Flame Photometry Characterization Procedure for Sodium Content in Brazilian Bentonites for Nanotechnology Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-129
Author(s):  
Hellen S. Santos ◽  
Karine L. Buarque da Silva ◽  
Ariel E. Zanini ◽  
Danilo S. Coelho ◽  
Marcelo Embiruçu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Process ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
High Water ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Sodium Cation ◽  
Flame Photometry ◽  
Logarithmic Scale ◽  
Average Value

Background: Brazilian bentonites have a low sodium concentration in their interlayer structure. This is a problem with most of the industrial applications that demand the characteristics of sodium bentonites. Objective: As a solution for this limitation, sodium carbonate is added to in natura clays, promoting ion exchange between other interlayer cations with sodium. Methods: A process was used based on the principle of Stokes’ Law (BR Patent 10 2013 016298). For this, we used four glass columns in series, in which a high water flow was considered to obtain purified clays. It was proposed as a simple, fast and economical method for sodium determination that was developed and applied in bentonites by flame photometry. The equipment calibration was performed with a NaCl standard solution in concentrations between 80 and 110 ppm. The bentonites in the suspension were separated by means of centrifugation, being thus analyzed by a flame photometer. Results: The samples were prepared according to the manufacturer’s specifications to contain detectable amounts of sodium by means of flame photometry. A resulting linear relationship between the average value readings versus sodium standard content solution (both in ppm) was obtained by the logarithmic scale, as expected. Conclusion: The procedure allowed to define a method that could be used in the sodification control process, thus making it possible to differentiate the sodium cation content in terms of the value of cation exchange capacity (CEC) from bentonite. X-ray analysis of in natura and the sodified clays showed nanostructural differences related to interlayer distance.

scholarly journals Sodium content in meat products: suitability to labeling and the voluntary agreements

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 1087-1100
Author(s):  
Valcenir Júnior Mendes Furlan ◽  
◽  
Kauan Trindade Mello ◽  
Fábio Zacouteguy Ugalde ◽  
João Pedro da Silva Cunha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meat Products ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Voluntary Agreements ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Flame Emission ◽  
Cooked Ham ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up

This study was undertaken to evaluate the sodium concentration in meat products, to ascertain their appropriateness for labels and agreements set up between the Health Ministry and the Brazilian Association of Food Industries. A total of 96 meat derivative samples (italian salami, chicken pate, cooked ham, ham, sausage, bologna, tuscan sausage and smoked mixed sausage) were collected from different brands and batches. Using flame emission spectroscopy, the samples were analyzed for sodium levels based on the official methodology. It was observed that 46.9% of the companies showed values in nutritional labeling to be noncompliant with the Brazilian legislation. In fact, 31.2% of the brands assessed failed to satisfy the sodium reduction target decided upon for 2017. The italian salami was the product with the higher sodium content present a average value among the brands of 1716.11 mg 100 g-1. It became evident that merely implementing voluntary agreements had failed to provide total adequacy in the sodium content of the meat products. There is also great need for the industries to be more engaged in finding substitutes to minimize the sodium levels in the foods, without inducing significant alterations in the physicochemical, microbiological and technological features of the products, apart from the higher inspection by the government agencies in terms of agreement compliance and population awareness.

Evaluation of nutrient runoff from the kako river by continuous daily sampling

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Yukio Komai
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Electronic Conductivity ◽  
High Water ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
Discharge Condition ◽  
Nutrient Runoff ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Daily Sampling ◽  
A Site

A water sample was taken once a day for 15 months at a site near an estuary of the Kako River, Japan, to estimate nutrient loads from rivers to the sea. Total phosphorus (T-P), total nitrogen (T-N), suspended solids (SS) and electronic conductivity (EC) were measured. T-P and SS concentrations varied in proportion to the discharge, and T-P concentrations increased with those of SS, too. EC varied inversely with the discharge, but the fluctuations of T-N concentrations were less than those of T-P and SS concentrations. Water quality remained, for the most part, constant throughout the day. T-P, T-N and SS load were 181t/year, 2320t/year and 51000t/year in 1992, respectively, 54% of T-P load, 47% of T-N load and 80% of SS loads outflowed in those cases where the discharge was more than 100 m3/s, which were 36 days in 1992. 79% of T-P load, 69% of T-N load and 92% of SS load outflowed in periods of high water discharge, which were 88 in 1992. T-P and T-N loads calculated by using one day's data in every month were 151t/year and 2450t/year. But nutrient loads calculated by using the average value of data from an ordinary discharge were two or three times lower than calculated yearly loads. These results showed the importance of estimating the yearly load considering the discharge condition and sampling at a time of high water discharge.

scholarly journals Effect of Substrate Sodium Content on Crystallization and Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2Films Prepared by DC Magnetron Sputtering

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henryk Tomaszewski ◽  
Karin Eufinger ◽  
Hilde Poelman ◽  
Dirk Poelman ◽  
Roger De Gryse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Magnetron Sputtering ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Dc Magnetron Sputtering ◽  
Amorphous Films ◽  
Glass Support

The effect of sodium content of the glass support on the crystallinity of sputteredTiO2films and photocatalytic breakdown of ethanol has been studied. It was found that the activity of the as-deposited (amorphous) films does not depend on the type of support used. The chemical composition of the glass support does influence the activity of annealed films. When using soda-lime glass support sodium diffuses into the film upon annealing, suppressing anatase crystallization and decreasing its photocatalytic activity. To decrease the influence of sodium, soda-lime glass coated with an e-beam evaporatedSiO2barrier layer was used with good result. A reduced sodium concentration in the film leads to well crystallized anatase after annealing. An increased photocatalytic activity was observed for these films.

scholarly journals PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOCHAR FOR A SUSTAINABLE SOIL HEALTH

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rekha A. ◽  
Vidhya A.
Keyword(s):  
Soil Health ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristic ◽  
High Water ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Bet Analysis ◽  
Thermochemical Processes

Recent research suggests that biochar is a promising approach to minimize soil contamination caused by heavy metals and organic pollutants. It is also involved in the amendment of soil by altering the nutrients, pH and other factors. Through intensive literature review, this paper was aimed to better understand the selection of feedstock processes, preparation, and characterization of biochar. Wide variety of feedstock used for the biochar production based on the cost effectiveness, ease availability and they are ecofriendly to the environment. Among the thermochemical processes, pyrolysis is the promising techniques followed for the production of BC. The stabilization efficacy was mainly determined by cation exchange capacity, pH, and ash content of the biochar. The physicochemical characteristic of the biochar is analyzed using various methods such as SEM, FTIR, TGA and BET analysis. The surface area plays a major role in the metal sorption. The quality characteristics of biochar as a soil amendment varied greatly with the feedstock materials and the pyrolysis conditions. Biochar plays a great role in increasing the pH which helps the acidic soil region and its high-water retention capacity enhance the moisture level in the soil which enhances the microbial communities and its activity. Biochar becomes stabilized in the soil by interacting with soil particles. The inherent characteristics of the biochar as dictated by feedstock and pyrolysis conditions, interact with climatic conditions such as precipitation and temperature to influence how long biochar carbon remains stored in the soil. Due to its carbon sequestration in the soil, it helps in increasing the fertility of the soil and also enhances the crop yield.

scholarly journals Influence of the genotype of Holstein breed bulls-producers on the sodium content in the blood serum of sons

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-133
Author(s):  
M. V. Strizhkova ◽  
O. I. Sebezhko ◽  
T. V. Konovalova ◽  
K. N. Narozhnykh ◽  
V. A. Andreeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Holstein Breed ◽  
Water Feed

The study of the biological role of chemical elements in farm animals is one of the issues that scientists continue to investigate. A comprehensive study of the gene pool and phenofund of breeds and species of farm animals is being carried out in Siberia. An important issue is the search for vital markers of macronutrient accumulation, including sodium in organs and tissues of animals. The article presents data on the content of sodium in the blood serum of offspring obtained from bulls-producers of the Holstein breed. The experiment was carried out at OAO Vaganovo, Kemerovo region. The sodium concentration was determined by the atomic emission method on an ICP AES IRIS spectrometer at the V. S. Sobolev Analytical Center for Collective Use of the Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS. In the area of Holstein cattle breeding, there is no excess of LOC for heavy metals in soil, water, feed, organs and tissues of animals. The influence of the genotype of the fathers of the Holstein breed on the sodium content in the blood serum of sons was established. The sodium concentration in Fabio’s offspring was 1.9 times higher (240.4 mg/ l) than in Brio’s sons (P ˂ 0.001). By the level of sodium in the serum of offspring, bulls-producers were arranged in the following order: Brio ˂ Bonaire ˂ Malstrom ˂ Fabio in a proportion of 1: 1.3: 1.5: 1.9. The phenotypic variability of this element between the offspring of different producers differed by 3 times or more. Interbreed differentiation, the influence of the genotype of producers, differences between lines and families sign the hereditary determination of resistance and susceptibility to the accumulation of macro- and microelements in organs and tissues of animals.

scholarly journals Sodium content of bread from bakeries in Maputo, Mozambique: trends between 2012 and 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1098-1102
Author(s):  
Neusa Jessen ◽  
Patrícia Padrão ◽  
Olívia Pinho ◽  
Célia Novela ◽  
Pedro Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Flame Photometry ◽  
White Bread ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Brown Bread ◽  
The City

AbstractObjective:To assess the Na content and price of bread available in bakeries in the city of Maputo in 2018 and describe trends since 2012.Design:Cross-sectional evaluation of bread sold in twenty bakeries in the city of Maputo. Three loaves of white and three loaves of brown bread were collected from each bakery when available, and Na contents were quantified by flame photometry. To assess trends, samples of white bread collected in 2012 and analysed using the same methodology were compared with samples of white bread collected in 2018 from the same bakeries.Setting:City of Maputo, capital of Mozambique.Results:In 2018, the mean (range) Na content in mg/100 g of white and brown breads were 419·1 (325·4–538·8) and 389·8 (248·0–609·0), respectively. Non-compliance with Na targets in bread according to the South African regulation (<380 mg/100 g) was observed in 70 % of white and 43 % of brown bread samples. A total of twelve bakeries had samples evaluated in both 2012 and 2018; among these, the mean Na content in white bread decreased by just over 10 % – the mean difference (95 % CI) was 46·6 mg/100 g (1·7, 91·5); and there was a significant increase of 3·7–5·4 meticais in the mean price per 100 g of white bread.Conclusions:The Na content of bread available in bakeries in the city of Maputo decreased in recent years despite the absence of a specific regulation in Mozambique.

scholarly journals Cross-Linking of Wheat Bran Arabinoxylan by Fungal Laccases Yields Firm Gels

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanaz Khalighi ◽  
Ralf G. Berger ◽  
Franziska Ersoy
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Bran ◽  
High Water ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Citrus Pectin ◽  
Food Markets ◽  
Pleurotus Pulmonarius ◽  
Gelatin Gels ◽  
Funalia Trogii ◽  
Kosher Food ◽  
Water Holding

The native extractable arabinoxylans (AX) from wheat bran were cross-linked by the commercial laccase C (LccC) and self-produced laccases from Funalia trogii (LccFtr) and Pleurotus pulmonarius (LccPpu) (0.04 U/µg FA, each). Dynamic oscillation measurements of the 6% AX gels demonstrated a storage modulus of 9.4 kPa for LccC, 9.8 kPa for LccFtr, and 10.0 kPa for LccPpu. A loss factor ≤ 0.6 was recorded in the range from 20 to 80 Hz for all three laccases, and remained constant for four weeks of storage, when LccFtr and LccPpu were used. Arabinoxylan gel characteristics, including high water holding capacity, swelling ratio in saliva, and heat resistance indicated a covalently cross-linked network. Neither the mediator compounds caffeic acid and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), nor citrus pectin, enhanced the elastic properties of the gels. Using laccases as an oxidant provided gels with a solid and stable texture, comparable in firmness to traditional gelatin gels. Thus, AX gels can be presented in the vegan, halal, and kosher food markets. They may also find use in pharmaceutical and other industrial applications.

Sodium exchange and distribution in the arterial wall

1965 ◽  
Vol 209 (5) ◽  
pp. 955-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Garrahan ◽  
M. F. Villamil ◽  
J. A. Zadunaisky
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Coefficient ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Compartmental Analysis ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Fresh Tissue ◽  
Intracellular Sodium Concentration ◽  
Diffusion Curve ◽  
Total Sodium

Pieces of dog carotid artery were studied with respect to water and sodium content. Total sodium content averaged 113 ± 1.2 mm/kg fresh tissue; total water 73.6 ± 0.3% and inulin space 36.2 ± 0.5% of tissue wet wt. A total of 94.8 ± 1.3% of sodium exchanged within 6–12 min with Na22, and 97.4 ± 0.7% of the stable sodium was extracted in sodium-free solution (choline replacement). The curve of efflux of Na22 at 37 C could be decomposed into three simple exponentials with half-times of 42.5 ± 2.3 sec ( phase 1), 5.0 ± 0.3 min ( phase 2), and 71.0 ± 7.3 min ( phase 3). Exchange of sodium of phase 1 (extracellular) fitted well with a theoretical diffusion curve, showed low temperature coefficient and no potassium dependency, and was not influenced by ouabain. Exchange of sodium of phase 2 (cellular) showed high temperature coefficient and potassium dependency and was sensitive to ouabain. Calculations based on the compartmental analysis indicate a too-great intracellular sodium concentration. Binding of sodium to polyanions in the extracellular space is suggested as a possible explanation of the results.

Relation of the Extracellular [Bicarbonate]/[Chloride] Ratio to Erythrocyte Sodium Content: A Possible New Control System

1972 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Needle ◽  
W. Shapiro ◽  
V. Viswanathan ◽  
M. Semar
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Membrane Permeability ◽  
Ethacrynic Acid ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Atp Depletion ◽  
Carrier System ◽  
Erythrocyte Sodium ◽  
Induced Changes

1. Erythrocytes were incubated in buffers with different [bicarbonate]/[chloride] ratios. 2. The erythrocyte sodium content was higher in buffers with higher [bicarbonate]/ [chloride] ratios. 3. The rise in erythrocyte sodium concentration with increase in [bicarbonate]/[chloride] ratio was independent of the effects of ouabain and ouabain plus ethacrynic acid. Primaquine-induced changes in membrane permeability, ATP depletion by starvation and the use of potassium-free buffers did not change the effect. 4. The results may demonstrate a system which either increases the permeability of erythrocytes to sodium or regulates the sodium content of erythrocytes by a carrier system which is independent of ATP.

scholarly journals Gastric Emptying After Pickle-Juice Ingestion in Rested, Euhydrated Humans

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 601-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Miller ◽  
Gary W. Mack ◽  
Kenneth L. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Gastric Volume ◽  
Gastric Distension ◽  
Cardiovascular Reflexes ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration

Abstract Context: Small volumes of pickle juice (PJ) relieve muscle cramps within 85 seconds of ingestion without significantly affecting plasma variables. This effect may be neurologic rather than metabolic. Understanding PJ's gastric emptying would help to strengthen this theory. Objective: To compare gastric emptying and plasma variables after PJ and deionized water (DIW) ingestion. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Ten men (age  =  25.4 ± 0.7 years, height  =  177.1 ± 1.6 cm, mass  =  78.1 ± 3.6 kg). Intervention(s): Rested, euhydrated, and eunatremic participants ingested 7 mL·kg−1 body mass of PJ or DIW on separate days. Main Outcome Measure(s): Gastric volume was measured at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes postingestion (using the phenol red dilution technique). Percentage changes in plasma volume and plasma sodium concentration were measured preingestion (−45 minutes) and at 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes postingestion. Results: Initial gastric volume was 624.5 ± 27.4 mL for PJ and 659.5 ± 43.8 mL for DIW (P &gt; .05). Both fluids began to empty within the first 5 minutes (volume emptied: PJ  =  219.2 ± 39.1 mL, DIW  =  305.0 ± 40.5 mL, P &lt; .05). Participants who ingested PJ did not empty further after the first 5 minutes (P &gt; .05), whereas in those who ingested DIW, gastric volume decreased to 111.6 ± 39.9 mL by 30 minutes (P &lt; .05). The DIW group emptied faster than the PJ group between 20 and 30 minutes postingestion (P &lt; .05). Within 5 minutes of PJ ingestion, plasma volume decreased 4.8% ± 1.6%, whereas plasma sodium concentration increased 1.6 ± 0.5 mmol·L−1 (P &lt; .05). Similar changes occurred after DIW ingestion. Calculated plasma sodium content was unchanged for both fluids (P &gt; .05). Conclusions: The initial decrease in gastric volume with both fluids is likely attributable to gastric distension. Failure of the PJ group to empty afterward is likely due to PJ's osmolality and acidity. Cardiovascular reflexes resulting from gastric distension are likely responsible for the plasma volume shift and rise in plasma sodium concentration despite nonsignificant changes in plasma sodium content. These data support our theory that PJ does not relieve cramps via a metabolic mechanism.

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