scholarly journals RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VISITING WATER COMPLEXES DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
pp. 124-128
Author(s):  
К. V. Solomakha
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Fecal Matter ◽  
Pool Water

The coronavirus pandemic has changed the usual way of life of almost every one of us, all areas have shifted to work with limited functioning and activities in quarantine. SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, is mostly transmitted from person to person by close contact through small droplets (released during coughing, sneezing and talking) contaminated with the virus, or virus particles that linger in the air for several minutes to several hours, less often infection occurs through contaminated surfaces and objects. The objective was to analyze the possibility of safe operation of water complexes (water parks, swimming pools, etc.) during a pandemic COVID-19 in our country. Materials and methods. Since November 2019 and so far, we have been taking water samples from one private pool and from the pool of a sports complex in one University in Kyiv, in addition, because of cooperation with the Brovary Regional Department of Laboratory Research of the State Institution «Kyiv Regional Laboratory Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine» we have known the results of water control in one under roof water park in Brovary, which is located in Kyiv region. We explored the quality of water by sanitary chemical indices (odor, color, turbidity, pH, water hardness, concentration of ammonia and ammonium ions, chlorides, sulfates, free chlorine, etc.) and microbiological indicators (total microbial count (TMC) and coli bacterial index (index of bacteria of the group of E. coli (CBI)). Results of the research. In our research, we analyzed the guidelines on the possibility and conditions of the functioning of water complexes during quarantine restrictions of various countries. We found that the free chlorine level in water samples complies to those recommendation, which WHO is provided in the context of the coronavirus pandemic in private and public water complexes. Currently, there are no studies that suggest the possibility of survival of SARS-CoV-2 virus in swimming pool water or other water entertainment complexes, although experimental data obtained previously with coronaviruses (on cell cultures) other than SARS CoV-2, indicate that they are usually sensitive to strong oxidants, such as chlorine. Therefore, today, we can assume that purified water in swimming pools and other water complexes is not an environment where the SARS-CoV-2 virus can survive. The WHO states that a residual free chlorine concentration ≥ 0.5 mg / L in pool water at pH < 8,0 is sufficient to kill coronaviruses. The virus that causes COVID-19 has been found in the fecal matter of infected people, not just those with symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders. It's generally believed that the excretion of the virus may persist for several days. However, it should be noted that there are no cases of fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 now. Therefore, to date, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by fecal-oral route is assessed as low. Conclusions. According to the data from lead countries regarding recommendations for visiting water complexes during the COVID-19 pandemic and because of the lack of our own research in our country, we can talk about the possibility of their implementation in Ukraine. We believe that the constant closure of swimming pools and water complexes, and, consequently, constant breaks in the training of not only professional athletes, but also amateurs, run counter to the recommendations regarding the promotion of a healthy lifestyle. It`s worth to remember that prevention is always better than treatment, and training sports is one of the key points in ensuring the effective work of the body and the immune system in particular, which is especially important during a pandemic.

scholarly journals Staphylococci in swimming pool water

1974 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. Crone ◽  
G. H. Tee
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Filtration Technique ◽  
Different Parts

SUMMARYDuring a period of five years 1192 water samples from swimming pools were examined for staphylococci and 338 for coliform organisms only. Eighty-nine different pools were sampled.Numbers of staphylococci, estimated by the membrane filtration technique did not bear any significant relation to either bathing load or concentration of free chlorine.Wide variation in the staphylococcal count was observed when different parts of a pool were sampled on the same occasion.The only practicable standard for pool samples in relation to staphylococci would appear to be that these organisms should be absent from 100 ml. water when the pool has been out of use during at least ten hours before sampling if filtration and chlorination are adequate.

Persistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chlorinated swimming pools

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia L. Seyfried ◽  
David J. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Chlorine Residual ◽  
Slime Production ◽  
Water Ph

Various types of swimming pools were investigated for the quantitative isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Incidence of the organism increased when the free chlorine residual dropped below 0.4 mg/L in pool water which had a pH of 6.9–7.8. As the water pH became more alkaline the efficiency of disinfection decreased. Excessive slime production caused certain strains to become more resistant to chlorine treatment. Immunotyping and phage typing, used to study the dynamics of P. aeruginosa populations in swimming pool waters, demonstrated that high densities of the organism consisted mainly of single predominant strains.

scholarly journals Microbial water quality of public swimming pool in the district of Bragança

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Pires ◽  
Andrea Afonso ◽  
Cátia Gonçalves ◽  
Joana Vieira ◽  
Eugénia Afonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Water Quality Control ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Poor Water Quality ◽  
Unsafe Water ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Abstract Background The poor water quality of recreational and rehabilitation pools, has been correlated to insufficient disinfection or human contamination, and can be a vehicle for transmitting diseases to users. Because people with different characteristics attend public swimming pools with different purposes, the pool water quality control is essential to minimize hazards related to unsafe water. Methods This study was based on data collection of 144 samples between 2018 and 2020 in therapeutic and recreational pools (indoor and outdoor) in the Bragança district. The proportion of the number of bathers were estimated, as well as the microbial parameters: Total coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, total Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus coagulase-positive and mesophilic microbial count. Results The E. coli, enterococci and mesophilic microbial count were not found in any sample. Unsafe pool water was mainly contaminated by both photogenic P. aeruginosa (6.3%) and total Sthaphylococcus (10.4%). Levels of P. aeruginosa in therapeutic pools was greater than in recreational pools (indoor and outdoor) (10.5% vs 6.8% and 4.5%, respectively), while total Sthaphylococcus was absent in therapeutic pools and represent 13.6% and 10.6% of positivity in indoor and outdoor swimming pools, respectively. The bathers number medium of therapeutic, indoor and outdoor pools was 4.8, 3.4 and 6.9, respectively. Conclusions Overall, the results endorse the good water quality of these swimming pools, mainly by the absent of faecally-derived bacteria. The presence of P. aeruginosa in therapeutic pools can be explained by the type of users, while the high number of bathers may promote the growth of some microorganisms, particularly in outdoor pools.

Predictive indicators of the safety of swimming pool waters

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 3101-3107 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nikaeen ◽  
M. Hatamzadeh ◽  
M. Vahid Dastjerdi ◽  
A. Hassanzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Disinfection Process ◽  
Fecal Streptococci

Many outbreaks related to swimming pools could have been prevented or reduced if the pool had been well managed and effectively monitored. The aim of this study was to evaluate physicochemical and microbial parameters that can be proposed as an indicator for the safety of swimming pools. A total of 234 water samples, over a 10-month period in 2006–2007, were collected from indoor swimming pools in Isfahan. All water samples were analyzed for physicochemical and microbial parameters including temperature, pH, turbidity, conductivity, free chlorine, heterotrophic plate count (HPC), total (TC) and fecal coliforms (FC), fecal streptococci (FS) Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa). The highest isolation of microbial indicators was for total coliforms (38%) and the lowest for fecal streptococci (3%). The correlation analyses indicated that free chlorine concentration had a significant negative relationship with the heterotrophic bacteria population and total coliforms. Total coliforms presented a significant correlation with the other microbiological indicators. The results clearly showed that the hygienic quality of the swimming pools was dependent on the efficacy of disinfection. Thus, the free chlorine and pH were good operational indices for the quality control of swimming pools and must be maintained in the recommended range to ensure optimal disinfection. The results also showed that TC and HPC were reliable and practical indicators for routine quality surveillance and assessment of the efficiency of the disinfection process and safety of swimming pools.

scholarly journals Monitoring the Presence of Bacteria, Fungi and Parasitic Pathogens Associated with Swimming Pools in Port Harcourt Metropolis

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
E. O. Onosakponome ◽  
A. A. Adedokun ◽  
A. A. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Sodium Thiosulphate ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Parasitic Pathogens ◽  
Rivers State

Aims: Ideal water for swimming should meet the portable water standard by being transparent, odorless, and tasteless. However, these qualities can be affected by the presence of infectious agents which directly or indirectly contaminate pool water. This study aims at monitoring the microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and protozoa parasites) and pH associated with swimming pool water. Study Design: A random sampling technique was adopted to select the five (5) swimming pools for the study based on accessibility and visitation. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Port Harcourt Local Government Area, Rivers State between March 2016 to August 2017. Methodology: Five (5) outdoor swimming pools attached to hotels in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Port Harcourt Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria were randomly selected for the study. Water samples were aseptically collected in duplicates and analyzed for total heterotrophic bacterial count, total heterotrophic fungal count, protozoa and pH using appropriate techniques. Results: The results show that swimming pools with sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate had a mean THBC range from 4x101 cfu/ml - 1.58x103 cfu/ml, mean THFC, 0 cfu/ml - 8x101 cfu/ml and mean pH, 5.9-6.4; for samples without sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate, the mean THBC ranged from 0 cfu/ml - 9.2x101 cfu/ml, mean THF, 0 cfu/ml - 8x101 cfu/ml and mean pH, 5.6-6-2. Protozoa (parasites) were absent in all water samples analyzed. The results further reveals that 95.9% and 100% of the swimming pools samples failed to the meet the <100 cfu/ml and 7.0 – 7.8 World Health Organisation Standards for THBC and pH respectively. The bacteria identified are Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli, Stapylococcus aureus while the fungi identified are Aspergillus spp., Rhizopus spp. and Penicillium spp. Conclusion: The study finds the levels of THBC in the samples with sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate, the presence of Escherichia coli and the pH range a threat to health of bathers. Therefore, the owners should ensure routine decontamination and assessment of water quality.

scholarly journals Single Ingestion of Trehalose Enhances Prolonged Exercise Performance by Effective Use of Glucose and Lipid in Healthy Men

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1439
Author(s):  
Naomi Hamada ◽  
Tsuyoshi Wadazumi ◽  
Yoko Hirata ◽  
Mayumi Kuriyama ◽  
Kanji Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Healthy Men

Trehalose increases blood glucose levels slowly and induces a slight insulin response. The present study aimed to study the effect of trehalose on prolonged exercise performance. The participants were 12 healthy men (age: 21.3 ± 0.9 y). After an overnight fast (12 h), they first exercised with a constant load (intensity: 40% V˙O2peak) for 60 min using a bicycle ergometer. They continued to exercise with a constant load (40% V˙O2peak) for 30 min between four sets of the 30-s Wingate test. After the 1st set, each participant ingested 500 mL water (control), 8% glucose, or 8% trehalose in three trials. These three trials were at least one week apart and were conducted in a double-blind and randomized crossover manner. Blood was collected for seven biochemical parameters at 12 time points during the experiment. The area under the curve of adrenaline after ingestion of trehalose was significantly lower than that for water and tended to be lower than that for glucose in the later stage of the exercise. Lower secretion of adrenaline after a single dose of 8% trehalose during prolonged exercise reflected the preservation of carbohydrates in the body in the later stage of the exercise. In conclusion, a single ingestion of trehalose helped to maintain prolonged exercise performance.

scholarly journals Perchlorate Levels in Polish Water Samples of Various Origin

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Przemysław Niziński ◽  
Patrycja Wiśniewska ◽  
Joanna Kończyk ◽  
Rajmund Michalski
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Reliable Determination ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Perchlorate ion (ClO4−) is known as a potent endocrine disruptor and exposure to this compound can result in serious health issues. It has been found in drinking water, swimming pools, and surface water in many countries, however, its occurrence in the environment is still poorly understood. The information on perchlorate contamination of Polish waters is very limited. The primary objective of this study was to assess ClO4− content in bottled, tap, river, and swimming pool water samples from different regions of Poland and provide some data on the presence of perchlorate. We have examined samples of bottled, river, municipal, and swimming pool water using the IC–CD (ion chromatography–conductivity detection) method. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.43 µg/L and 1.42 µg/L, respectively, and they were both above the current health advisory levels in drinking water. The concentration of perchlorate were found to be 3.12 µg/L in one river water sample and from 6.38 to 8.14 µg/L in swimming pool water samples. Importantly, the level of perchlorate was below the limit of detection (LOD) in all bottled water samples. The results have shown that the determined perchlorate contamination in Polish drinking waters seems to be small, nevertheless, further studies are required on surface and river samples. The inexpensive, fast, and sensitive IC–CD method used in this study allowed for a reliable determination of perchlorate in the analyzed samples. To the best of our knowledge, there are no other studies seeking to assess the perchlorate content in Polish waters.

scholarly journals Electrochemical detection of free-chlorine in Water samples facilitated by in-situ pH control using interdigitated microelectrodes

2020 ◽  
Vol 325 ◽  
pp. 128774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Seymour ◽  
Benjamin O’Sullivan ◽  
Pierre Lovera ◽  
James F. Rohan ◽  
Alan O’Riordan
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Detection ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Interdigitated Microelectrodes

Sensory aspects of drinking water in contact with epoxy lined copper pipe

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.H. Heim ◽  
A.M. Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Sensory Analysis ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Copper Pipe

Pipe relining via in situ epoxy lining is used to remediate corroded plumbing or distribution systems. This investigation examined the effects on odour, TOC, THM formation and disinfectant demand in water exposed to epoxy-lined copper pipes used for home plumbing. The study was conducted in accordance with the Utility Quick Test, a migration/leaching method for utilities to conduct sensory analysis of materials in contact with drinking water. The test was performed using water with no disinfectant and levels of chlorine and monochloramines representative of those found in the distribution system. Panelists repeatedly and consistently described a “plastic/adhesive/putty” odour in the water from the pipes. The odour intensity remained relatively constant for each of two subsequent flushes. Water samples stored in the epoxy-lined pipes showed a significant increase in the leaching of organic compounds (as TOC), and this TOC was demonstrated to react with free chlorine to form trichloromethane. Water stored in the pipes also showed a marked increase in disinfectant demand relative to the water stored in glass control flasks. A study conducted at a full scale installation at an apartment demonstrated that after installation and regular use, the epoxy lining did not yield detectable differences in water quality.

Neuronal Sodium Leak Channel Is Responsible for the Detection of Sodium in the Rat Median Preoptic Nucleus

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 650-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Tremblay ◽  
Emmanuelle Berret ◽  
Mélaine Henry ◽  
Benjamin Nehmé ◽  
Louis Nadeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Reversal Potential ◽  
Outward Current ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equilibrium Potential ◽  
Preoptic Nucleus ◽  
Leak Channel ◽  
Median Preoptic Nucleus ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings

Sodium (Na+) ions are of primary importance for hydromineral and cardiovascular homeostasis, and the level of Na+ in the body fluid compartments [plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)] is precisely monitored in the hypothalamus. Glial cells seem to play a critical role in the mechanism of Na+ detection. However, the precise role of neurons in the detection of extracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+]out) remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that neurons of the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), a structure in close contact with the CSF, are specific Na+ sensors. Electrophysiological recordings were performed on dissociated rat MnPO neurons under isotonic [Na+] (100 mM NaCl) with local application of hypernatriuric (150, 180 mM NaCl) or hyponatriuric (50 mM NaCl) external solution. The hyper- and hyponatriuric conditions triggered an in- and an outward current, respectively. The reversal potential of the current matched the equilibrium potential of Na+, indicating that a change in [Na+]out modified the influx of Na+ in the MnPO neurons. The conductance of the Na+ current was not affected by either the membrane potential or the [Na+]out. Moreover, the channel was highly selective for lithium over guanidinium. Together, these data identified the channel as a Na+ leak channel. A high correlation between the electrophysiological recordings and immunofluorescent labeling for the NaX channel in dissociated MnPO neurons strongly supports this channel as a candidate for the Na+ leak channel responsible for the Na+-sensing ability of rat MnPO neurons. The absence of NaX labeling and of a specific current evoked by a change in [Na+]out in mouse MnPO neurons suggests species specificity in the hypothalamus structures participating in central Na+ detection.

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