scholarly journals A Review on Catastrophic Evolution of SARS-CoV to SARS-CoV2-A Global Pandemic

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushmita Krishnan ◽  
Darshini Subramanian ◽  
Sri Sakthi Priyadarshini Rajamani
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The Family ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Global Statistics ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control ◽  
Alternative Drugs

: The coronaviruses belonging to the family Coronaviridae have caused a massive pandemic in December 2019 af-ter its previous outbreaks as SARS-CoV and MERS. The outbreak is believed to have originated from the seafood and live market in Hubei province of China. The Rhinolophus species are the natural hosts of this virus. The unknown virus caus-ing pneumonia took away so many lives before recognising it as the novel Coronavirus. Very little information is known about the biology and nature of the current outbreak. This article reviews multiple aspects encompassing its origin, epide-miology, pathogenesis, symptoms and the global statistics of spread. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the key symptom of this condition. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) helps in the penetration of the virus into the tar-get cells. Deeper research and understanding is essential for identification of antibodies that inhibit ACE2 and can prevent viral replication. Drug design and control of disease is crucial. In countries like India where plant diversity is extensive, it is wise to focus on plant based alternative drugs. Many attempts have been made to review and curate the drug discovery attempts using immune-informatics and bioinformatics tools.

scholarly journals Community grid management is an important measure to contain the spread of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Ling ◽  
Xianjie Wen
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
Grid Management

Abstract The outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia (coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)), declared as a ‘global pandemic’ by the World Health Organization (WHO), is a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). The outbreak in multiple locations shows a trend of accelerating spread around the world. China has taken a series of powerful measures to contain the spread of the novel coronavirus. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to actively finding effective treatment drugs and developing vaccines, it is more important to identify the source of infection at the community level as soon as possible to block the transmission path of the virus to prevent the spread of the pandemic. The implementation of grid management in the community and the adoption of precise management and control measures to reduce unnecessary personnel movement can effectively reduce the risk of pandemic spread. This paper mainly describes that the grid management mode can promote the refinement and comprehensiveness of community management. As a management system with potential to improve the governance ability of community affairs, it may be helpful to strengthen the prevention and control of the epidemic in the community.

Gastrointestinal Tract and COVID-19

2022 ◽  
pp. 127-140
Author(s):  
Aaron Lelo Pambu ◽  
Abdellah Zinedine
Keyword(s):  
Virus Entry ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Gastrointestinal Manifestations ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The current outbreak of the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (coronavirus disease 2019; previously 2019- nCoV), epi-centered in Hubei Province of the People's Republic of China, has spread to many other countries caused an extreme burden for healthcare systems globally. Coronaviruses are traditionally considered nonlethal pathogens to humans, mainly causing approximately 15% of common colds. In this century, we have encountered highly pathogenic human CoVs twice. In this chapter, the authors propose to focus the gastrointestinal physiopathology of the infection of SARS-Cov2. This chapter will develop subject like the gastrointestinal manifestations of the infection to SARS-Cov2. The second part of this chapter will develop the role of the gut microbiome in the SARS-Cov2 diseases susceptibilities. And then the authors will show the etiopathogenesis of SARS-Cov2 associated diarrhea. As reported by previous studies, the SARS-Cov virus entry into host cell is mediated by the interaction between the envelop-anchored viral spike protein and the host receptor named angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).

Coronavirus and Homo Sapiens in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
pp. 121-131
Author(s):  
Pooja Natarajan ◽  
Muralidhar Kanchi ◽  
Vikneswaran Gunaseelan ◽  
Alben Sigamani ◽  
Harmon James ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Entry ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Spanish Influenza ◽  
Mechanism Of Interaction ◽  
Hypoxic Respiratory Failure ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

AbstractThe Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918 globally claimed between 50 and 100 million lives. In India, it was referred to as “The Bombay Fever” and accounted for a fifth of the global death toll. The current outbreak of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), a new human-infecting β-coronavirus, has clearly demonstrated that the size of an organism does not reflect on its ability to affect an entire human population. 2019-nCOV, first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, spread rapidly globally. Disease in humans ranged from flulike symptoms to severe acute hypoxic respiratory failure. The virus appears closely related to two bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS) coronaviruses. Although bats were likely the original host, animals sold at the Huanan seafood market in Wuhan might have been the intermediate host that enabled the emergence of the virus in humans. Under the electron microscope, the SARS-CoV-2 virus grips its receptor tighter than the virus behind the SARS outbreak in 2003 to 2004. The viral particle docks onto the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and initiates viral entry. This review discusses the various aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, its structure, pathophysiology, mechanism of interaction with human cells, virulence factors, and drugs involved in the treatment of the disease.

scholarly journals Artemether, Artesunate, Arteannuin B, Echinatin, Licochalcone B and Andrographolide Effectively Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and Related Viruses In Vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunjia Hu ◽  
Meiqin Liu ◽  
Hongbo Qin ◽  
Haofeng Lin ◽  
Xiaoping An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Compound Library ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control

Since the first reported case caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, COVID-19 has caused serious deaths and an ongoing global pandemic, and it is still raging in more than 200 countries and regions around the world and many new variants have appeared in the process of continuous transmission. In the early stage of the epidemic prevention and control and clinical treatment, traditional Chinese medicine played a huge role in China. Here, we screened out six monomer compounds, including artemether, artesunate, arteannuin B, echinatin, licochalcone B and andrographolide, with excellent anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-GX_P2V activity from Anti-COVID-19 Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound Library containing 389 monomer compounds extracted from traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions “three formulas and three drugs”. Our discovery preliminary proved the stage of action of those compounds against SARS-CoV-2 and provided inspiration for further research and clinical applications.

scholarly journals Coronavirus and Homo Sapiens

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja Natarajan ◽  
Muralidhar Kanchi ◽  
Vikneswaran Gunaseelan ◽  
Alben Sigamani ◽  
James Harmon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Mechanism Of Interaction ◽  
Hypoxic Respiratory Failure ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

AbstractThe Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918 globally claimed death between 50 and 100 million lives. In India, it was referred to as “The Bombay Fever,” and accounted for a fifth of the global death toll at that time. The current outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a new human-infecting beta coronavirus, has demonstrated that the size of an organism does not reflect on its ability to affect almost an entire human population. COVID-19, first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, that spread rapidly worldwide. In humans, this disease ranged from flu-like symptoms to severe acute hypoxic respiratory failure. By appearance, this virus closely related to two bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronaviruses. Although bats were likely the original host, animals sold at the Huanan seafood market in Wuhan might have been the intermediate host that enabled the emergence of the virus in humans. Under the electron microscope, the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus grips its receptor tighter than the virus behind the SARS outbreak in 2003 to 2004. The viral particle docks onto the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and initiates viral entry. This review discusses the various aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, its structure, pathophysiology, mechanism of interaction with human cells, virulence factors, and drug involved in the treatment of the disease.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2: A critical review of preventive and control measures in the context of the virus’ characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-39
Author(s):  
Manca Alič ◽  
Andrej Ovca
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection ◽  
And Control

Abstract The year 2020 has been marked by the novel coronavirus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease COVID-19. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global pandemic on the 11th of March 2020 due to the spread of this very contagious virus throughout the world. Since the outbreak, we have gained many insights about the virus, its presence and persistence in the environment and its possible and most common transmission routes. Such knowledge about the virus is invaluable for establishing effective preventive and control measures (also referred to as Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs)) that have become a key to tackling this pandemic in the absence of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. In this review, we discuss five main groups of NPIs: 1) ventilation, 2) cleaning and disinfection, 3) hand hygiene, 4) physical distancing, and 5) protective masks. We explore their shortcomings and potential negative consequences that might occur as unwanted side effects.

scholarly journals Analysis of COVID-19 Spike protein mutations and their effects on its affinity towards human cell receptors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abir Elbeji
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Host Recognition ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Positive Polarity ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
The Family ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract The novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) is a member of the family Coronaviridae and contains a single-stranded RNA genome with positive-polarity. In order to reveal the evolution mechanism of the SARS-CoV2 genome, in particular its spike protein; the main driving force for host recognition, we conducted a comparative analysis with Coronaviruses of different strains, including MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV1 and Pangolin Coronavirus. In addition, a comparative analysis between the newly sequenced SARS-CoV2 from different regions of the world has been carried out in order to understand the evolution of this novel virus throughout its transmission. Among all sequenced strains, the latest France HCoV was the least identical to the reference. Further investigations have therefore been performed and it has been concluded that this strain has undergone mutations which have increased its binding affinity to the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, thus hypothetically increasing its infectivity.

Synthetic and semi-synthetic drugs as promising therapeutic option for the treatment of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekta Shirbhate ◽  
Preeti Patel ◽  
Vijay K Patel ◽  
Ravichandran Veerasamy ◽  
Prabodh C Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Clinical Experiences ◽  
Synthetic Compounds ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

: The novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), a global pandemic that emerged from Wuhan, China has today travelled all around the world, so far 216 countries or territories with 21,732,472 people infected and 770,866 deaths globally (as per WHO COVID-19 update dated August 18, 2020). Continuous efforts are being made to repurpose the existing drugs and develop vaccines for combating this infection. Despite, to date, no certified antiviral treatment or vaccine prevails. Although, few candidates have displayed their efficacy in in vitro studies and are being repurposed for COVID-19 treatment. This article summarizes synthetic and semi-synthetic compounds displaying potent activity in their clinical experiences or studies against COVID-19 and also focuses on mode of action of drugs being repositioned against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Multi-Objective Optimization of Integrated Civilian-Military Scheduling of Medical Supplies for Epidemic Prevention and Control

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Hai-Feng Ling ◽  
Zheng-Lian Su ◽  
Xun-Lin Jiang ◽  
Yu-Jun Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Medical Supplies ◽  
Problem Instances ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control ◽  
Minimum Ratio

In a large-scale epidemic, such as the novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19), there is huge demand for a variety of medical supplies, such as medical masks, ventilators, and sickbeds. Resources from civilian medical services are often not sufficient for fully satisfying all of these demands. Resources from military medical services, which are normally reserved for military use, can be an effective supplement to these demands. In this paper, we formulate a problem of integrated civilian-military scheduling of medical supplies for epidemic prevention and control, the aim of which is to simultaneously maximize the overall satisfaction rate of the medical supplies and minimize the total scheduling cost, while keeping a minimum ratio of medical supplies reservation for military use. We propose a multi-objective water wave optimization (WWO) algorithm in order to efficiently solve this problem. Computational results on a set of problem instances constructed based on real COVID-19 data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

scholarly journals Blocking Effect of Demethylzeylasteral on the Interaction between Human ACE2 Protein and SARS-CoV-2 RBD Protein Discovered Using SPR Technology

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Zhi-Ling Zhu ◽  
Xiao-Dan Qiu ◽  
Shuo Wu ◽  
Yi-Tong Liu ◽  
Ting Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Blocking Effect ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Binding Affinities ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Primary Method ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Effective Drugs

The novel coronavirus disease (2019-nCoV) has been affecting global health since the end of 2019, and there is no sign that the epidemic is abating. Targeting the interaction between the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein and the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor is a promising therapeutic strategy. In this study, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used as the primary method to screen a library of 960 compounds. A compound 02B05 (demethylzeylasteral, CAS number: 107316-88-1) that had high affinities for S-RBD and ACE2 was discovered, and binding affinities (KD, μM) of 02B05-ACE2 and 02B05-S-RBD were 1.736 and 1.039 μM, respectively. The results of a competition experiment showed that 02B05 could effectively block the binding of S-RBD to ACE2 protein. Furthermore, pseudovirus infection assay revealed that 02B05 could inhibit entry of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus into 293T cells to a certain extent at nontoxic concentration. The compoundobtained in this study serve as references for the design of drugs which have potential in the treatment of COVID-19 and can thus accelerate the process of developing effective drugs to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections.

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