Performance enhancements in select industrial applications using surfactants, surfactant additives, and thermostable enzymes

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
Raj Shah ◽  
◽  
Richard Ashby ◽  
Amanda Loo ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Thermophilic Bacteria ◽  
Laundry Detergent ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Thermostable Enzymes ◽  
Foaming Agents ◽  
Moderately Thermophilic ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Household Detergents

Household detergents have undergone many formulation updates to improve the cleaning power of surfactants and to adapt formulations to specific applications. This paper focuses on more recent developments in the use of surfactants for household as well as industrial use. Specific examples include the use of enzymes derived from moderately thermophilic bacteria as laundry detergent additives, the use of surfactants and surfactant additives in the manufacture of warm mix asphalt, and the use of foaming agents in chemical enhanced oil recovery.

scholarly journals ISOLATION OF THERMOPHILIC LIPASE PRODUCING BACTERIUM FROM HOT SPRINGS AT THE EAST COAST OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Tengku Hamid ◽  
◽  
Nur Abidin ◽  
Nurmusfirah Hasan ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hot Springs ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Thermophilic Bacteria ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Thermostable Enzymes ◽  
Thermophilic Microorganisms

Hot spring is a natural habitat for thermophilic bacteria and the primary source of thermostable enzymes useful in industrial applications. In Malaysia, the search for thermophilic organisms has been focused on hot springs, especially on the peninsular West coast. In this work, lipase or esterase producing thermophilic microorganisms were isolated from East coast hot springs in Pahang and Terengganu's states. Morphological and biochemical analysis were carried out on Isolates LH1, LH2, LH3, LH4, LH5, B2B2 and S1B4, which showed that they are gram positive, aerobic, spore forming, and motile organisms. All of the seven isolates showed the ability to grow at 45°C and formed hydrolysis zones on tributyrin agar plates. However, only isolate B2B2 and S1B4 were able to thrive at higher temperatures of up to 65°C. The genotypic characterisation was carried out using 16S rRNA sequencing. Bacillus and Geobacillus species were found to be the dominant bacteria isolated from these hot springs. From La hot spring, isolate LH1 (MT 645486), Isolates LH2 (MT645483), LH3 (MT645484), LH4 (MT 645485) and LH5 (MT 645487) were all closely related to Bacillus sp. (at 97.3-97.9%). Meanwhile, from Bentong and Sungai Lembing hot springs, isolates B2B2 (MT668631) and S1B4 (MT668632) were near related to either Geobacillus kaustophilus or Geobacillus thermoleovorans; each at 98.5% and 97.9% similarity, respectively. These strains from Geobacillus sp. were able to thrive at higher temperature and their thermostable esterases or lipases have properties useful for biotechnological applications.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization, overexpression and comparison of esterases-encoding LipRT, Lip4 and Lip20 from moderately thermophilic and mesophilic bacteria

2018 ◽  
Vol 169 ◽  
pp. 01018
Author(s):  
Yu-Pei Chen ◽  
Shu-Shan Liang ◽  
Ing-Er Hwang ◽  
Mei-Chih Chien ◽  
Guey-Horng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Activity ◽  
Thermal Stabilization ◽  
Salt Bridge ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Thermostable Enzymes ◽  
Moderately Thermophilic ◽  
Mesophilic Bacteria ◽  
Hydrolase Fold ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Thermostable enzymes have the potential as the biocatalyst for industrial applications. To compare the relationship of enzymatic thermostability, the moderately thermophilic and mesophilic bacteria were utilized to explore the properties of esterases. By using the shotgun libraries of mesophilic Thalassomonas agarivorans, and Aeromonas sp., and moderately thermophilic Ralstonia sp., esterases-encoding Lip20, Lip4 and LipRT for α/β-hydrolase fold were cloned, sequenced, and characterized. According to the recombinant proteins overexpressed by Escherichia coli, these results indicated that Lip20, Lip4 and LipRT preferred to hydrolyze short-length p-nitrophenyl (p-NP) esters. The optimal temperature required for the activity of Lip20, Lip4 and LipRT was 30, 40 and 60°C, respectively, corresponding to the trend of bacterial growth temperature. Even at low temperature, cold-adapted Lip4 from Aeromonas sp. revealed well enzymatic activity. In addition, after 60 min incubation between 40-60°C, over 92% residual activity can be retained by the thermostable analysis of LipRT from Ralstonia sp.. Inspecting the predicted structures and amino acid composition, we found that the high helix content was exhibited in LipRT. Also, high frequency residues of Val, Phe and Arg for increasing hydrophobic and salt-bridge interactions were observed. These factors could improve LipRT thermal stabilization and lead to become more rigid.

scholarly journals A Review on LDH-Smart Functionalization of Anodic Films of Mg Alloys

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 536
Author(s):  
Mosab Kaseem ◽  
Karna Ramachandraiah ◽  
Shakhawat Hossain ◽  
Burak Dikici
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Mg Alloys ◽  
Anodic Films ◽  
Electrolytic Oxidation ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Plasma Electrolytic ◽  
Co Precipitation ◽  
Corrosive Environments ◽  
Double Hydroxide

This review presents an overview of the recent developments in the synthesis of layered double hydroxide (LDH) on the anodized films of Mg alloys prepared by either conventional anodizing or plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) and the applications of the formed composite ceramics as smart chloride traps in corrosive environments. In this work, the main fabrication approaches including co-precipitation, in situ hydrothermal, and an anion exchange reaction are outlined. The unique structure of LDH nanocontainers enables them to intercalate several corrosion inhibitors and release them when required under the action of corrosion-relevant triggers. The influences of different variables, such as type of cations, the concentration of salts, pH, and temperature, immersion time during the formation of LDH/anodic film composites, on the electrochemical response are also highlighted. The correlation between the dissolution rate of PEO coating and the growth rate of the LDH film was discussed. The challenges and future development strategies of LDH/anodic films are also highlighted in terms of industrial applications of these materials.

scholarly journals Decomposition of Rice Chaff Using a Cocultivation System of Thermobifida fusca and Ureibacillus thermosphaericus

Proceedings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Sachiko Nakamura ◽  
Norio Kurosawa
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Peroxidase ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Thermophilic Bacteria ◽  
Thermobifida Fusca ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Basal Salt Medium ◽  
Moderately Thermophilic ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals ◽  
Ureibacillus Thermosphaericus

Lignocellulosic biomass comprises cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin and is a potential source of fuels and chemicals. Although this complex biomass is persistent, it can be cooperatively decomposed by a microbial consortium in nature. In this study, a coculture of the moderately thermophilic bacteria Thermobifida fusca and Ureibacillus thermosphaericus was used for biodegradation of rice chaff. The bacterial strains were incubated in modified Brock’s basal salt medium (pH 8.0) supplemented with yeast extract and rice chaff at 50 °C for 7 days. The concentration of reducing sugars and the enzymatic activities of laccase, lignin peroxidase, cellulase, and xylanase in the supernatant of the culture medium were measured every day. The concentrations of reducing sugars in solo cultures of T. fusca and U. thermosphaericus and a mixed culture of the two strains after 7 days of incubation were 0.047, 0.040, and 0.195 mg/mL, respectively, indicating that the decomposition of rice chaff was enhanced in the coculture. Based on the results, it is thought that the lignin surrounding the cellulose was decomposed by laccase and lignin peroxidase secreted from U. thermosphaericus, resulting in cellulose and hemicellulose in the rice chaff being easily decomposed by enzymes from T. fusca.

scholarly journals Interaction and Adsorption of Hydrophobically Modified Polyacrylamide on Silica and Asphaltene Surfaces

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjie Zou ◽  
Zichuan Fang ◽  
Zhijun Zhang ◽  
Zhenzhen Lu
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Adhesion Force ◽  
Interaction Mechanism ◽  
Surface Force ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Oil Sand ◽  
Continuous Adsorption ◽  
Hydrophobically Modified Polyacrylamide ◽  
Hydrophobically Modified ◽  
Modified Polyacrylamide

The adsorption of polymers affects the cost and oil recovery in oil reservoir exploitation and the flocculation effect in the treatment of oil sand tailings. The adhesion and adsorption of a hydrophobically modified polyacrylamide (HMPAM), i.e., P(AM-NaAA-C16DMAAC), on silica and asphaltene were investigated using surface force measurements, thermodynamic analysis and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) measurement. Our study indicates that HMPAM polymer has strong interaction with both silica and asphaltene. The adhesion force of HMPAM on silica was stronger than that on asphaltene surface. Consistently, the adsorption of HMPAM was also greater on silica surface, with a more rigid layer formed on the surface. For HMPAM/silica system, the attractive interaction and the strong adhesion are mainly driven by the hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction. For HMPAM/asphaltene system, it is mainly due to hydrophobic interaction between the long hydrocarbon chains of HMPAM and asphaltene. Furthermore, continuous adsorption of HMPAM was detected and multiple layers formed on both silica and asphaltene surfaces, which can be attributed to the hydrophobic chains of HMPAM polymers. This work has illustrated the interaction mechanism of HMPAM polymer on hydrophilic silica and hydrophobic asphaltene surfaces, which provide insight into the industrial applications of hydrophobically modified polymer.

Review of characterization methods for water-soluble polymers used in oil sand and heavy oil industrial applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomeng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Environmental Fate ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Oil Sand ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Water Soluble Polymers ◽  
Soluble Polymers ◽  
Terrestrial Animal

Water-soluble polymers have been used in many applications in the oil sand and heavy oil industries, including drilling, enhanced oil recovery, tailings treatment, and water treatment. Because they are water soluble, residual polymer can remain with the aqueous phase, potentially leading to environmental impacts. Investigating the environmental fate of these water-soluble polymers is particularly important as they may be toxic to aquatic biota or terrestrial animal life. However, since polymers are somewhat complex because of their high molecular weight, there are many challenges in their measurement, especially in complex matrices. In this paper, polymers used in oilfield applications, particularly in the oil sand or heavy oil industries, are reviewed and various analytical methods for polymer characterization are compared.

scholarly journals Identification of Poly(cis-1,4-Isoprene) Degradation Intermediates during Growth of Moderately Thermophilic Actinomycetes on Rubber and Cloning of a Functional lcp Homologue from Nocardia farcinica Strain E1

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 3375-3382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebaid M. A. Ibrahim ◽  
Matthias Arensk�tter ◽  
Heinrich Luftmann ◽  
Alexander Steinb�chel
Keyword(s):  
Thermophilic Bacteria ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Mycolic Acid ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Thermophilic Actinomycetes ◽  
Moderately Thermophilic ◽  
Nocardia Farcinica ◽  
Different Strains

ABSTRACT The enrichment and isolation of thermophilic bacteria capable of rubber [poly(cis-1,4-isoprene)] degradation revealed eight different strains exhibiting both currently known strategies used by rubber-degrading mesophilic bacteria. Taxonomic characterization of these isolates by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated closest relationships to Actinomadura nitritigenes, Nocardia farcinica, and Thermomonospora curvata. While strains related to N. farcinica exhibited adhesive growth as described for mycolic acid-containing actinomycetes belonging to the genus Gordonia, strains related to A. nitritigenes and T. curvata formed translucent halos on natural rubber latex agar as described for several mycelium-forming actinomycetes. For all strains, optimum growth rates were observed at 50�C. The capability of rubber degradation was confirmed by mineralization experiments and by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Intermediates resulting from early degradation steps were purified by preparative GPC, and their analysis by infrared spectroscopy revealed the occurrence of carbonyl carbon atoms. Staining with Schiff's reagent also revealed the presence of aldehyde groups in the intermediates. Bifunctional isoprenoid species terminated with a keto and aldehyde function were found by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analyses. Evidence was obtained that biodegradation of poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) is initiated by endocleavage, rather than by exocleavage. A gene (lcp) coding for a protein with high homology to Lcp (latex-clearing protein) from Streptomyces sp. strain K30 was identified in Nocardia farcinica E1. Streptomyces lividans TK23 expressing this Lcp homologue was able to cleave synthetic poly(cis-1,4-isoprene), confirming its involvement in initial polymer cleavage.

scholarly journals Curvature-Based Equation of State for Microemulsion-Phase Behavior

SPE Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (02) ◽  
pp. 647-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Torrealba ◽  
R. T. Johns ◽  
H.. Hoteit
Keyword(s):  
Equation Of State ◽  
Phase Behavior ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Behavior Modeling ◽  
Average Curvature ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Spheroidal Geometry

Summary An accurate description of the microemulsion-phase behavior is critical for many industrial applications, including surfactant flooding in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Recent phase-behavior models have assumed constant-shaped micelles, typically spherical, using net-average curvature (NAC), which is not consistent with scattering and microscopy experiments that suggest changes in shapes of the continuous and discontinuous domains. On the basis of the strong evidence of varying micellar shape, principal micellar curves were used recently to model interfacial tensions (IFTs). Huh's scaling equation (Huh 1979) also was coupled to this IFT model to generate phase-behavior estimates, but without accounting for the micellar shape. In this paper, we present a novel microemulsion-phase-behavior equation of state (EoS) that accounts for changing micellar curvatures under the assumption of a general-prolate spheroidal geometry, instead of through Huh's equation. This new EoS improves phase-behavior-modeling capabilities and eliminates the use of NAC in favor of a more-physical definition of characteristic length. Our new EoS can be used to fit and predict microemulsion-phase behavior irrespective of IFT-data availability. For the cases considered, the new EoS agrees well with experimental data for scans in both salinity and composition. The model also predicts phase-behavior data for a wide range of temperature and pressure, and it is validated against dynamic scattering experiments to show the physical significance of the approach.

scholarly journals Detergent Plants of Northern Thailand: Potential Sources of Natural Saponins

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiratchaya Wisetkomolmat ◽  
Pongsakorn Suppakittpaisarn ◽  
Sarana Rose Sommano
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Foaming Agents ◽  
Plant Environment

The natural forests of Northern Thailand are the mother source of many utilisable natural products because of their diverse flora and fauna. Among many plant species found within Northern Thai forests, detergent plants are known for its distinctive cleansing properties. Several local species of detergent plants in Thailand are traditionally used by the locals and indigenous people. However, these plants may become extinct because their habitats have been replaced by industrial agriculture, and their uses have been replaced by chemically synthesised detergents. Researchers need to study and communicate the biology, phytochemistry, and the importance of these plants to conserve natural biodiversity of Northern Thailand. Of many utilisable detergent phytochemicals, natural saponins are known as bio-surfactant and foaming agents. Their physiochemical and biological properties feature structural diversity, which leads to many industrial applications.  In this review, we explained the term “detergent” from the physiological mechanism perspective and the detergent effects of saponin.  We also compiled a list of Thai local plants with cleansing properties focusing on the saponin-containing plants. Future studies should investigate information relative to plant environment, ethnobotanical data and bioactive compound content of these plants. The knowledge acquired from this study will promote the maintenance of the local biodiversity and the conservation of the detergent plant species found in Thailand.

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