An Insight into Pandemic COVID-19: Structure, Epidemiology and Therapeutics

2020 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanthipriya Ajmera ◽  
H. B. Ranjitha ◽  
Divya Ajmeera ◽  
D. Jayasree ◽  
M. Ramchander
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hand Wash ◽  
The Us ◽  
Viral Structure ◽  
Hygienic Measures ◽  
Special Mention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Abstract: The coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense ssRNA genome, possess helical symmetry, and belongs to family Coronaviridae. Theycause mild to lethal respiratory tract infections in both mammals and birds. The more pathogenic coronaviruses cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. The recent coronavirus outbreak was first discovered in December 2019. Subsequently, the disease has been declared as pandemic by The World Health Organization (WHO). The virus named as Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease is now called as COVID-19 [Coronavirus disease 2019]. The primary route of the virus spread between people is through close contact where a health person inhales the respiratory droplets from an infected person either by cough or sneezing. More than 2 million confirmed cases are reported globally. The US has the world's largest number of COVID-19 cases followed byEuropean countries. As of April 18, 2020, 2 074 529 confirmed, and 139 378 deaths are reported.Presently, there is no specific drug or vaccine that is approved to treat SARS-CoV-2. The practice of hygienic measures such as frequent hand wash, use of masks, and social distancing would prevent the spread of the disease.This review focuses on brief description about the viral structure and its multiplication, epidemiology and therapeutics with a special mention on the nanotechnology approach to combat covid-19. This review describe briefly about the SARS-CoV-2 viral structure and its multiplication, epidemiology and therapeutics

scholarly journals Preliminary study of coronavirus disease 2019 on pets in pandemic in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
pp. 2979-2983
Author(s):  
Hamong Suharsono ◽  
Ali Ghufron Mukti ◽  
Ketut Suryana ◽  
I. Wayan Masa Tenaya ◽  
Dilasdita Kartika Pradana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Rna Isolation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Background and Aim: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infectious respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has spread rapidly globally, resulting in a pandemic. In humans, the main routes of transmission are respiratory droplets and close contact with infected individuals or through contact with an object infected with the virus, followed by touching mouth, nose, or eyes. It is assumed that SARS-CoV-2 was originated in wild animals and was then transmitted to humans. Although some wildlife and domestic animals can be naturally or experimentally infected with the virus, the intermediate hosts that transmitted it to humans are still unknown. Understanding the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 associated with possible zoonotic transmission of intermediate hosts is considered critical. Reportedly, cats or dogs living with COVID-19-positive humans tested positive for the disease, suggesting that the virus was transmitted to the animals from humans. Information regarding the epidemiological investigation and comprehensive studies is limited. Therefore, it is still unclear how high is the correlation of infection in humans and pet animals, especially those living together. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pets of patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized at the Wangaya hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of seven clinically asymptomatic pets (six dogs of different races and sexes and a cat [age, 360-2920 days]) were included in this study. These animals belonged to patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from August to November 2020. Nasal swab and nasopharyngeal samples were collected from the pets individually under anesthetic condition and were collected 6-12 days after confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in owners and hospitalization at the Wangaya Hospital. The swab samples were then processed for RNA isolation and tested using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2, in accordance with the World Health Organization manual 2020. Results: RT-PCR results for all seven RNA samples, prepared from the swab samples, were negative. For the samples, all PCR products were below the threshold limit, suggesting no genetic material belonging to the samples tested. Conclusion: This was the first preliminary study of COVID-19 on pets in pandemic using RT-PCR. The study tested a very limited quantity of samples, and all of them were negative. However, the way in which the samples were prepared was considered appropriate. Therefore, in further studies, testing of more samples of pets of more individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection is required.

scholarly journals Sex hormones as an emerging weapon to combat COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-03
Author(s):  
Dattatreya Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Rna Detection ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started as an epidemic in Wuhan in 2019 and was declared pandemic by WHO in March 2020. The virus has been identified and named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This novel coronavirus strain is the causative agent of COVID-19, and continues to rapidly spread worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus that spreads through respiratory droplets and unprotected close contact. “COVID‑19 outbreak, which has caused >95 million confirmed infections and >2 million coronavirus related deaths, is one of the most disastrous worldwide crises in recent years. Several methods have been used to examine SARS-CoV-2 infections.” i.e. RT-qPCR for viral RNA detection, and rapid screening procedures for antibody or virus detection. COVID-19 shows an incubation period of 3–7 days globally. Approximately 80% of the cases remain mild or asymptomatic, 15% are severe and 5% infectious cases turn to critical, requiring ventilation [2]. Several clinical trials have been proposed for its treatment and management with supportive aim of mortality reduction [1]. By glancing a view on fig 1, it can be evidently seen that COVID-19 cases have started to rise significantly since last few months. Furthermore, as per World Health Organization (WHO), there have been 131,020,967 confirmed cases of COVID-19 at a global level recently.

scholarly journals Sex hormones as an emerging weapon to combat COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-03
Author(s):  
Dattatreya Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Rna Detection ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started as an epidemic in Wuhan in 2019 and was declared pandemic by WHO in March 2020. The virus has been identified and named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This novel coronavirus strain is the causative agent of COVID-19, and continues to rapidly spread worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus that spreads through respiratory droplets and unprotected close contact. “COVID‑19 outbreak, which has caused >95 million confirmed infections and >2 million coronavirus related deaths, is one of the most disastrous worldwide crises in recent years. Several methods have been used to examine SARS-CoV-2 infections.” i.e. RT-qPCR for viral RNA detection, and rapid screening procedures for antibody or virus detection. COVID-19 shows an incubation period of 3–7 days globally. Approximately 80% of the cases remain mild or asymptomatic, 15% are severe and 5% infectious cases turn to critical, requiring ventilation [2]. Several clinical trials have been proposed for its treatment and management with supportive aim of mortality reduction [1]. By glancing a view on fig 1, it can be evidently seen that COVID-19 cases have started to rise significantly since last few months. Furthermore, as per World Health Organization (WHO), there have been 131,020,967 confirmed cases of COVID-19 at a global level recently.

Coronavirus diseases and pregnancy: COVID-19,SARS, and MERS

2020 ◽  
pp. 276-289
Author(s):  
Mobina Fathi ◽  
Kimia Vakili ◽  
Niloofar Deravi
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Around the end of December 2019, a new beta-coronavirus from Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China began to spread rapidly. The new virus, called SARS-CoV-2, which could be transmitted through respiratory droplets, had a range of mild to severe symptoms, from simple cold in some cases to death in others. The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was named COVID-19 by WHO and has so far killed more people than SARS and MERS. Following the widespread global outbreak of COVID-19, with more than 132758 confirmed cases and 4955 deaths worldwide, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic disease in January 2020. Earlier studies on viral pneumonia epidemics has shown that pregnant women are at greater risk than others. During pregnancy, the pregnant woman is more prone to infectious diseases. Research on both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, which are pathologically similar to SARS-CoV-2, has shown that being infected with these viruses during pregnancy increases the risk of maternal death, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation and, preterm delivery. With the exponential increase in cases of COVID-19 throughout the world, there is a need to understand the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the health of pregnant women, through extrapolation of earlier studies that have been conducted on pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. There is an urgent need to understand the chance of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to fetus and the possibility of the virus crossing the placental barrier. Additionally, since some viral diseases and antiviral drugs may have a negative impact on the mother and fetus, in which case, pregnant women need special attention for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19.

A short review on important drugs under clinical trial against Covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namita Misra
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Short Review ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Suspected Infection ◽  
Medicinal Treatment ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Tract Infections

: Corona virus spreads from one to other person, either by touching the hands or by touching the surface contaminated with this virus, and then touching the nose or mouth. Covid-19 infected human symptoms are like any pneumonia symptoms, dry cough and high fever. Upper respiratory tract infections symptoms and sore throat are rare. First notified in china dated 12th December 2019 as a respiratory illness. In addition to travel restrictions and quarantine measures everyone should follow the World Health Organization advice guidelines on the management of humans infected with known or suspected infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus at the personal level. The development of vaccine or medicines for the same are under progress and this short review will summarize the most potential candidates such as Remdesivir, Lopinavir and Ritonavir, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine with Azithromycin, Favipiravir, Umifenovir, and Ribavirin for its medicinal treatment.

Medicinal Chemistry of Alternative Therapeutics: Novelty and Hopes with Genus Ammannia

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 784-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harish C. Upadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
World Health ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Pharmacologically Active ◽  
Herbal Formulations

The plants have formed the basis of folklore remedy since the beginning of human civilization. The cumulative human endeavor and experience over a period of thousands of years developed into well to organize traditional medicine systems viz. Ayurvedic, Unani, Chinese amongst others. Across the world, traditional medicine is either the mainstay of health care or serves as a complement to modern drugs. In view of worldwide use of traditional medicines, World Health Organization launched ‘WHO-Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014-2023’ for the development of strong policies regarding knowledge-base, safety, quality-control and effectiveness of traditional/alternative therapeutics for national health systems. Besides their use in traditional medicine, plants have always been a good source of modern drug/pharmacologically active molecules. More than half of the modern pharmaceuticals are either plant isolates or their derivatives. The plant-based drugs are not only effective, but have better compatibility with human biological systems because of more biologically relevant chemistry, hence lesser side effects. Some of the species of genus Ammannia (Lythraceae) have been reported for their magical medicinal values. Many herbal formulations containing Ammannia spp. have been patented for treatment of serious diseases/disorders like cancer, spinal disease, human female infertility, chronic tonsillitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, treatment of bladder stones, urinary tract infections, dermatitis etc. The uses of Ammannia spp. in traditional medicine have been further verified by the biological activities of their extracts as well as isolation of bioactive phytomolecules. The current review provides details about Ammannia spp.; its use in folklore remedy, herbal formulations, biological activities of extracts, isolation of bioactive phytomolecules and SAR study of semi-synthetic derivatives to analyze the possibility of new drug molecules of plant origin.

Outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its manifestation

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bikash Debnath ◽  
Waikhom Somraj Singh ◽  
Kuntal Manna
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
World Health ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
Pregnant Mother ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
The World ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Effective Drugs ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first outbreak in Wuhan, China, and the infection is intense worldwide. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for COVID-19. The World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed total deaths had noted 4.20% globally (March 21, 2020). Between the intervals of four months (July 21, 2020), confirmed total deaths had recorded 4.17%, globally. In India, 909 confirmed cases and 19 deaths were reported by Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, March 28, 2020. Between the intervals of 123 days In India, 1638870 confirmed cases and 35684 deaths. COVID-19 can potentially spread from person to person through direct contact or respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing. The most common symptoms are fever, dry cough, difficulty in breathing, and fatigue. A pregnant mother with COVID-19 has fewer chances to transfer this infection of her newborn babies. Children have less affected than an adult. A specific antiviral drug or vaccine has not been developed to cure the disease. Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, ritonavir, nafamostat, nitazoxanide, and remdesivir have effective drugs to treat COVID-19. Many vaccine candidates are under pre-clinical and clinical studies. In this review, we highlight the epidemiology, sign-symptoms, pathogenesis, mode of transmission, and effects of a pregnant mother with newborns, children, prevention, and drugs affective to COVID-19.

scholarly journals Management of acute ischemic stroke in patients with COVID-19 infection: Report of an international panel

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 540-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan I Qureshi ◽  
Foad Abd-Allah ◽  
Fahmi Al-Senani ◽  
Emrah Aytac ◽  
Afshin Borhani-Haghighi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Intravenous Thrombolysis ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
World Health ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
International Panel ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Tract Infections

Background and purpose On 11 March 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 infection a pandemic. The risk of ischemic stroke may be higher in patients with COVID-19 infection similar to those with other respiratory tract infections. We present a comprehensive set of practice implications in a single document for clinicians caring for adult patients with acute ischemic stroke with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection. Methods The practice implications were prepared after review of data to reach the consensus among stroke experts from 18 countries. The writers used systematic literature reviews, reference to previously published stroke guidelines, personal files, and expert opinion to summarize existing evidence, indicate gaps in current knowledge, and when appropriate, formulate practice implications. All members of the writing group had opportunities to comment in writing on the practice implications and approved the final version of this document. Results This document with consensus is divided into 18 sections. A total of 41 conclusions and practice implications have been developed. The document includes practice implications for evaluation of stroke patients with caution for stroke team members to avoid COVID-19 exposure, during clinical evaluation and performance of imaging and laboratory procedures with special considerations of intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy in stroke patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection. Conclusions These practice implications with consensus based on the currently available evidence aim to guide clinicians caring for adult patients with acute ischemic stroke who are suspected of, or confirmed, with COVID-19 infection. Under certain circumstances, however, only limited evidence is available to support these practice implications, suggesting an urgent need for establishing procedures for the management of stroke patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection.

scholarly journals Potential Prophylactic Treatments for COVID-19

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1292
Author(s):  
Noam Ben-Zuk ◽  
Ido-David Dechtman ◽  
Itai Henn ◽  
Libby Weiss ◽  
Amichay Afriat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Pharmaceutical Drugs ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Clinical Background ◽  
Repurposed Drugs ◽  
Prophylactic Use ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Medical Indications ◽  
Respiratory Droplets ◽  
Near Future

The World Health Organization declared the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern at the end of January 2020 and a pandemic two months later. The virus primarily spreads between humans via respiratory droplets, and is the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which can vary in severity, from asymptomatic or mild disease (the vast majority of the cases) to respiratory failure, multi-organ failure, and death. Recently, several vaccines were approved for emergency use against SARS-CoV-2. However, their worldwide availability is acutely limited, and therefore, SARS-CoV-2 is still expected to cause significant morbidity and mortality in the upcoming year. Hence, additional countermeasures are needed, particularly pharmaceutical drugs that are widely accessible, safe, scalable, and affordable. In this comprehensive review, we target the prophylactic arena, focusing on small-molecule candidates. In order to consolidate a potential list of such medications, which were categorized as either antivirals, repurposed drugs, or miscellaneous, a thorough screening for relevant clinical trials was conducted. A brief molecular and/or clinical background is provided for each potential drug, rationalizing its prophylactic use as an antiviral or inflammatory modulator. Drug safety profiles are discussed, and current medical indications and research status regarding their relevance to COVID-19 are shortly reviewed. In the near future, a significant body of information regarding the effectiveness of drugs being clinically studied for COVID-19 is expected to accumulate, in addition to information regarding the efficacy of prophylactic treatments.

scholarly journals Occupational health risk among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic: actions to limit the risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman Casper
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Health ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
World Health ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets ◽  
Very High

AbstractThe World Health Organization declared coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic in March 2020. The infection with coronavirus started in Wuhan city, China, in December 2019. As of October 2020, the disease was reported in 235 countries. The coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality. As of February 2021, the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 globally is 102,942,987 and 2,232,233 deaths according to WHO report. This infection is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) β-coronavirus. The infection is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets.Healthcare workers (HCWs) play an essential role at the front lines, providing care for patients infected with this highly transmittable disease. They are exposed to very high occupational health risk as they frequently contact the infective persons. In order to limit the number of infected cases and deaths among healthcare workers, it is crucial to have better awareness, optimistic attitude, efficient PPE, and adequate health practices about COVID-19.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document