Classical and modern drug extraction techniques: facts and figures

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharti Umrethia ◽  
Bharat Kalsariya ◽  
Prof. P. U. Vaishnav
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Herbal Extract ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Modern Drug ◽  
Novel Drugs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
In The Mists ◽  
Heating Pattern

In present era, herbal extract succeeds inimitable place in pharmaceutical science. In view back the earliest extraction techniques are lost in the mists of history. As time went the plants have been processed by grinding, boiling or immersing. The systemic presentation of Ayurvedic extraction system has been first time familiarized by Acharya Charaka as Panchavidha Kashaya Kalpana (five basic primary dosage forms) and based upon these primary dosage forms, secondary dosage forms are developed by using different heating pattern for extraction of pharmacological active ingredients. The administration of these dosage forms is mainly dependent on the Bala (strength) of Vyadhi (disease) and Atura (patient). Due to increased demand of Ayurvedic medicines and industrialization, the transformation of classical dosage forms takes place by implanting a wide range of technologies with different methods of extraction include conventional techniques such as maceration, percolation, infusion, decoction, hot continuous extraction etc. and recently, alternative methods like ultrasound assisted solvent extraction (UASE), microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE) and supercritical fluid extractions (SFE). The extract obtained by these procedure uses as a large source of therapeutic phyto-chemicals that may lead to the development of novel drugs. Essentially, the purpose behind this changing face in both the extraction systems are different but can say that it is a new insight from ancient essence.

scholarly journals Family and childcare support public expenditures and short-term fertility dynamics

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cosmin Enache
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Crude Birth Rate ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Support Policy ◽  
Cash Benefits

In a period of very low fertility, effective family and childcare support policy measures are needed. From a wide range of instruments available to government intervention, we focus on public expenditures effects on short-term fertility. Using a sample of 28 European countries in a panel framework, we found that there is a small positive elasticity of crude birth rate to cash benefits related to childbirth and childrearing provided through social security system. Different public services provided to ease the burden of parents and all other benefits in kind, means or non-means tested, are found to be insignificant. These results are robust to alternative methods of estimation. Controlling for country heterogeneity by religion and by culture, some particularly interesting differences in birth rate determinants were highlighted as well.

scholarly journals Smart polymers in drug delivery: a perspective in pharmaceutical technology

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
E. V. Blynskaya ◽  
K. V. Alekseyev ◽  
D. V. Yudina ◽  
V. K. Alexseev ◽  
S. V. Tishkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Smart Polymers ◽  
Solid Dosage Forms ◽  
Solid Dosage ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Pharmaceutical Technology ◽  
Polymer Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Polymer Research

Polymers have already been recognized as promising materials in many areas of life including pharmaceutical technology. A wide range of polymer properties such as providing controlled release of APIs, enhancing permeation and protection of APIs from mucosal enzymes is now successfully using worldwide in producing soft and solid dosage forms. It is now recognized that a significant portion of the polymer research ongoing in the world is related with a new group of polymer properties such as «shape memory system» and “self-folding”. This review focuses on “smart” – polymers properties that could be a promising tool in developing smart delivery systems.

scholarly journals Estimating upper-extremity function from kinematics in stroke patients following goal-oriented computer-based training

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Belén Rubio Ballester ◽  
Fabrizio Antenucci ◽  
Martina Maier ◽  
Anthony C. C. Coolen ◽  
Paul F. M. J. Verschure
Keyword(s):  
Data Science ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Noise Model ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Reaching Movements ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Computer Based

Abstract Introduction After a stroke, a wide range of deficits can occur with varying onset latencies. As a result, assessing impairment and recovery are enormous challenges in neurorehabilitation. Although several clinical scales are generally accepted, they are time-consuming, show high inter-rater variability, have low ecological validity, and are vulnerable to biases introduced by compensatory movements and action modifications. Alternative methods need to be developed for efficient and objective assessment. In this study, we explore the potential of computer-based body tracking systems and classification tools to estimate the motor impairment of the more affected arm in stroke patients. Methods We present a method for estimating clinical scores from movement parameters that are extracted from kinematic data recorded during unsupervised computer-based rehabilitation sessions. We identify a number of kinematic descriptors that characterise the patients’ hemiparesis (e.g., movement smoothness, work area), we implement a double-noise model and perform a multivariate regression using clinical data from 98 stroke patients who completed a total of 191 sessions with RGS. Results Our results reveal a new digital biomarker of arm function, the Total Goal-Directed Movement (TGDM), which relates to the patients work area during the execution of goal-oriented reaching movements. The model’s performance to estimate FM-UE scores reaches an accuracy of $$R^2$$ R 2 : 0.38 with an error ($$\sigma$$ σ : 12.8). Next, we evaluate its reliability ($$r=0.89$$ r = 0.89 for test-retest), longitudinal external validity ($$95\%$$ 95 % true positive rate), sensitivity, and generalisation to other tasks that involve planar reaching movements ($$R^2$$ R 2 : 0.39). The model achieves comparable accuracy also for the Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory ($$R^2$$ R 2 : 0.40) and Barthel Index ($$R^2$$ R 2 : 0.35). Conclusions Our results highlight the clinical value of kinematic data collected during unsupervised goal-oriented motor training with the RGS combined with data science techniques, and provide new insight into factors underlying recovery and its biomarkers.

scholarly journals Advances in the Treatment of Hemophilia: Implications for Laboratory Testing

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Tripodi ◽  
Veena Chantarangkul ◽  
Cristina Novembrino ◽  
Flora Peyvandi
Keyword(s):  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
One Stage ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Novel Drugs ◽  
Coagulation Tests ◽  
Bypassing Agents ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Near Future

Abstract BACKGROUND Until recently, clinical laboratories have monitored hemophilia treatment by measuring coagulation factors before/after infusion of human-derived or recombinant factors. Substantial changes are expected in the near future based on new therapeutic approaches that have been or are being developed. CONTENT Hemophilia treatment includes replacement therapy with human-derived/recombinant factors or treatment with bypassing agents for patients without or with inhibitors, respectively. Accordingly, laboratory methods for monitoring include one-stage clotting or chromogenic assays meant to measure either factor VIII/IX or global coagulation tests to measure the effect of bypassing agents. Recently, modified long-acting coagulation factors have been introduced for which discrepant results may be expected when measurement is performed with one-stage clotting or chromogenic assays. Currently, novel drugs not based on coagulation factors are under development and are being tested in clinical studies. These drugs do require new methods and therefore laboratory evaluation of hemophilia will undergo dramatic changes in the near future. SUMMARY From the analysis of the current practice and literature, we draw the following conclusions: (a) Thrombin generation or thromboelastometry are the logical candidate assays to monitor bypassing agents. (b) Considerable differences are expected when measuring modified long-acting coagulation factors, depending on whether one-stage or chromogenic assays are used. Although no definitive conclusions can presently be drawn, chromogenic assays are probably more suitable than one-stage clotting. (c) Novel drugs not based on coagulation factors such as emicizumab, fitusiran, or concizumab that are entering the market do require alternative methods that are not yet well established.

Biomedical Applications of Nanoparticles

2022 ◽  
pp. 289-311
Author(s):  
Raghavv Raghavender Suresh ◽  
Shruthee Sankarlinkam ◽  
Sai Rakshana Karuppusami ◽  
Niraimathi Pandiyan ◽  
Suwetha Bharathirengan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Medical Diagnostics ◽  
Engineered Nanoparticles ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Nanodrug Delivery ◽  
Novel Drugs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Targeted Drug

In recent years, there has been significant growth and burgeoning interest in utilizing nanoparticles for various biomedical applications, including medical diagnostics, targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and biomedical textiles. In particular, nanoparticles functionalized with biological molecules have unique properties and are very effective in medical diagnostics. Besides that, nanoparticles have a wide range of therapeutic applications, including the development of nanodrug delivery systems, the design of novel drugs, as well as their contribution to the design of therapeutic materials. This chapter provides an overview of recent advancements in the biomedical applications of nanoparticles. Finally, this chapter discusses the challenges of the toxicological evaluation of engineered nanoparticles and the importance of conducting detailed studies on the synthesis of future nanomaterials to develop cutting-edge technologies for addressing a wide range of biomedical issues.

Chemical-profile variations in essential oils isolated from lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) biomass and condensate wastewater by re-distillation and solvent extraction techniques

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 557-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhaskaruni R. Rajeswara Rao ◽  
Ganjigunta Adinarayana ◽  
Arigari Niranjan Kumar ◽  
Dharmendra K. Rajput ◽  
Kodakandla V. Syamasundar
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Chemical Profile ◽  
Cymbopogon Flexuosus

NORMAL IN VIVO KINETICS OF FACTOR VIII (F VIII) AND FACTOR IX (F IX) TREATED WITH TRI (N-BUIYL) PHOSPHATE (TNBP) AND TWEEN 80 FOR INACTIVATION OF VIRUSES

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Baumgartner ◽  
B A Perret ◽  
E Meili ◽  
M Furlan ◽  
H Friedli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Coagulation Factor ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
In Vivo Kinetics ◽  
Lipid Solvent

Heat treatment has been cxxnmonly used for the sterilisation of coagulation factor concentrates. This causes, however, considerable loss of coagulation factor activity? therefore alternative methods have been developed. Two new virus-inactivated coagulation factor preparations were recently introduced by our institution. Their manufacturing procedure includes a lipid solvent extraction step: The cryoprecipitate (F VIII preparation) or the first DEAE eluate (F IX preparation) is incubated with 0.3 % TNBP and 1 % Tveen 80 at 24°C for at least 12 hours. (Horowitz, Transfusion 25 : 516-522, 1985). Single doses of these preparations (F VIII: median 20.5, range 6-33 U/kg, F IX: median 25, range 9-46 U/kg body weight) were given intravenously to 28 hemophilic patients with minor or no bleeding. F VIII or F IX levels in plasma were determined before and at intervals up to 48 h after injection. The recovery was calculated from the maximum increase of activity and an plasma volume of 41 ml/kg body weight. The plasma half life was calculated according to the procedures described by Morfini (Thrcmb. Res. 42: I-III, 1986). Results are shown in the table below.No side effects were recorded. Hemostasis was satisfactory in all patients with bleedings (n = 13). These results are within the range expected for conventional and heat treated F VIII and F IX preparations. We conclude that the lipid solvent extraction procedure as used here does not influence the in vivo kinetics and the function of F VIII and F IX and does not induce any acute toxicity.

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