scholarly journals temporal spirit, expressiveness and nationality of contemporary Chinese painting

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 472-486
Author(s):  
Guangyu Yang

The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that China, like Japan, took oil painting relatively recently. Japan became closely acquainted with Western technology in the 19th century, but at that time they still imposed a taboo on oil painting, the authorities in every way prevented its spread, protecting the traditions of national art. Only the 20th century allowed new trends to finally settle down. The work shows that the understanding of the European painting technology was widely represented in the imperial Celestial Empire. The article shows that the artists did not make a big problem to learn painting skills from the Europeans (originally the Portuguese). They learned the lessons, techniques and technology of European art, despite the fact that they had never had a similar school before. Separately, it is stipulated that cooperation after the formation of the USSR played a great influence on contemporary paintings. This explains the fact that many paintings by Chinese painters are very similar to Russian school of fine art. The authors determine that the Russian style, fully perceived by the PRC, was formed collectively from the Renaissance approach, with the inclusion of impressionism motifs.

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Iim Imadudin

AbstrakSektor perkebunan memiliki peran yang besar dalam dinamika masyarakat Indonesia sejak masa kolonial hingga sekarang. Dengan kata lain, sejarah Indonesia  tidak dapat dipisahkan dari sektor perkebunan. Keterkaitan itu yang mencuatkan pandangan bahwa sejarah kolonialisme Barat di Nusantara tidak lain adalah sejarah perkebunan. Hal tersebut tergambarkan dalam kenyataan, bahwa selama lebih dari satu abad, perkebunan menjadi aspek terpenting pada masa penjajahan. Berbagai realitas ekonomi dan sosial masyarakat di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia tumbuh sebagai konsekuensi logis kehadiran perkebunan. Berkembangnya industri perkebunan mengubah segi-segi kehidupan masyarakat secara mendasar dengan masuknya faktor produksi, seperti tanah, tenaga kerja, dan modal. Di kawasan Subang, sejak awal abad ke-19, berdiri tanah partikelir Pamanukan dan Ciasem yang kemudian mengembangkan berbagai perkebunan besar yang berorientasi ekspor. Sejumlah perkebunan mengalami perkembangan yang pesat di bawah kepemimpinan Hofland di pertengahan abad ke-19 sampai paruh pertama abad ke-20. Penelitian yang mempergunakan metode sejarah ini bertujuan menjelaskan keberadaan industri perkebunan dalam konteks perubahan kebudayaan masyarakat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat setempat yang hidup dalam tradisi agraris tradisional  harus beradaptasi dengan ekonomi perkebunan. Selain itu, para pendatang yang berasal dari berbagai daerah juga memberi corak yang khas dalam perubahan budaya masyarakat. Budaya masyarakat yang terikat dengan ekonomi subsistensi berubah menjadi ekonomi uang sehingga terjadi perubahan kebudayaan. AbstractPlantage sector has a great influence on the dynamics of Indonesian society since the colonial era until now.  With other words, the history of Indonesia cannot be divided with plantage sector.  Colonialism in Nusantara was affected by the history of the plantage history itself. For more than one century, plantage became the most important thing in colonialism era.  Economic and social reality in Indonesia grows up as logical consequences of plantage appearance.  The dynamics of plantage sector has changed the society, especially with the entry of productions factor, such as land, labor, and capital.  In Subang area, since the beginning of the 19th century, pop out the private land of Pamanukan and Ciasem which branching out big company of plantation and focused on export.  Number of plantage faced rapidly grow in the middle of 19th until beginning of 20th century under the hand of Hofland as the leader.  The purpose of the research is to describe the existences of plantage industry in the context of culture changed in society.  The result of the research show us that the society who lived in traditional agrarian must adapt with the plantage economics.  Besides that, comers from many areas also influenced the changing of cultural society.  The culture of the society which bound up with the economy has changed become capitalist economy, in such a way changed the culture itself.


2020 ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
М. М. Ковальова ◽  
Цю Чжуанюй

The purpose of the article is to reveal the impressionistic  trends  in  the  fine  arts  of China,  determining  the  originality  of  the Chinese  oil  painting  development  of  the 20th century. Methodology.  Historical  and  cultural, comparative,  iconographic  and iconological  methods  are  used  in  the study. Results.  The  study  examines  the underinvestigated  aspects  of  Chinese painting  development  in  the  first  half  of the  20th  century.  The  retrospective analysis of the pictural art enables tracing the  traditions  and  innovations  in  the formation  of  oil  painting  in  China,  which prevails  at  this  historical  stage  of  the national  art  school  development.  The desire  of  Chinese  artists  to  preserve  the philosophical  foundation  and  theoretical principles  of  classical  ink  painting,  and  at the  same  time  an  interest  in Impressionism,  have  become  a  peculiar feature  of  Chinese  oil  painting.  The  main trends, dominating at the beginning of the century,  persist  to  this  day, defining  the development  of  Chinese  oil  painting  in general.  It  is  determined  that  the decorativeness  and  thematic  repertoire  of classical  Chinese  ink  art  has  been transferred to oil painting, as evidenced by the  booming  exhibition  activities.  The study  determined  that  in  the  first  half  of the 20th century, the impressionistic trend was spread in the country, which resulted from  the  study  of  Japanese  and  French masters by Chinese masters. The teaching methods  and  stylistic  searches  of  Chinese artists  of  the  period  under  study  became the  foundation  of  contemporary  Chinese art.  The  latest  trends  in  Chinese  oil painting in the first half of the 20th century are: an artistic rethinking, reminiscences of a  similar  phenomenon  in  Western European  painting  of  the  late  XIX  –  early XX  century.  The  spread  of  impressionism contributed  to  the  greatest  development of still life and landscape genres, and also brought  plein  air  practice  to  a  new  level. Many  Chinese  artists  spread impressionistic  ideas  not  only  in  artistic creation,  but  also  in  art  history. The  scientific  novelty  lies  in  the systematization  and  factual  material analysis  on  this  problem,  determining  the role  of  the  impressionist  trend  in  the Chinese oil painting development. Practical  significance.  The  results  of  the study can be used in further studies of the history  and  theory  of  Oriental  art  of  the 20th century.


1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.


1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-51
Author(s):  
Jan Richard Heier

Accounting has always been utilitarian in nature. It adapts to the changes in the business environment by meeting the need for new types of information. The change in waterborne transportation in the U.S. during the 19th century provides an example of such an environmental change that led to a need for accounting adaptation. With the advent of the steamboat, old accounting methods were modified and new ones created to meet the changes in the business environment. In the process, a standardized ships-accounting model was developed. The model can be seen in the accounting records of three ships that sailed at the beginning of the 20th century.


2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Calvini ◽  
Maria Stella Siori ◽  
Spartaco Gippoliti ◽  
Marco Pavia

The revised catalogue of primatological material stored in the Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali of Torino and in the Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi of the Università degli Studi di Torino and belonging to the historical material of the Torino University is introduced. The material, 494 specimens belonging to 399 individuals of 122 taxa, is of particular importance since specimens were mainly obtained during the 19th Century and the beginning of the 20th Century. A relevant part of the collection was created by the collaborators of the Museum, among which it is worth to mention F. De Filippi, A. Borelli and E. Festa, while other material came from purchases and donations from private people or the Royal Zoological Garden of Torino. Great part of the specimens is stuffed but also the osteological materials are of particular importance, as many of them derived from the specimens before being prepared and consisting of skulls or more or less complete skeletons. After this revision, the Lectotype and Paralectotypes of <em>Alouatta</em> <em>palliata</em> <em>aequatorialis</em> have been selected, and the type-specimen of the <em>brunnea</em> variety of <em>Cebus</em> <em>albifrons</em> <em>cuscinus</em> has been recognized. In addition, some specimens of particular historical-scientific importance have also been identified and here presented for the first time.


Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Klara Kroftova

An urban residential building from the second half of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century, the so-called tenement house, is a significant representative of the architecture of the developing urban fabric in Central Europe. The vertical and horizontal load-bearing structures of these houses currently tend to show characteristic, repeated defects and failures. Their knowledge may, in many cases, facilitate and speed up the design of the historic building’s restoration without compromising its heritage value in this process. The article presents the summary of the most frequently occurring defects and failures of these buildings. The summary, however, is not an absolute one, and, in the case of major damage to the building, it still applies that, first of all, a detailed analysis of the causes and consequences of defects and failures must be made as a basic prerequisite for the reliability and long-term durability of the building’s restoration and rehabilitation. An integral part of the rehabilitation of buildings must be the elimination of the causes of the appearance of their failures and remediation of all defects impairing their structural safety, health safety and energy efficiency.


Popular Music ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-41
Author(s):  
David Temperley

AbstractThe origins of syncopation in 20th-century American popular music have been a source of controversy. I offer a new account of this historical process. I distinguish between second-position syncopation, an accent on the second quarter of a half-note or quarter-note unit, and fourth-position syncopation, an accent on the fourth quarter of such a unit. Unlike second-position syncopation, fourth-position syncopation tends to have an anticipatory character. In an earlier study I presented evidence suggesting British roots for second-position syncopation. in contrast, fourth-position syncopation – the focus of the current study – seems to have had no presence in published 19th-century vocal music, British or American. It first appears in notation in ragtime songs and piano music at the very end of the 19th century; it was also used in recordings by African-American singers before it was widely notated.


Author(s):  
Toni Pierenkemper ◽  
Klaus F. Zimmermann

AbstractThis paper attempts to trace the construction of the standard employment contract in Germany from the beginning of the 19th century onwards. In 20th century Germany, it was reinforced alongside with the consolidation of the welfare state and developed into the modern concept of the standard employment contract. Due to globalization forces and dynamics of capitalist market economies, the standard employment contract has turned into an obstacle in the way of modern economy’s progress. The future might be determined by increasing work flexibility, rising working hours, falling income and increasing unemployment rates, rendering the standard employment contract anachronistic and obsolete.


Res Publica ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 379-389
Author(s):  
Wilfried Dewachter

The great promises that "Statistik" yielded in the 19th century in Belgium, did  not materialise. At least as far as political statistics are concerned. In the second half of the 20th century the output was rather limited and thus very incomplete, not very professionally conceived and elaborated, disorderly provided, strongly related to an outrunned institutional approach and thus quite conservative in its orientation, veiled in inaccurate categories with the static view rather dominant. Therefore, starting from a global approach of the 3 P's (=polity, politics and policy), a rebuilding is necessary. This should provide for an inventory of existing statistical data and -above all -a masterplan to achieve a straightforward view on the 3 P's in Belgium: polity, politics and policy. A polyarchy has the right and the need to in depth information that is as complete as feasible. Statistics are very handy tools to provide this information to both policymakers and citizens.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja Maślak-Maciejewska

The book contains a selection of eighty eight sermons (so-called exhortations) for the Jewish youth, which were written in Galicia at the end of the 19th century and in the first decades of the 20th century. They constituted part of religious education of Jewish students who attended secular primary and secondary schools. The authors of the sermons were teachers such as Natan Szyper, Arnold Friedman or Samuel Wolf Guttman who was the preacher of the progressive synagogue in Lviv.


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