaction between endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in the maintenance of endothelial function. To provide a new perspective on the role of natural antioxidants against CVDs, we focused on microRNAs (miRNAs), which are important posttranscriptional modulators in human diseases. Several miRNAs are regulated via the consumption of natural antioxidants and are related to the regulation of oxidative stress by targeting eNOS and/or SIRT1. In this review, we have discussed the specific molecular regulation of eNOS/SIRT1-related endothelial dysfunction and its contribution to CVD pathologies; furthermore, we selected nine different miRNAs that target the expression of eNOS and SIRT1 in CVDs. Additionally, we have summarized the alteration of miRNA expression and regulation of activities of miRNA through natural antioxidant consumption.

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Role of Oxidative Stress in Modulating Cutaneous Vasodilation and Sweating During Exercise in Type-2 Diabetes

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000518121.55542.fb ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 49 (5S) ◽

pp. 451

Author(s):

Pegah Akbari ◽

Naoto Fujii ◽

Sheila Dervis ◽

Robert D. Meade ◽

Pierre Boulay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Cutaneous Vasodilation

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GTP Cyclohydrolase I Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated with Endothelial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0108587 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. e108587 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Pawel P. Wolkow ◽

Wladyslaw Kosiniak-Kamysz ◽

Grzegorz Osmenda ◽

Grzegorz Wilk ◽

Beata Bujak-Gizycka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Endothelial Dysfunction ◽

Gene Polymorphisms ◽

Gtp Cyclohydrolase I ◽

And Oxidative Stress ◽

I Gene

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Endothelial dysfunction in geriatric diabetic patients: the role of microalbuminuria in elderly type 2 diabetic patients? A randomized controlled study

International Urology and Nephrology ◽

10.1007/s11255-006-9103-8 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 333-338 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mohamed A. Helaly ◽

Hussein A. Sheashaa ◽

El Sayed Z. Hatata ◽

Ansaf B. Youssef ◽

Asmaa Hegazi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endothelial Dysfunction ◽

Randomized Controlled Study ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

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Post-Prandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes

Oxidative Stress and Disease - Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Mechanisms in Obesity, Diabetes, and the Metabolic Syndrome ◽

10.1201/9781420043792.ch8 ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 123-137

Author(s):

Antonio Ceriello

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Endothelial Dysfunction

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The role of diabetes in the onset and development of endothelial dysfunction

Problems of Endocrinology ◽

10.14341/probl12212 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 47-55

Author(s):

Era B. Popyhova ◽

Tatiana V. Stepanova ◽

Dar’ya D. Lagutina ◽

Tatiana S. Kiriiazi ◽

Alexey N. Ivanov

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Endothelial Dysfunction ◽

Critical Role ◽

Vascular Complications ◽

Glycation End Products ◽

Smooth Muscle Cell Migration ◽

Basic Functions ◽

Cell Migration And Proliferation ◽

Radical Processes

The vascular endothelium performs many functions. It is a key regulator of vascular homeostasis, maintains a balance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction, inhibition and stimulation of smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, fibrinolysis and thrombosis, and is involved to regulation of platelet adhesion and aggregation. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) plays the critical role in pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM) vascular complications. The purpose of this review was to consider the mechanisms leading to the occurrence of ED in DM. The paper discusses current literature data concerning the role of hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, advanced glycation end products in endothelial alteration. A separate section is devoted to the particularities of the functioning of the antioxidant system and their significance in the development of ED in DM. The analysis of the literature allows to conclude that pathological activation of glucose utilization pathways causes damage of endothelial cells, which is accompanied by disorders of all their basic functions. Metabolic disorders in DM cause a pronounced imbalance of free radical processes and antioxidant defense, accompanied by oxidative stress of endotheliocytes, which contributes to the progression of ED and the development of vascular complications. Many aspects of multicomponent regulatory reactions in the pathogenesis of the development of ED in DM have not been sufficiently studied.

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